IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
)
INTERNATIONAL RAIL PARTNERS )
LLC, BOCA EQUITY PARTNERS, )
LLC, PATRIOT EQUITY, LLC and )
GARY O. MARINO, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) C.A. No. 2020-0177-PAF
)
AMERICAN RAIL PARTNERS, LLC, )
)
Defendant. )
)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Date Submitted: August 18, 2020
Date Decided: November 24, 2020
Brian R. Lemon, Andrew S. Dupre, Stephanie Dallaire, MCCARTER &
ENGLISH, LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Attorneys for Plaintiffs International Rail
Partners LLC, Boca Equity Partners LLC, Patriot Equity, LLC, and Gary O.
Marino.
Elizabeth S. Fenton, SAUL EWING ARNSTEIN & LEHR LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware; Stephen Novack and Joshua E. Liebman, NOVACK AND MACEY
LLP, Chicago, Illinois; Attorneys for Defendant American Rail Partners, LLC.
FIORAVANTI, Vice Chancellor
I. INTRODUCTION
The plaintiffs seek advancement of their legal fees and expenses incurred in
defending an action filed against them by a limited liability company. For purposes
of this action, there is no dispute that the plaintiffs are covered persons under the
broad advancement and indemnification provisions of the company’s limited
liability company agreement. Notwithstanding the broad language in that
agreement, the company refuses to advance fees and expenses because the
indemnification and advancement provisions do not expressly state that they apply
to claims filed by the company, which the company refers to as “first-party claims.”
The plaintiffs and defendant have moved for judgment on the pleadings. This
Opinion grants the plaintiffs’ motion and denies the defendant’s motion.
II. BACKGROUND 1
Defendant American Rail Partners, LLC (“American Rail” or the
“Company”) is a Delaware limited liability company with two members: Plaintiff
International Rail Partners LLC (“IRP”) and non-party Newco SBS Holdings, LLC
(“SBS”).2 American Rail is governed by a June 28, 2019 Amended and Restated
1
The facts are taken from the pleadings and documents integral thereto.
2
Compl. ¶ 7; Ans. ¶ 7.
2
Limited Liability Company Agreement (the “LLC Agreement”).3 The LLC
Agreement is governed by Delaware law.4
The LLC Agreement provides that the Company “shall be managed, operated
and controlled” by its Board of Directors except as expressly provided in the LLC
Agreement or the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act (the “LLC Act”). 5 The
LLC Agreement identifies Plaintiff Gary O. Marino as a director and Chairman of
the Company’s Board of Directors, and as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer.6
The LLC Agreement also provides that “day-to-day management of the Company
shall be performed by the IRP Member in accordance with the terms of the
Management Agreement while it is in effect,” and specifies that certain actions
require the consent of SBS. 7 The terms of the August 2, 2018 Management
Agreement are “incorporated into [the LLC] Agreement by reference.”8
Plaintiff Boca Equity Partners LLC (“BEP”) owns 100% of IRP. 9 Marino
controls BEP and is IRP’s Chief Executive Officer.10 Marino also controls Patriot
3
The LLC Agreement is attached as Exhibit A to the Complaint.
4
Id. § 12.12.
5
Id. § 7.01(a).
6
Id. §§ 7.02(a), 7.02(b), and Schedule 7.09.
7
Id. § 7.01(c).
8
Id. § 12.09. The Management Agreement is attached as Exhibit B to the Complaint.
9
Compl. Ex. C ¶ 4.
10
Id.
3
Equity LLC (“Patriot”), 11 which is a Florida limited liability company. BEP, IRP,
Marino, and Patriot are referred to collectively herein as “Plaintiffs.”
Around mid-2019, SBS and IRP had disagreements over the management of
the Company. As a result, the Management Agreement was terminated pursuant to
a July 19, 2019 termination letter.12 On February 28, 2020, American Rail filed a
complaint in the Delaware Superior Court asserting claims against Plaintiffs.13 The
Superior Court Action is captioned American Rail Partners, LLC et al. v.
International Rail Partners LLC et al., C.A. No. N20C-02-283 EMD (the “Superior
Court Action”).14 The Superior Court Action alleges, among other things, that IRP
and Marino engaged in mismanagement and unjustly enriched Marino and his
affiliates at the expense of American Rail. 15
On March 5, 2020, Plaintiffs’ counsel sent a letter to American Rail
demanding advancement and indemnification to cover the claims asserted in the
Superior Court Action. The demand letter sought a response by March 9 (i.e., within
11
Id.
12
Compl. ¶¶ 18–19; Ans. ¶ 20.
13
Compl. ¶ 21; Ans. ¶ 21.
14
American Rail agreed not to press the Superior Court Action until this advancement
action is adjudicated. Dkt. 25 Tr. 54. On October 14, 2020, the Superior Court Action was
transferred to this Court. See American Rail Partners, LLC et al. v. International Rail
Partners, LLC et al., C.A. No. 2020-0890-PAF (Del. Ch.). For the sake of clarity, the
Court will continue to refer to the underlying action giving rise to the advancement action
as the Superior Court Action.
15
Compl. ¶ 24; Ans. ¶ 24.
4
two business days).16 On March 9, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a verified complaint for
advancement pursuant to Section 18-108 of the LLC Act. 17 Plaintiffs also seek their
attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in this advancement proceeding, as well as pre-
and post-judgment interest from the date of the demand letter.18
On March 25, 2020, Defendant filed a Motion to Dismiss. After full briefing
and argument, the Court denied that motion in an oral ruling on April 28, 2020. Both
parties have since moved for judgment on the pleadings.
III. LEGAL ANALYSIS
A. The Legal Standard
A motion for judgment on the pleadings under Court of Chancery Rule 12(c)
may be granted if “no material issue of fact exists and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Desert Equities, Inc. v. Morgan Stanley Leveraged
Equity Fund, II, L.P., 624 A.2d 1199, 1205 (Del. 1993); accord Alliant Techsystems,
Inc. v. MidOcean Bushnell Hldgs., L.P., 2015 WL 1897659, at *6 (Del. Ch. Apr. 24,
2015). “When there are cross-motions for judgment on the pleadings, the court must
accept as true all of the non-moving party’s well-pleaded factual allegations and
draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.” OSI Sys., Inc. v.
16
Compl. ¶¶ 27–28; Ans. ¶¶ 27–28.
17
See Compl. ¶ 1.
18
Compl., Relief Requested ¶¶ C, D.
5
Instrumentarium Corp., 892 A.2d 1086, 1090 (Del. Ch. 2006). The Court may also
consider the unambiguous terms of exhibits attached to the pleadings and documents
incorporated by reference. Id.
“Advancement cases are particularly appropriate for resolution on a paper
record, as they principally involve the question of whether claims pled in a complaint
against a party . . . trigger a right to advancement under the terms of a corporate
instrument.” DeLucca v. KKAT Mgmt., LLC, 2006 WL 224058, at *6 (Del. Ch. Jan.
23, 2006). The cross motions here turn on the construction of the LLC Agreement.
Alternative entity agreements “are a type of contract.” Murfey v. WHC Ventures,
LLC, 236 A.3d 337, 350 (Del. 2020) (analyzing a limited partnership agreement).
“When analyzing an LLC agreement, a court applies the same principles that are
used when construing and interpreting other contracts.” Godden v. Franco, 2018
WL 3998431, at *8 (Del. Ch. Aug. 21, 2018).
When the “meaning [of a contract] is unambiguous and the underlying facts
necessary to its application are not in dispute, judgment on the pleadings is an
appropriate procedural device for resolving the dispute.” CorVel Enter. Comp, Inc.
v. Schaffer, 2010 WL 2091212, at *1 (Del. Ch. May 19, 2010). “When ruling on
dueling Rule 12(c) motions that turn on an issue of contract construction, the Court
must deny both motions if each has advanced reasonable but conflicting readings of
the [contract in dispute], or, in other words, if the contract provision in question is
6
ambiguous.” Gibraltar Private Bank & Tr. Co. v. Boston Private Fin. Hldgs., Inc.,
2011 WL 6000792, at *2 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2011) (internal citation omitted); accord
Freeman Family LLC v. Park Avenue Landing LLC, 2019 WL 1966808, at *4 (Del.
Ch. Apr. 30, 2019).
B. The LLC Act
A limited liability company’s authority to provide for indemnification and
advancement is grounded in Section 18-108 of the LLC Act, which provides:
Subject to such standards and restrictions, if any, as are set forth in its
limited liability company agreement, a limited liability company may,
and shall have the power to, indemnify and hold harmless any member
or manager or other person from and against any and all claims and
demands whatsoever.
6 Del. C. § 18-108. The statute is “broadly enabling.” Morgan v. Grace, 2003 WL
22461916, at *2 (Del. Ch. Oct. 29, 2003).
C. The LLC Agreement’s Indemnification and Advancement
Provision
The LLC Agreement provides for indemnification and advancement. Section
10.02(c)(i) states, in pertinent part:
The Company shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless each Covered
Person against any losses, claims, damages, liabilities, expenses
(including all reasonable fees and expenses of counsel), judgments,
fines, settlements and other amounts arising from any and all claims,
demands, actions, suits or proceedings, in which such Covered Person
may be involved or become subject to, in connection with any matter
arising out of or in connection with the Company’s business or affairs,
or this Agreement or any related document, unless such loss, claim,
damage, liability, expense, judgment, fine, settlement or other amount
7
(A) is a result of a Covered Person acting in bad faith, knowing
violation of Law or willful misconduct on behalf of the Company and
materially injurious to the Company or (B) results from a material
breach of the contractual obligations under the Management
Agreement or results from a material breach by such Covered Person of
a Specified Covenant. If any Covered Person becomes involved in any
capacity in any action, suit, proceeding or investigation in connection
with any matter arising out of or in connection with the Company’s
business or affairs, or this Agreement or any related document, other
than (x) by reason of any act or omission performed or omitted by such
Covered Person that was in bad faith, knowing violation of Law or
willful misconduct on behalf of the Company and materially injurious
to the Company, or (y) as a result of a material breach of the
contractual obligations under the Management Agreement or any
material breach by such Covered Person of a Specified Covenant, the
Company shall reimburse such Covered Person for its reasonable legal
and other reasonable out-of-pocket expenses . . . as they are incurred
in connection therewith; provided that such Covered Person shall
promptly repay to the Company the amount of any such reimbursed
expenses paid to it if it shall be finally judicially determined that such
Covered Person was not entitled to indemnification by, or contribution
from , the Company in connection with such action, suit, proceeding or
investigation. . . . 19
Covered Person is defined as:
[E]ach Member or an Affiliate thereof, and each current or former
shareholder, member, partner, director, representative, officer,
fiduciary or authorized agent or trustee of a Member or an Affiliate
thereof, and each officer or authorized agent of the Company or of an
Affiliate controlled by the Company, including each Director and
Officer, in each case, in his capacity as such. 20
19
LLC Agreement § 10.02(c)(i) (emphasis added).
20
LLC Agreement § 1.01. The term Affiliate, as to any specified Person, is defined in
pertinent part as “any other Person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under
direct or indirect common control with such specified Person,” with certain exceptions not
applicable for purposes of this Opinion. Id. The term Person is defined, in pertinent part,
as any individual or limited liability company. Id.
8
D. Plaintiffs Are Entitled to Advancement Under the Terms of Section
10.02(c)(i).
Section 10.02(c)(i) is quite broad. It specifies in unambiguous terms that
“[t]he Company shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless each Covered Person
against any losses [and] claims . . . (including all reasonable fees and expenses of
counsel) . . . arising from any and all claims . . . actions, suits or proceedings . . . in
connection with any matter arising out of or in connection with the Company’s
business or affairs, or this Agreement or any related document.”21
For purposes of the cross-motions, there is no dispute that each of the
Plaintiffs qualifies as a Covered Person. 22 In addition, the Company does not
contend, solely for purposes of the cross-motions, that any of the contractually
enumerated exceptions to indemnification or advancement apply. 23 Defendant also
concedes that it must provide advancement if Plaintiffs could ultimately be entitled
to indemnification.
21
LLC Agreement § 10.02(c)(i) (emphasis added).
22
Oral Argument via Zoom on Cross-Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings (“JOP Hr’g”)
(Dkt. 41) Tr. 19 (DEFENDANT’S COUNSEL: “We do not concede that the plaintiffs are
covered by this indemnification provision for all purposes. We have attacked the coverage
on one ground, and one ground only, for purposes of these cross-motions, and that is that
it does not cover first-party claims.”).
23
See Def.’s Combined Opening & Answering Br. 16 (“The Company does not now argue
that advancement should be denied because Plaintiffs acted in bad faith or materially
breached the Management Agreement.”).
9
Although “advancement is not ordinarily dependent upon a determination that
the party in question will ultimately be entitled to be indemnified,” Senior Tour
Players 207 Mgmt. Co. v. Golftown 207 Hldg. Co., 853 A.2d 124, 128 (Del. Ch.
2004), Defendant contends this is not an ordinary case. Defendant argues that the
claims at issue in the Superior Court Action “can never be indemnifiable, [so] the
indemnification issue can be decided now and the issue is ripe.”24
Despite the broad scope of Section 10.02(c)(i) of the LLC Agreement, the
Company contends that Plaintiffs cannot be indemnified for any of the claims in the
Superior Court Action. The Company argues that Section 10.02(c)(i) does not
provide indemnification for claims between the Company and any Covered
Person—what it calls “first-party claims.” Because the Superior Court Action only
asserts claims by the Company against the Plaintiffs here, the Company argues there
can be no obligation to indemnify the Plaintiffs in the Superior Court Action under
any circumstances and, thus, there is no obligation to advance any attorneys’ fees
and expenses that the Plaintiffs incur in that action.25
Defendant’s argument is not based upon a plain reading of Section 10.02(c)(i).
Indeed, Defendant has candidly acknowledged that the language in Section
24
Def.’s Combined Opening & Answering Br. 16 (Dkt. 34).
25
The parties have briefed this motion as if all of the claims in the Superior Court Action
are within the Company’s definition of “first-party claims.”
10
10.02(c)(i) “may appear sufficiently broad to include first-party claims.”26 Instead,
Defendant contends that an indemnification or advancement provision may only
cover first-party claims if it expressly says so. That argument is grounded in a line
of decisions which established a presumption that a standard indemnification
provision in a bilateral commercial contract would not be presumed to provide for
fee-shifting. Those cases are addressed in turn.
The leading Delaware case on this issue is TranSched Sys. Ltd. v. Versyss
Transit Solutions, LLC, 2012 WL 1415466 (Del. Super. Mar. 29, 2012). In
TranSched, a party to an asset purchase agreement obtained a jury verdict against
the counterparty for breach of contract. The prevailing party later sought to recover
attorneys’ fees under a standard indemnity clause in the purchase agreement. 27 After
26
Def.’s Opening Br. in Support of its Mot. to Dismiss 11 (Dkt. 10).
27
The relevant provision stated:
In the event [Versyss] breaches (or in the event any third party alleges facts
that, if true, would mean [Versyss] has breached) any of its representations,
warranties, and covenants contained in this Agreement, and provided that
[TranSched] makes a written claim for indemnification against [Versyss]
within such survival period, then [Versyss] shall jointly and severally
indemnify and hold harmless [TranSched] from and against the entirety of
any Adverse Consequences [TranSched] may suffer through and after the
date of the claim for indemnification (including any Adverse Consequences)
[TranSched] may suffer after the end of any applicable survival period)
resulting from, arising out of, relating to, in the nature of, or caused by the
breach (or the alleged breach).
TranSched, 2012 WL 1415466, at *1 (alterations in original). Adverse Consequences was
defined to include attorneys’ fees. Id.
11
noting that Delaware generally follows the American Rule, whereby litigants must
pay their own attorneys’ fees, the Court held that the plaintiff could not turn an
indemnity clause into a fee-shifting provision with respect to claims between the
contracting parties. Relying largely upon Nova Research, Inc. v. Penske Truck
Leasing Co., 952 A.2d 275 (Md. 2008), the Superior Court concluded that the
American Rule “would be ‘gutted’ if the court implied a fee-shifting provision in
first-party actions.” TranSched, 2012 WL 1415466, at *2 (quoting Nova, 952 A.2d
at 285). Instead, the Superior Court held that “indemnity agreements are presumed
not to require reimbursement for attorneys’ fees incurred as a result of substantive
litigation between the parties to the agreement absent a clear and unequivocal
articulation of that intent.” TranSched, 2012 WL 1415466, at *2 (emphasis omitted).
The court did not, however, articulate a bright-line test:
[T]here is no definitive language that must be used or phrases that have
been routinely held to allow for such recovery in first-party actions.
Each provision is unique and must be decided under the facts of that
particular case.
12
Id. at *2.28
In Deere & Co. v. Exelon Generation Acquisitions, LLC, 2016 WL 6879525
(Del. Super. Nov. 22, 2016), the court followed TransSched, holding that a
contracting party could not use a standard indemnity provision to recover attorneys’
fees against a counterparty to the contract because it did not reflect an “intent to
create a clear and unequivocal agreement to shift fees in first-party actions.” 2016
WL 6879525, at *2.
In SARN Energy LLC v. Tatra Defence Vehicle A.S., 2019 WL 6525256 (Del.
Super. Oct. 31, 2019), the court relied upon TranSched and Deere and held that a
standard indemnity provision in a commercial contract did not entitle the prevailing
party in a breach of contract case to its attorneys’ fees because the provision did not
state that it applied to first-party claims. 2019 WL 6525256, at *1–2.
28
At argument on its earlier motion to dismiss, Defendant took the position that an
indemnification provision in an LLC Agreement can apply to first-party claims only if it
expressly states that it applies to first-party claims. Telephonic Arg. on Def.’s Mot. to
Dismiss (Dkt. 25) Tr. at 17–18 (“THE COURT: Right. So is it your argument, as I
understand it from your briefing and your argument today, that an indemnification
provision in a limited liability company agreement, in order for it to cover first-party
claims, must expressly state that it covers first-party claims? DEFENDANT’S COUNSEL:
That is correct, Your Honor.”). Defendant has now retreated and offers a more nuanced
argument. Def.’s Combined Opening & Answering Br. 4 (“Magic words, such as ‘first-
party’ are not required, and the Company never argued they were. But broad phrases like
‘any and all’ are uniformly not considered sufficient by Delaware courts.”). See also JOP
Hr’g Tr. 25 (DEFENDANT’S COUNSEL: “What I meant to say, and what I will say now,
is that although those specific words do not have to be used, whatever words are used must
specifically, clearly, and unequivocally cover the concept of first-party claims.”).
13
In Winshall v. Viacom Int’l Inc., 2019 WL 5787989 (Del. Super. Nov. 6,
2019), the court, relying on TransSched, held that a standard indemnity clause in a
merger agreement did not constitute a fee-shifting provision for first-party claims
because the agreement did not contain “explicit language that [it] applie[d] to the
reimbursement of attorneys’ fees and expenses on first-party claims between the
parties.” 2019 WL 5787989, at *5.
Most recently, In re Bracket Hldg. Corp. Litig., 2020 WL 764148 (Del. Super.
Feb. 7, 2020), following TranSched, held that standard indemnity provisions in a
stock purchase agreement and an insurance policy did not constitute a fee-shifting
provision between the parties because it did not contain language reflecting such an
intent. 2020 WL 764148, at *16.
Senior Housing Capital, LLC v. SHP Senior Housing Fund, LLC, 2013 WL
1955012 (Del. Ch. May 13, 2013), is the only decision from this Court cited by the
parties on this issue. There, then-Vice Chancellor Strine, addressing an issue
without the benefit of “responsive briefing,” followed TransSched in holding that
the indemnity provision in a management agreement was not a fee-shifting provision
between the parties because it did not contain language indicating an intent to cover
first-party claims. 2013 WL 1955012, at *44–45.29 Most recently, in Nasdi Hldgs.,
29
In Senior Housing, the Court rejected shifting fees for claims arising out of the
management agreement as described above, but awarded attorneys’ fees and costs for
successfully litigating claims arising out of an LLC Agreement. Id. The LLC Agreement
14
LLC v. N. Am. Leasing, Inc., 2020 WL 1865747, at *5–6 (Del. Ch. Apr. 13, 2020)
(ORDER), this Court, relying on TranSched, also rejected an attempt to turn a
standard indemnity provision in a commercial contract into a fee-shifting provision.
The parties here were unable to locate any case applying the first-party/third-
party distinction to an indemnification or advancement provision in a certificate of
incorporation, corporate bylaws, limited partnership agreement, or limited liability
company agreement.30 Defendant, relying on the proposition that limited liability
company agreements are to be construed like any other contract, insists that “there
is no good reason why the Rule [of TranSched] does not or should not apply to LLC
operating agreements.” 31
Defendant’s argument, however, ignores the fundamental distinction that the
TranSched line of cases involved arm’s length, bilateral, commercial contracts,
where a counterparty sought to turn an indemnification provision into a fee-shifting
provision. Unlike typical commercial contracts, indemnification and advancement
in Senior Housing, however, contained a straightforward fee-shifting provision that
awarded “reasonable attorneys’ fees and court costs” to the prevailing party in litigation
between the parties. Id. at *44.
30
In Murphy v. Murphy O’Brien East Village LLC, C.A. No. 2019-0045-KSJM (Del. Ch.
May. 1, 2019) (TRANSCRIPT), which was not referenced in the parties’ briefs, the Court
was presented with the first-party/third-party claim distinction in an advancement action,
but the applicable limited liability company agreements specifically provided advancement
for “a third party claim or action.” Thus, the Court did not need to decide the issue
presented here.
31
Def.’s Combined Opening & Answering Br. 22.
15
provisions in LLC agreements are derived from clear statutory authority and apply
much more broadly.
The LLC Act allows a limited liability company to provide for
indemnification as to “any and all claims and demands whatsoever,” “[s]ubject to
such standards and restrictions, if any, as are set forth in [the] limited liability
company agreement.” 6 Del. C. § 18-108. The statute prescribes that the contract
may indemnify any person to the fullest extent possible by contract. The only
restrictions are those expressly set forth in the contract.
As the leading treatise on Delaware limited liability companies describes
Section 18-108: “Such an explicit statement of specified limited liability company
power does not appear frequently in the []LLC Act. The clarity of the provision
regarding power to indemnify, located in Section 18-108, underscores an effort to
avoid any uncertainty or negative implication that might exist if the statute were
silent on this important point.” Robert L. Symonds, Jr. & Matthew J. O’Toole,
Symonds & O’Toole on Delaware Limited Liability Companies § 11.01[A][1], at
11–3 (2nd ed. 2019). The authors note that,
unlike the [Delaware General Corporation Law], the []LLC Act makes
no distinction between indemnification as to claims by or on behalf of
the limited liability company and indemnification as to other claims.
The []LLC Act does not circumscribe the liabilities and expenses
against which the company may provide indemnification. . . . The
disparate treatment of entity power to indemnify under the []LLC Act
as compared to the [Delaware General Corporation Law] highlights the
16
contractual orientation and flexibility of Delaware’s limited liability
company law.
Id. § 11.01[A][2], at 11–3 to 11–4 (comparing Section 18-108 of the LLC Act with
Section 145(b) of the Delaware General Corporation Law) (citations omitted).32
If Defendant’s position is to be accepted, an LLC Agreement that uses the
precise language of the statute to provide for indemnification and advancement to
all of its members, managers, and other specified persons as to “any and all claims
whatsoever” does not mean what it says. Instead, according to the Defendant, it
means only “any and all third-party claims.” Defendant maintains that an
indemnification or advancement provision can only apply to “any and all claims” if
it also further specifies that it applies to first-party claims. I disagree.
Defendant effectively seeks to restrict the broad grant of statutory authority
under Section 18-108 by engrafting a concept that applies to bilateral commercial
contracts to the LLC Agreement. To be sure, alternative entity agreements “are a
type of contract,” Murfey, 236 A.3d at 350. But as former Chief Justice Steele
32
The treatise authors acknowledge the potential public policy concerns that could arise in
the anomalous situation where the limited liability company were allowed “to indemnify a
manager against a judgment in favor of the company itself entered in a derivative suit.”
Symonds & O’Toole, §11.01[A][3][b], at 11-6. The advancement action currently before
the Court does not present that scenario. See Adv. Mining Sys., Inc. v. Fricke, 623 A.2d
82, 84 (Del. Ch. 1992) (noting that “the advancement decision is essentially simply a
decision to advance credit” to an individual); see also Emerging Europe Growth Fund L.P.
v. Figlus, 2013 WL 1250836, at *4 (Del. Ch. Mar. 28, 2013) (observing that the right to
advancement “is not dependent upon a determination that the party in question ultimately
will prevail or be entitled to indemnification”).
17
emphasized while serving on this Court, “another interpretative principle comes into
play” when construing indemnification and advancement provisions in corporate
instruments. DeLucca, 2006 WL 224058, at *7. Indemnification and advancement
provisions in an entity’s governing document serve a broader public policy.
Delaware has a strong public policy in favor of assuring key corporate
personnel that the corporation will bear the risks resulting from
performance of their duties on the grounds that such a policy best
encourages responsible persons to occupy positions of business trust,
so Delaware courts have read indemnification contracts to provide
coverage when that is reasonable.
Id. “Indemnification and the subsidiary concept of advancement are intended to
encourage persons to serve in a company, secure in the knowledge that expenses
incurred by them in upholding their honesty and integrity will be borne by the
corporation they serve.” Fillip v. Centerstone Linen Servs., LLC, 2013 WL 6671663,
at *12 (Del. Ch. Dec. 3, 2013) (internal quotations omitted). The same policy
reasons supporting advancement under our corporation law applies to “actors for
other entities, including LLCs.” Costantini v. Swiss Farm Stores Acq. LLC, 2013
WL 4758228, at *1 (Del. Ch. Sept. 5, 2013), opinion withdrawn in part on
reargument, 2013 WL 6327510 (Del. Ch. Dec. 5, 2013); accord Tulum Mgmt. USA
LLC v. Casten, 2015 WL 7269811, at *5 (Del. Ch. Nov. 9, 2015). The purpose of
incorporating the statutory language into an LLC agreement “is to allow . . . entities
to attract talented individuals to act on behalf of the company by limiting the burdens
of potential litigation against them.” Costantini, 2013 WL 4758228, at *5.
18
Given the statutory framework, the broad language of the LLC Agreement’s
indemnification provision, and the strong public policy in favor of indemnification
and advancement, I conclude that the first-party/third-party claim distinction applied
in the TranSched line of cases is inapplicable here. I decline to elevate an
interpretive presumption applied to commercial contracts above the strong public
policy of advancement and indemnification, particularly in light of the “capacious
and generous standard” articulated in the American Rail LLC Agreement. DeLucca,
2006 WL 224058, at *2; see Zimmerman v. Crothall, 62 A.3d 676, 697 (Del. Ch.
2013) (“If parties to an LLC operating agreement intend to deviate from the meaning
that a reasonable investor would attribute to [the] use of a term . . . it is incumbent
upon them to manifest that intent.”).
E. The Fee-Shifting Provision of the LLC Agreement and the
Management Agreement Do Not Negate the Plain Language of
Section 10.02(c).
Defendant cites to the fee-shifting provision in Section 12.07 of the LLC
Agreement as further support for not construing Section 10.02(c)(i) to apply to first-
party claims.33 This argument is unpersuasive. The existence of a fee shifting
33
Section 12.07 states, in pertinent part: “In the event that any Dispute between or among
any of the Company or the Members should result in litigation or arbitration, the prevailing
party in such Dispute shall be entitled to recover from the other party all reasonable
attorneys’ fees, costs and other expenses incurred by the prevailing party in connection
with such Dispute. Any judgment or order entered in such action shall contain a specific
provision providing for the recovery of attorneys’ fees, costs and other expenses incurred
19
provision in the LLC Agreement, which expressly only applies to Members, does
not eviscerate the indemnification and advancement rights contained in Section
10.02(c)(i). See Donohue v. Corning, 949 A.2d 574, 581–82 (Del. Ch. 2008)
(holding advancement provision was limited to defensive actions while also
acknowledging existence of fee shifting provision in the same LLC agreement);
Morgan v. Grace, 2003 WL 22461916, at *2–3 (Del. Ch. Oct. 29, 2003)
(advancement action where LLC agreement included separate provisions for
indemnification/advancement and fee shifting). Similar to the fee shifting provision
in Morgan, Section 12.07 “speaks to an obligation for the eventual payment of legal
expenses and does not address advancement of legal fees and therefore is not facially
applicable to the issue before the court.” Morgan, 2003 WL 22461916, at *3. Nor
does that provision reflect an unambiguous restriction on the right to advancement.
Defendant also points to the Management Agreement as confirmation that
there can be no indemnification for first-party claims under the LLC Agreement.
The Management Agreement, which is incorporated into the LLC Agreement,
contains its own indemnification provision:
The Company shall defend, indemnify, and hold harmless, the Manager
and each current or former affiliate, equityholder, member, director,
representative, officer, fiduciary, employee, independent contractor,
agent, successor and permitted assign of any of the foregoing, including
the Personnel from and against any and all Claims brought by unrelated
in enforcing such judgment and an award of prejudgment interest from the date of the
breach at the maximum rate of interest allowed by law.” LLC Agreement § 12.07.
20
third parties, arising out of or resulting from the Manager providing the
Services . . . .
Management Agreement § 1.5(b) (emphasis added).
This indemnification provision does not aid Defendant’s construction of
Section 10.02 of the LLC Agreement. The Management Agreement indemnification
provision expressly covers claims “brought by unrelated third parties.” Id. This
reflects that the drafters knew how to craft an indemnification provision that
distinguished between first-party and third-party claims and did so in an agreement
entered into at the same time as the original LLC Agreement. Thus, under
Defendant’s construction of the indemnification clause, the language “brought by
unrelated third parties” would be surplusage, resulting in an unreasonable
construction of the contract.34
Defendant’s argument also ignores the breadth of Section 10.02(c)(i) of the
LLC Agreement, which provides indemnification to any Covered Person as to “any
losses, claims, damages, liabilities, expenses (including all reasonable fees and
expenses of counsel) . . . arising out of or in connection with the Company’s business
or affairs, or this Agreement or any related document, unless such loss, claim . . . or
other amount . . . results from a material breach of the contractual obligations under
34
See Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.3d 1153, 1159 (Del. 2010) (“We will read a contract as a
whole and we will give each provision and term effect, so as not to render any part of the
contract mere surplusage.” (internal quotations omitted)).
21
the Management Agreement” as well as advancement. LLC Agreement
§ 10.02(c)(i). The unambiguous language of Section 10.02(c)(i) covers any claims
or contractual obligations under the Management Agreement.35
The Management Agreement provides that IRP will provide services to the
Company, which includes providing “executives to serve as corporate officers of the
Company and its Subsidiaries.” Management Agreement § 1.1. Marino executed
the Management Agreement on behalf of the Company as its CEO and on behalf of
IRP, as its sole managing member. Defendant argues that the Management
Agreement is the only possible source of indemnification because the claims in the
Superior Court Action arise from IRP providing services to the Company.36 That
argument, however, is belied by the Company’s positions in the Superior Court
Action.
First, the Company seeks an award of its attorneys’ fees in the Superior Court
Action. The Management Agreement, however, does not provide for fee shifting.
Instead, the Company’s fee request in the Superior Court Action relies upon the fee-
shifting provision in the LLC Agreement, which is quoted in its entirety as one of
35
Indeed, at oral argument, Defendant’s counsel acknowledged that the Management
Agreement is a “related document” under Section 10.02 of the LLC Agreement. JOP Hr’g
Tr. 29.
36
Def’s. Combined Opening & Answering Br. 34.
22
the first substantive factual paragraphs of the complaint in the Superior Court
Action.
Second, Counts III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X of the Superior Court Action
complaint are not contract claims. For example, Counts III, VI, VII, IX, and X are
claims for unjust enrichment.37 Those claims are not claims for breach of the
Management Agreement and, in some instances, may not relate to the services IRP
provided under the Management Agreement. See, e.g., Superior Court Action
Compl., C.A. No. 2020-0890-PAF ¶¶ 107–15 (alleging that BEP has wrongfully
refused to pay for or return furniture, fixtures, and equipment left at the office after
the termination of the Management Agreement); see also ID Biomedical Corp. v.
TM Tech., Inc., 1995 WL 130743, at *15 (Del. Ch. Mar. 16, 1995) (observing that
courts developed unjust enrichment as a theory of recovery to remedy the absence
of a formal contract); Veloric v. J.G. Wentworth, Inc., 2014 WL 4639217, at *19
(Del. Ch. Sept. 18, 2014) (“[T]his Court routinely dismisses unjust enrichment
claims that are premised on an ‘express, enforceable contract that controls the
parties’ relationship’ because damages is an available remedy at law for breach of
contract.”) (quoting Kuroda v. SPJS Hldgs., L.L.C., 971 A.2d 872, 891 (Del. Ch.
37
Count IV is a claim for “money had and received/restitution against Marino” and is
asserted as an alternative to an unjust enrichment claim against Marino. Count VIII is a
claim for conversion against BEP, which is not a contract claim. BEP is also not a party
to the Management Agreement. See Compl., C.A. No. 2020-0890-PAF, at 23, 30.
23
2009)). Because the Company has asserted non-contract claims in the Superior
Court Action, the Court cannot determine at this stage whether the Company’s
claims asserted against the defendants in that action (i.e., Plaintiffs here) are
exclusively governed by the Management Agreement. Instead, that “is a decision
that must necessarily await the outcome” of the Superior Court Action. Kaung v.
Cole Nat’l Corp., 884 A.2d 500, 509 (Del. 2005).
F. Fees on Fees
Both sides in this action seek an award of their reasonable attorneys’ fees and
expenses in the event that they are the prevailing party on this motion under the
terms of the LLC Agreement. Because I conclude that Plaintiffs are entitled to
advancement, they are also entitled to their reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses.
Plaintiffs are directed to file an application under Court of Chancery Rule 88 within
10 days of this Opinion.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that the LLC Agreement
unambiguously provides that the Company must advance the reasonable attorneys’
fees and expenses incurred by the Plaintiffs in defending the claims asserted in the
Superior Court Action. Plaintiffs’ motion for judgment on the pleadings is granted.
Defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings is denied.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
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International Rail Partners LLC v. American Rail Partners, LLC
Combined Opinion