1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*218 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.
1. Petitioner, with her husband, Leo, and their children, was domiciled in St. Paul, Minnesota, prior to 1939. Leo had been a newspaper publisher and after his employment had been terminated, petitioner and Leo, about the middle of 1939, stored their furniture, rented their home, and moved to Carmel, California, where they, with the children, resided in rented furnished homes at various periods. In 1941 Leo acquired newspapers in Harlingen, Brownsville, and McAllen, Texas. He took up residence in Harlingen, and in 1943 brought three of the four children to live with him. Petitioner remained in Carmel, and during part or all of the time, including the taxable years 1944 and 1945, her health was impaired. Leo regularly prepared separate income tax returns for himself and petitioner, usually signing petitioner's name to the returns prepared for her. The returns for 1939 and 1940 were filed with the collector of internal revenue at Baltimore, Maryland. The returns for 1941 through 1945 were made out on a community property basis and were filed in Texas. Petitioner sent Leo information with respect to her income and expenses which he 1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*219 used in preparing her returns. Leo, possibly in October 1945, instituted a divorce action against petitioner in Brownsville. Petitioner filed a cross-complaint, and in November 1947, after a bitterly contested trial of the matters at issue, was granted a divorce. After determining the items of separate property, the court found that there was a substantial amount of community property and made a division thereof. Held, on the facts, that Leo's domicile during 1944 and 1945 was in Texas, that petitioner and Leo properly reported their income for those years on a community property basis, and that respondent did not err in not determining otherwise.
2. Petitioner and Leo had acquired an interest, by joint investment, in the Dispatch-Pioneer Press Company and other enterprises, including the newspaper at Grand Forks, North Dakota. In December 1935, they each created a trust for the benefit of the other for life, with remainder interests to their children. Both were named as trustees for each trust. The corpus of each trust consisted of the same number of shares of stock of the publications corporation, but petitioner gave 100 shares of stock of the Grand Forks newspaper company1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*220 to the trust created by her, while Leo gave only 50 shares of such stock to the trust created by him. In the trust created by petitioner, it was specifically provided that the income could be accumulated or distributed at the sole discretion of the trustees. The income of the trust created by Leo was to be paid to petitioner for life, at least quarterly, subject only to spendthrift provisions giving to the trustees the power to withhold income where in their discretion the circumstances were such as to fall within the said provisions. The court in the divorce proceeding construed the trust instruments, held as to each trust that the income was distributable solely in the discretion of the trustees, and required petitioner to pay over to a substituted trustee trust income which had come into her possession other than by action of the trustees. Held, that respondent was in error in including in the income of petitioner trust income which had not been distributed.
26 T.C. 77">*78 The respondent determined deficiencies in income tax against the petitioner for the years 1944 and 1945 in the amounts of $ 2,028 and $ 3,017.48. The petitioner now claims overpayments for the said years of $ 10,500 and $ 8,500.
The questions for determination are whether the income of the petitioner and her husband was properly reported on a community property basis, and whether the income of two trusts was taxable to them, whether or not such income was distributed.
FINDINGS OF FACT.
The petitioner is now a resident of St. Paul, Minnesota. Her income tax returns for 1944 and 1945 were filed with the collector of internal revenue for the first district of Texas.
The petitioner and Leo E. Owens were married in New York, in October 1923. At the time of their marriage, the petitioner was a free-lance journalist, and Leo was employed by a newspaper, 1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*222 the New York World. Prior to 1927, they resided in White Plains, New York, where they owned their own home.
In 1927, they moved to St. Paul, where Leo became an official or employee of the Dispatch-Pioneer Press Company, later Northwest Publications, Inc., which published a newspaper or newspapers of wide circulation. Petitioner and Leo acquired 700 shares of stock in the corporation at a cost of $ 100,000, and on some undisclosed date Leo became its president. Later the corporation acquired a newspaper published in Duluth, Minnesota, and a one-half interest in radio station WCTN, now known as WCCO, which operates in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area.
Originally the 700 shares of stock were held in Leo's name, but on April 11, 1932, Leo had 299 shares transferred to petitioner's name. Previously, in 1931, Leo had transferred 101 shares to Ridder Brothers, identified of record as dominant in the affairs of the company. From August 1935 to March 1937, 38 additional shares were acquired and placed in petitioner's name, after which, 300 shares stood in Leo's name and 337 shares in petitioner's name. 1
1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*223 26 T.C. 77">*79 On some date not shown, presumably through the purchase of the stock of Grand Forks Herald, Inc., Leo or Leo and petitioner acquired a newspaper at Grand Forks, North Dakota.
When the petitioner and Leo moved to St. Paul, they had one child, Leo E. Owens, Jr., hereafter referred to as Lee. Within a few months after they arrived in St. Paul, their daughter, Ellen, was born. Two other sons, Owen and Peter, were born of the marriage. Peter, the younger of the two, was born January 10, 1936.
After moving to St. Paul, Leo, petitioner, and their family lived in rented furnished residences until September of 1928, when they purchased a home of their own. They lived in that house until June of 1936, when it was sold and a larger residence was acquired. Both residences were on a large scale, and the petitioner was accustomed to having the services of several servants.
Leo's services with Northwest Publications, Inc., were terminated in 1938 or 1939, and in June of 1939, he went to Pebble Beach, California, which is near Carmel. His family joined him there in July. He had rented a "luxurious Spanish type of home," which the family occupied until October, when they moved to Carmel. 1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*224 There they rented and resided in several furnished homes. The first place was located on the beach. In September of 1940, Lee and Ellen were placed in boarding schools and a smaller house was rented. Lee went to Villanova, in Santa Barbara, and Ellen to Dominican Academy, in San Rafael.
Beginning about the middle of 1941, Leo was employed for a short time by the St. Louis Post Dispatch, in St. Louis, Missouri, and while so employed he was furnished hotel accommodations by his employer. Petitioner's health was not good and at some time prior to June 1941, Leo had taken Owen and Peter to his sister in Minneapolis, in order to relieve petitioner of the responsibility of caring for them. About the same time petitioner moved to a small house in Carmel, sometimes referred to by her as a "shack," which had been rented for her by Leo. He also employed the owner of the house, who was a nurse, to look after petitioner. The services rendered by the owner consisted of nursing petitioner, taking care of the house, and preparing meals -- "she did everything." The petitioner at that time was under a doctor's care. She had never fully regained her health after the birth of her fourth child.
1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*225 The state of petitioner's health was possibly worsened by the illness of Lee. Lee had had a serious illness in St. Paul, and had been in a hospital there from December 30, 1938, until March 1939. He had suffered a relapse just prior to or upon his arrival in California. Because of this condition, he had to quit the public school in Carmel, and a private tutor was employed for the remainder of the 26 T.C. 77">*80 school year. In November 1940, he suffered a fractured skull in a fall, while attending Villanova, and was in a Santa Barbara hospital until Christmas, when he was brought home. He was cared for by petitioner, and again had a private tutor.
After leaving St. Paul, Leo had been on a lookout for another newspaper, and at some time during 1941, he purchased three newspapers 2 in Texas, one at Brownsville, one at Harlingen, and one at McAllen.
1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*226 During the Christmas holidays of 1941, Leo returned to Carmel, as did Lee, who was again attending school at Santa Barbara, and Ellen, who brought a girl friend with her. Because of the lack of room where petitioner resided, rooms were obtained for the others at Pine Inn. While in Carmel Leo rented a larger house for petitioner in order that there might be room for Lee and Ellen when they were not in school. The petitioner resided there until November 1942, when she became dissatisfied and on her own initiative rented and moved into another house.
At the time the newspapers were acquired in Texas, the petitioner had understood that she was helping her husband buy them. In making the purchase, he was to use certain of his money and petitioner was to put up substantial collateral, including the assignment of certain insurance, and further, she was to use her money in the support of herself and the children.
When Leo took up his residence in Harlingen, he first stayed at a hotel. Later he resided in rented furnished houses. The address used by him was P. O. Box 511, Harlingen, Texas.
In the summer of 1943, Leo brought Ellen from California and Owen and Peter from St. Paul, to live1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*227 with him in Harlingen. At some undisclosed date after June 1941, when he had taken Owen and Peter to his sister in Minneapolis, the sister had married and the boys had been placed in a boarding school in St. Paul. Lee had attended Judson School in Phoenix, Arizona, during the school year of 1942-1943, because it was thought the climate there would be beneficial to his health. At the close of school in June, he was hospitalized at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.
Ellen, Owen, and Peter attended the public schools in Harlingen during the school year 1943-1944. Thereafter Leo placed Ellen in the Hockaday School, and Peter in the Texas Country Day School, both in Dallas. After finishing at Hockaday, Ellen attended Southern Methodist University for a short time. Owen remained in Harlingen until the fall of 1945, when he was entered in Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he continued until June of 1949. 26 T.C. 77">*81 Lee was in Rochester, Minnesota, all or part of the time until August 1947, and during some of the time at least, attended a college there. He entered Loyola College in Los Angeles, in the fall of 1947.
On December 30, 1935, 12 days before Peter was1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*228 born, the petitioner and Leo, at their home in St. Paul, executed two trust instruments. Each created a trust for the benefit of the other, for life, and both were named trustees in each trust. The corpus of each trust, in the main, was shown to consist of 120 shares of the capital stock of the Dispatch-Pioneer Press Company and 10 shares of the capital stock of Northwest Publications, Inc. In addition, the petitioner transferred to the trust created by her for the benefit of Leo 100 shares, and Leo transferred to the trust created by him for the benefit of the petitioner 50 shares of the capital stock of Grand Forks Herald, Inc.
By identical provisions, remainders over were provided in each trust for the benefit of the children of the grantors. In the trust created by Leo for the benefit of the petitioner, it was provided that "the net income of the trust estate shall be payable: (a) To the Settlor's wife during her lifetime." And in a later paragraph, it was provided that "all income shall be distributed to the beneficiary or beneficiaries entitled thereto at least quarterly and at least annually a statement showing the condition of the trust funds and receipts and disbursements1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*229 of principal and income thereof, shall be furnished to each beneficiary over the age of eighteen years."
In the trust created by petitioner for the benefit of Leo, it was provided that "The net income of the trust estate may be accumulated in trust or distributed in whole or in part at the sole discretion of the Trustees. All income distributed by the Trustees to beneficiaries of the trust shall be payable as follows: (a) To the Settlor's husband during his lifetime." As in the trust above, all income was to be distributed to the beneficiary or beneficiaries "entitled thereto" at least quarterly.
Except for the provision above, the trust instruments were in all other material respects identical. Two provisions common to both trust instruments were as follows:
3. As to any trust created under this instrument the following provisions shall apply:
* * * *
(f) The interest of any beneficiary in the principal and income of any trust herein created shall not be assignable. Should any beneficiary or beneficiaries hereunder alienate or dispose of the principal or income to which they are entitled under this trust, or if by reason of bankruptcy, insolvency or any other means whatsoever, 1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*230 said principal or income can no longer be personally enjoyed by them respectively, but because of such fact or facts the same should become vested in or payable to some other person, then the trust as to such proportion of the trust funds herein as would belong to or be enjoyed by the said beneficiary or beneficiaries shall immediately cease and determine and the principal and 26 T.C. 77">*82 income thereof shall go in augmentation of the principal of the other trust funds herein created, provided, however, in case at any future period thereafter circumstances should exist which in the opinion of the trustees should justify or render expedient the placing at the disposal of said beneficiary or beneficiaries or those who would otherwise be entitled to receive the benefits of said trust by, through or under the said beneficiary or beneficiaries respectively, any portion of the trust estate, then it shall be lawful for the said trustees in their discretion but without it being in any manner obligatory upon them, to transfer absolutely to the said beneficiary or beneficiaries or those who would otherwise have claimed by, through or under the terms of this trust, any portion not exceeding the1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*231 portion he or she would otherwise have been entitled to hereunder of the trust funds and immediately upon such transfer being made the trust hereinbefore declared shall absolutely cease and determine, or in the discretion of the said trustees, but without it being obligatory upon them the trustees may pay to or apply for the use of the said beneficiary or beneficiaries or the use of his or her family, so much and such part of the income to which such beneficiary or beneficiaries would have been entitled to under this trust in case the forfeiture hereinbefore provided for has not happened, or in the discretion of the said trustees and without it being obligatory upon them, the trustees may restore to the trust so created for such beneficiary or beneficiaries such part of the principal of the trust estate to which said beneficiary or beneficiaries would have been entitled to in case the forfeiture hereinbefore provided for had not happened to the trust herein created for said beneficiary or beneficiaries.
* * * *
(h) Should the Settlor's husband [wife], or after his [her] death any of the Settlor's children, having reached the age of twenty-five (25) years permanently reside outside1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*232 the State of Minnesota, they shall have the right to have the Trust Company herein named as a successor trustee, or its successor in office, removed by a court of competent jurisdiction and have substituted therefor a Trust Company, if practical, affiliated with a National Bank or trust department of a National Bank, located in a city of over 200,000 inhabitants, according to the last federal census, near the place of residence of the Settlor's said husband [wife] or child of either of them, to the end that they may have personal contact with the affairs of this trust.
The shares of stock shown as granted to the trustees in each of the trust instruments were never in fact transferred of record to petitioner and Leo as trustees. In Exhibit A to the trust instrument executed by Leo for the benefit of the petitioner, however, there was a statement signed by petitioner, whereby she acknowledged that she held Certificate No. NC 40 3 for 120 shares of the Dispatch-Pioneer Press Company stock as nominee for the trustees, and acknowledged that she had no personal interest in the certificate or the capital stock represented thereby. In Exhibit A to the trust instrument executed by the petitioner1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*233 for the benefit of Leo, there was a statement signed by Leo 26 T.C. 77">*83 wherein he acknowledged that he held Certificate No. NC 42 (footnote 3, supra) for 120 shares of the Dispatch-Pioneer Press Company stock as nominee for the trustees, and that he had no personal interest in the said certificate or the capital stock represented thereby. The 10 shares of Northwest Publications, Inc., stock granted to trust by Leo are identified in Exhibit A to the trust instrument executed by him as being evidenced by Certificate N 39. These shares had been transferred to petitioner from Robert J. Oberfohren, under date of August 26, 1935, and at all times material herein, continued to stand in her name. So far as appears, they were never issued in or transferred to the name of Leo. The 10 shares of Northwest Publications, Inc., stock granted to trust by petitioner are identified in Exhibit A to the trust instrument executed by her as being evidenced by Certificate N 5. These shares were transferred to petitioner's name from Esther J. Willcox under date of March 20, 1937. So far as appears, they were never in her name or in the name of Leo prior to that date.
1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*234 No notice was ever given to the Dispatch-Pioneer Press Company, the Northwest Publications, Inc., or the Grand Forks Herald, Inc., of the creation of the said trusts, and those corporations continued to issue dividend checks on the said shares in the names in which the shares were carried on the corporate records.
After shares of the Dispatch-Pioneer Press Company stock had been transferred to her name in 1932, petitioner had at first received the dividend checks thereon at her home address in St. Paul. They were deposited by Leo in one of the banks in which she or he had an account. Later, for some undisclosed period of time, the dividend checks made out in her name were sent to Leo's office, and were deposited by him in one of the bank accounts. Petitioner had opened an account in the Empire National Bank in St. Paul, in 1930, and on some date not shown an authorization to honor checks drawn by Leo on the account was filed with the bank. Leo kept possession of all of the stock certificates and petitioner had no physical control over them. On some undisclosed date, which might have been in 1942, petitioner, after looking at papers in Leo's desk, concluded that he had made misrepresentations1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*235 to her with respect to the dividends which had been received on stock belonging to her and demanded the stock certificates. Leo who "was leaving town" gave her the key to his lock box and after his departure she visited the box and took possession of the stock certificates therein. At or about the same time, she made arrangements so that no one could draw on her bank accounts, and all dividend checks thereafter made out in her name were received by her personally.
Throughout their married life, up to and during the taxable years herein, Leo prepared and filed all income tax returns for petitioner and himself. So far as appears, Leo also signed all returns prepared 26 T.C. 77">*84 and filed for petitioner, some being signed Marie R. Owens, by Leo E. or L. E. Owens and some Leo E. Owens, only. Since they both had separate incomes, he usually prepared separate returns. After Leo went to Texas, with petitioner remaining in California, she furnished him with the records she had pertaining to her income and expenses for use in preparing their income tax returns. For the years 1939 and 1940, while they were both in California, their returns were filed with the collector of internal revenue1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*236 at Baltimore, Maryland. Beginning with 1941, their returns were filed with the collector of internal revenue at Austin, Texas. The returns for those years were made on a community property basis. Leo also prepared and filed fiduciary income tax returns for each trust. For the years 1944 and 1945, those returns were likewise filed in Texas. In each of the 1944 fiduciary returns, it was stated that returns had been filed for the preceding year at Austin. 4
The petitioner's returns for 1939 and 1940, which were filed with the collector of internal revenue at Baltimore, gave her address as P. O. Box 1926, Carmel-by-the-Sea, Monterey County, California. The petitioner's returns filed in Texas gave her address as P. O. Box 511, Harlingen, Texas, which was likewise the address appearing on Leo's individual returns and the returns filed by him for the two trusts.
Petitioner's income tax return for 1944, with one exception, 1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*237 showed no detail as to income or deductions. A lump sum of $ 31,332.73, described on the return as "1/2 of community income -- schedule attached to husband's return," was reported. The one item of separate income was $ 74.69, reported as the amount of capital gain realized by petitioner from the sale of certain stock. In arriving at net income, $ 2,085.09, described as "1/2 of community deductions -- schedule attached to husband's return," was deducted.
On Leo's 1944 return community adjusted gross income was reported in the amount of $ 62,665.47, and one-half thereof was reported as his income and one-half was shown as reported in the return of petitioner. The community deductions were shown in the aggregate amount of $ 4,170.19, one-half thereof being carried to petitioner's return. Included in the community income reported in the schedule which was a part of Leo's return, were management fees amounting in the aggregate to $ 27,389.83 from the three Texas newspapers, dividends received by both Leo and petitioner on the various stocks held by them and income from the two trusts above described, $ 5,045 being the amount shown as having been received by petitioner from the trust1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*238 created by Leo and $ 5,670 being the amount shown as 26 T.C. 77">*85 having been received by Leo from the trust created by petitioner. The deductions included such items as contributions, taxes, medical and dental care and expenses, and the like. $ 2,790.66 was shown as covering medical and dental expenses for Leo and the children and $ 4,540.77 as the expenses "for Mrs. L. E. Owens -- invalid." The latter amount purported to cover amounts paid to nurses, doctors, dentists, and hospitals; also amounts paid for medicine, rent, food, utilities, laundry, maintenance, etc.
The 1944 fiduciary return filed for the trust for which petitioner was beneficiary reported income received, all dividends, in the amount of $ 8,165. There were no deductions. Of the amount so reported, $ 5,045 was shown as distributed to petitioner. The 1944 fiduciary return filed for the trust of which Leo was the beneficiary reported income received, all dividends, in the amount of $ 8,790, and as in the case of the other trust there were no deductions. Of the amount so reported, $ 5,670 was shown as distributed to Leo.
On petitioner's income tax return for 1945 gross income was reported in the amount of $ 25,341.301956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*239 and deductions were claimed in the amount of $ 2,150.58. These amounts were taken from schedules headed "1945 Community Income -- Leo E. Owens and Marie R. Owens" and "1945 Community Deductions -- Leo E. Owens and Marie R. Owens." No amount was shown as the separate income of petitioner. The items making up the 1945 community income reported were comparable in character to those shown on the 1944 schedule attached to Leo's 1944 return, except that for 1945 no amounts were reported as income from either of the above trusts. Management fees from the three Texas newspapers, as reported, were in the aggregate amount of $ 34,783.57. On the schedule of 1945 community deductions an aggregate of $ 1,975.93 was shown as medical and dental expenses of L. E. Owens and dependents, and an aggregate of $ 4,424.62 was shown as representing medical and dental expenses for petitioner. This latter amount purported to cover payments made to nurses, doctors, and dentists and amounts paid for drugs and medicines, rents, and maintenance.
On the 1945 fiduciary return filed for the trust created by Leo for the benefit of the petitioner, both gross income and net income were shown as $ 4,670 and consisted1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*240 of dividends on stock of Northwest Publications, Inc., and Grand Forks Herald, Inc. No amount was shown as having been distributed to petitioner. On the 1945 fiduciary return for the trust created by the petitioner for the benefit of Leo, both gross income and net income were reported as $ 4,920, which likewise was shown as having been in the nature of dividends received on the stock of the two corporations mentioned. No amount was shown as having been distributed to Leo.
26 T.C. 77">*86 On October 27, 1947, the District Court for the 103d Judicial District in Cameron County, Texas, entered its judgment and decree in a proceeding which had been instituted 5 by Leo against petitioner for divorce, the disposition of property rights between them and other matters, including the custody of Peter, who at the time of the decree was 16 years of age. The case was heard on the complaint so filed and on a cross-complaint which had been filed by petitioner.
1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*241 Among other things, the court adjudged and decreed that Leo was "an actual bona fide inhabitant of the State of Texas," and had been for a period of 12 months prior to the filing of the suit. After noting a stipulation by the parties that Leo would not press his cause of action for divorce but that petitioner might proceed on her cross action therefor, the court found that she was entitled to a divorce from Leo, and the divorce was granted. Subject to certain provisions for support and visiting rights granted to Leo, it was ordered that petitioner should have custody of Peter. Thereafter the court made detailed findings as to the items which constituted the separate property of petitioner and those constituting the separate property of Leo, following which specified items of "community property" were awarded and set aside to petitioner "as her sole property and estate, free of all claims and title" of Leo. Similarly, various items of "community property" were awarded to Leo as his "sole property and estate, free of all claims and title" of petitioner. In addition to the specific items of community property awarded to petitioner and "in full payment and satisfaction of [her] community1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*242 interest in the community property" which had been awarded to Leo, and in full satisfaction of her interest in "the community charges against the separate property" of Leo, there was awarded to petitioner the sum of $ 100,000, which was to be payable in installments as specified in the decree.
As to the trusts which had been created by Leo and petitioner on December 30, 1935, the court ordered, adjudged, and decreed as follows:
8. The Defendant, Marie Reilly Owens, without any consideration moving to her from anyone or any agreement or understanding of any kind, of her own free will and accord, and of her own volition, and as a gift, did create a certain Trust by instrument of date December 30, 1935, she being the settlor, and the Plaintiff and Defendant being the Trustees thereof, same consisting of the original of date December 30, 1935 and the following supplements of date July 8, 1939, Oct. 30, 1944, which said Trust is irrevocable, valid and subsisting and the property owned and held by said Trust is as follows:
26 T.C. 77">*87 130 Shares of the capital stock of Northwest Publications, Inc. (formerly Dispatch-Pioneer Press Co.), represented by Certificate No. NC 42 for 120 shares; Certificate1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*243 No. N 5 for 10 shares; and 100 shares of the capital stock of Grand Forks Herald Co., evidenced by Certificates No. 13 and 14, $ 26,749.92 cash held by the trustees, together with the cash hereinafter mentioned.
It is Ordered and Decreed that said stock is the property of said Trust, free and clear of all claims of the parties hereto, excepting the life benefits awarded to the Plaintiff under the terms of said Trust, being the discretionary distribution of the income to him during his lifetime, and with said exception, that the parties hereto have no right, title, interest or claim in and to said stock and the assets of said Trust.
The Court having considered said Trust Construes, Finds and Orders that the manner and time of the distribution of the income of said Trust to Plaintiff rests solely and only in the discretion of the Trustees and beyond the control of the settlor, and it appearing that the Defendant has in her possession individually, the sum of $ 6,150.00 income of said Trust which has not been authorized to be distributed by the Trustees and should accordingly be held by the Trust, it is hereby Ordered that she shall forthwith deliver and pay over same to the Trustee 1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*244 hereinafter appointed of said Trust.
It further appearing that the Plaintiff and Defendant have resigned as Trustees of said Trust, and that the Defendant's said husband resides outside of the State of Minnesota, it is accordingly Ordered, Adjudged and Decreed that the National Bank of Commerce of San Antonio is hereby appointed as a successor Trustee of said Trust without bond, in lieu of the successor Trustee in said Trust provided for, and it is Ordered and Decreed that the Plaintiff and Defendant shall deliver over to said successor Trustee, the properties and moneys of said Trust, the Defendant to pay said sum to it also as is above provided, for all of which the process of this Court shall issue, if not done within fifteen days after the entry of this Decree.
9. The Plaintiff, Leo E. Owens, without any consideration moving to him from anyone or any agreement or understanding of any kind, of his own free will and accord, and of his own volition, and as a gift, did create a certain Trust by instrument of date December 30, 1935, he being the settlor, and the Defendant and Plaintiff being the Trustees thereof, same consisting of the original of date December 30, 1935 and the following1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*245 supplements of date 7/8/39; 10/30/44; 2/28/46, which said Trust is irrevocable, valid and subsisting, and the property owned and held by said Trust is as follows:
130 shares of the capital stock of Northwest Publications, Inc. (formerly Dispatch Pioneer Press Co.), represented by Certificate No/ [sic] NC for 120 shares; Certificate No. NC 39 for 10 Shares; and 50 shares of the capital stock of Grand Forks Herald Co., evidenced by Certificate No. 12, $ 1,799.65 cash held by the Trustees, together with the cash hereinafter mentioned, but charged in the new trustee's hands with income taxes for 1946 of $ 4,738.36, plus penalties and interest.
It Is Ordered and Decreed that said stock is the property of said Trust, free and clear of all claims of the parties hereto, excepting the life benefits awarded to the Defendant under the terms of said Trust hereinafter defined, and with said exception, that the parties hereto have no right, title, interest or claim in and to said stock and the assets of said Trust.
The Court having considered said Trust, the context of the whole of the same, the fact that it is a spendthrift trust, and the purpose thereof, Construes, Finds and Orders that the1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*246 manner and time of the distribution of the income of said Trust to Defendant rests solely and only in the discretion of the Trustees and 26 T.C. 77">*88 beyond the control of the Settlor, and it appearing that the Defendant has in her possession individually, the sum of $ 34,450.00, income of said Trust which has not been authorized to be distributed by the Trustees and should accordingly be held by the Trust, it is hereby Ordered that she shall forthwith pay and deliver same over to the Trustee hereinafter appointed of said Trust.
It further appearing that the Plaintiff and Defendant have resigned as Trustees of said Trust, and that the Plaintiff resides outside of the State of Minnesota, it is accordingly Ordered, Adjudged and Decreed that the Alamo National Bank of San Antonio is hereby appointed as a successor Trustee of said Trust, without bond, in lieu of the successor Trustee in said Trust provided for, and it is Ordered and Decreed that the Plaintiff and Defendant shall deliver over to said successor Trustee, the properties and moneys of said Trust, the Defendant to pay said sum to it also as is above provided, for all of which the process of this Court shall issue, if not done within1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*247 fifteen days after the entry of this Decree.
In the closing paragraph of the judgment and decree, it was stated that the court had announced the terms of the said judgment and decree in the presence of both parties and their counsel, that both parties had personally announced to the court that the judgment and decree "was in all things satisfactory to each of them and that they would abide thereby" and that the judgment should become "a final judgment upon the date of its entry, with no right on the part of either party to file a motion for a new trial, or to prosecute any character of appeal [therefrom], including the jurisdiction retained * * * by the Court for the purpose of enforcing the terms" of the judgment.
Petitioner had never been in Texas prior to going there in connection with the divorce proceedings. After entry of the judgment and decree, however, she remained in Texas until June 1948, at which time Peter concluded his school year at the Texas Country Day School in Dallas. Taking Peter with her, she then drove to St. Paul, where she has since resided.
From at least early in 1942, through the years herein, Leo resided in the State of Texas, and Texas was his domicile.
1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*248 OPINION.
Our first question is whether the income of petitioner and Leo, particularly the fees received by Leo for his services in managing the three Texas newspapers, was properly reported on a community basis. It is fairly well settled, we think, that the ownership of income received from personal services is determined by the laws of the domicile of the earner of such income at the time the income is earned. Herbert Marshall, 41 B. T. A. 1064; Nathaniel Shilkret, 46 B. T. A. 1163, affd. 138 F.2d 925; Benjamin H. McElhinney, Jr., 17 T.C. 7; and Marjorie Hunt, 22 T.C. 228. And we do not understand that either party contends otherwise, it being the claim of the petitioner that neither she and Leo, nor she or Leo, were ever domiciled in the State of Texas, or any other community property 26 T.C. 77">*89 State and there was and could be no community property and therefore no community income by reason of Leo's sojourn or residence in Texas.
Giving due regard to the legal distinction between residence and domicile, we are satisfied, on the1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*249 record before us, that no later than early 1942 Leo became domiciled in Texas and that Texas continued to be his domicile for and during all of the years material herein. See and compare Nathaniel Shilkret, supra;Herbert Marshall, supra;Pietro Crespi, 44 B. T. A. 670; Samuel B. Weiss, 30 B. T. A. 478; and L. B. Peeples, 27 B. T. A. 879. It would thus appear as to Leo, under Texas law, his earnings during the period of such domicile constituted community property, one-half belonging to him and one-half belonging to petitioner; that he and petitioner correctly and properly reported such income on a community property basis, and that the respondent did not err in not determining otherwise.
If we understand the petitioner aright, it is her further contention, however, that even though it is held that Leo did establish his domicile in Texas and was so domiciled in the taxable years herein, her domicile, in circumstances here and contrary to the general rule, did not follow that of Leo; that she was never domiciled in Texas, never was in Texas1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*250 until she appeared there for the purposes of trial in the divorce proceeding in 1947, and as a consequence Leo's earnings were not community property, one-half of which was taxable to her.
The ownership of the earnings of a husband under California law, where the controlling facts were substantially the same as in this case, was tried and decided in Commissioner v. Cavanagh, 125 F.2d 366, affirming 42 B. T. A. 1037. In that case it was held that the income of the husband, who was domiciled in California, was community income, one-half of which belonged to his wife, even though the wife was a resident of Canada, had never been asked by the husband to come to California and live with him, nor had she ever indicated a willingness to do so, and not only that, but had never been in California. See also in that connection Marjorie Hunt, supra, where during the taxable year, a decree of separate maintenance having been entered in the Superior Court of California in the year preceding, the wife moved from California and established her domicile in the State of Iowa. It was there pointed out that1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*251 the ownership of and in the earnings of the husband was controlled and determined by California law and continued until death or a final decree of divorce terminated the marriage, and regardless of the fact that the wife, the taxpayer in that proceeding, had established her domicile in Iowa, a non-community property State, one-half of the husband's earnings was her income and she was taxable thereon.
Although we have found no case exactly on the point, we do not understand the law of Texas to be otherwise. Furthermore, it would 26 T.C. 77">*90 appear that this specific point and as between petitioner and Leo has already been litigated and judicially determined by the Texas court in the divorce proceeding. In the judgment and decree therein, the court, after determining the items of separate property, found that there was a substantial amount of community property and made a division thereof. Certain properties found to be community property were allotted to petitioner in kind, the others being allotted to Leo, but in making the division in kind the court found, adjudged, and decreed that with respect to the community property which had been allotted to Leo in kind and for the "community1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*252 charges against the separate property of Leo," the petitioner should have and recover of Leo the sum of $ 100,000. And as more fully set forth in our Findings of Fact, the court announced the terms of the settlement in the presence of both the petitioner and Leo and their counsel, all of whom announced to the court that the judgment and decree were in all things satisfactory to each of them, that they would abide thereby, that the judgment should become final, with no right on the part of either party to file a motion for a new trial, or to prosecute any character of appeal therefrom. In the face of that determination by the duly constituted court of the State of Texas having jurisdiction of both parties and the property therein, we regard that decision as controlling and binding upon this Court. Blair v. Commissioner, 300 U.S. 5">300 U.S. 5. On the record as a whole, it is reasonable to conclude that the community property so found and divided by the court between petitioner and Leo included the very income in issue herein, and certain it is that the petitioner has offered no proof to show otherwise. On the community income issue the respondent is sustained.
1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*253 It is our opinion also that the decree of the Texas court likewise disposes of the question relating to the taxability of the income of the two trusts. As to each trust, the court held that the income was distributable solely in the discretion of the trustees. The respondent concedes that under 300 U.S. 5">Blair v. Commissioner, supra, the judgment and decree of the Texas court is binding in this proceeding as to the validity of the trusts. In reaching its conclusions with respect to the trusts the court found it necessary to consider and resolve the rights, obligations, and duties of all persons affected thereunder, and in determining the rights of the parties it was essential and necessary to reach a conclusion as to the distributability and ownership of the income. It did so. We accordingly conclude and hold that since the income of both trusts was distributable to the beneficiary or beneficiaries thereunder solely in the discretion of the trustees, section 162(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 is applicable, and petitioner and Leo for the years herein were taxable only on the trust income which was distributed. 300 U.S. 5">Blair v. Commissioner, supra.1956 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 218">*254
Decision will be entered under Rule 50.
Footnotes
1. In addition to the above, the records of the transfer agent for Northwest Publications, Inc., as they relate to petitioner, show a further transfer from Leo to her of 120 shares on December 31, 1935, but they likewise show a surrender by her of 120 shares on January 9, 1936, the transferee's name not being shown. Neither transfer, however, appears on the transfer agent's records relating to Leo. Assuming that the 120 shares surrendered by petitioner under date of January 9, 1936, were transferred to Leo, such transfer would exactly offset the 120 shares transferred to petitioner on December 31 preceding and would bring Leo's shares back to the 300 figure at which they continued to appear on the transfer agent's books as late as the first of October 1947.↩
2. There is some indication of record that the newspapers were owned by the Brownsville Herald Publishing Co., Valley Publishing Co., and Valley Evening Monitor, Inc., and that the purchases actually were purchases of corporate stock.↩
3. Certificate No. NC 40 is shown on the records of the transfer agent for Northwest Publications, Inc., as they relate to petitioner, as covering the 120 shares transferred to petitioner by Leo E. Owens on December 31, 1935. Certificate No. NC 42 could represent the 120 shares of the said stock shown by the records of the transfer agent, as they relate to the petitioner, as having been surrendered by her on January 9, 1936, inasmuch as the record also shows that in surrendering the 120 shares, petitioner had surrendered Certificate 84 for 100 shares and Certificate 85 for 99 shares and the overplus of 79 shares had been received back by her under Certificate No. NC 43. See footnote 1.↩
4. There is no evidence as to the place where the fiduciary returns for years prior to 1943 were filed.↩
5. The only direct evidence as to the date the divorce proceeding was instituted is in the oral testimony of petitioner. At two points, she stated the proceeding was started in October of 1945. Her responses to questions at other points in her testimony indicated uncertainty and confusion as to the correct date, and for that reason, the date the proceeding was started has not been found.↩