2020 IL App (1st) 191340
FIFTH DIVISION
NOVEMBER 6, 2020
No. 1-19-1340
JAMES FOY, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 18 L 4767
)
THE VILLAGE OF LA GRANGE, ILLINOIS, ) Honorable
) Catherine Schneider,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Delort and Justice Rochford concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 The plaintiff-appellant, James Foy, brought a negligence action against the defendant-
appellee, the Village of La Grange (Village). The trial court entered summary judgment in favor
of the Village. Mr. Foy now appeals. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the
circuit court of Cook County.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 On June 5, 2017, at approximately 6 p.m., Mr. Foy was walking home on the sidewalk
along North Park Road in the Village (sidewalk). The sidewalk is owned and maintained by the
Village. As Mr. Foy was walking in the middle of the sidewalk, he tripped on a raised sidewalk
slab, or what he referred to as a “raised deviation” between the sidewalk slabs (the sidewalk
deviation). He guessed that the sidewalk deviation was caused by tree roots underneath the
sidewalk. When Mr. Foy tripped and fell, he broke his right wrist and fractured his left rib.
1-19-1340
¶4 On May 9, 2018, Mr. Foy filed a complaint against the Village, alleging that the Village
was negligent in maintaining the sidewalk. The Village moved for summary judgment, alleging
that they owed no duty for a de minimis condition. 1 The Village argued that, in the alternative, the
condition on the sidewalk was open and obvious and so the Village owed no duty of care to Mr.
Foy. The Village also argued that, even if a duty existed, Mr. Foy did “not meet his burden of
showing actual or constructive notice of this inconspicuous sidewalk defect.”
¶5 Mr. Foy testified, in a deposition for the case, that at the time of the accident, it was still
light out, he was not distracted as he was walking, and he had “no trouble seeing where [he] [was]
going.” The following exchange ensued:
“[THE VILLAGE’S COUNSEL]: [Interrogatory No.] 31
asks if there are any obstructions upon the sidewalk that prevented
from you [sic] observing the defect that you claim caused your fall
and you state there were no obstructions, correct?
[MR. FOY]: No.
[THE VILLAGE’S COUNSEL]: If you were looking down
at that particular sidewalk defect just prior to your fall, would you
have been able to see it?
[MR. FOY]: Yes.”
¶6 After Mr. Foy fell, he laid on the ground for a few minutes. His friend and neighbor, Jeff
White, was walking in his driveway nearby and ran over to check on Mr. Foy. When Mr. Foy stood
1
Although a municipality has a duty to keep its property in a reasonably safe condition, it has no
duty to repair de minimis defects in its sidewalks. St. Martin v. First Hospital Group, Inc., 2014 IL App
(2d) 130505, ¶ 13. There is no simple standard to separate de minimis defects in sidewalks from actionable
ones and whether a height variance between two sidewalk slabs is de minimis depends on all of the pertinent
facts of the case. Id. ¶ 14.
-2-
1-19-1340
up, he saw “the raised sidewalk” on which he had tripped. Mr. Foy walked home, took some
Tylenol, and laid down. He did not seek immediate medical attention. The next day, he felt a lot
of pain all over his body, but especially in his wrist and rib. Later that same day, he went to the
emergency room. In the emergency room, X-rays revealed that his right wrist was broken and his
left rib was fractured. His medical bills for treatment totaled $5449.
¶7 Following the accident, Mr. Foy took several photographs of the sidewalk where he
tripped. Although he did not include any measuring sticks in the photographs, he testified that the
height variance between the sidewalk slabs at the deviation measured between two and three
inches. When asked about photographs of the sidewalk deviation taken by the Village, which
showed the height variance measured an inch and a half, Mr. Foy responded that the Village’s
measurements were inaccurate because “the measuring stick [was] on top of the dirt.”
¶8 Mr. Foy’s friend and neighbor, Mr. White, testified via affidavit. Mr. White testified that
he lived at 67 North Park Road in the Village and that Mr. Foy tripped and fell in front of his home.
He did not observe the fall, but he understood “that [Mr. Foy] attributed his fall to an approximate
two inch *** displacement at the expansion joint between the sidewalk slabs near the parkway tree
in front of our home.” 2
¶9 Ryan Gillingham, the Village’s director of public works, also testified in a deposition. He
testified that he is responsible for the Village’s sidewalks. A week after Mr. Foy’s accident, he
went to the sidewalk and measured the sidewalk deviation. It measured between 1.5 and 1.75
inches. He said it was likely caused by tree roots. He testified that the deviation in the sidewalk
was not uncommon in the Village and that there was nothing “particularly unusual” about it.
2
Mr. White’s wife, Nikki White, also testified via affidavit. She testified consistently with Mr.
White.
-3-
1-19-1340
Looking at a picture of the sidewalk deviation, Director Gillingham rated it a “Condition 5” on a
scale of 6, mainly due to the joint displacement of the sidewalk slabs. Director Gillingham did not
know how long the sidewalk deviation had existed. He explained that, generally, sidewalks in the
Village are only inspected for improvement when there is street construction.
¶ 10 A hearing on the Village’s motion for summary judgment commenced. The parties did not
make any oral arguments but instead relied upon their briefs on the motion. In its brief, the Village
gave three alternative arguments as to why summary judgment was appropriate. First, the Village
argued that the sidewalk deviation was a de minimis defect for which it had no duty to repair. The
Village alternatively argued that the sidewalk deviation that Mr. Foy tripped on was open and
obvious and so the Village owed Mr. Foy no duty of care. Specifically, the Village claimed that
“there is no dispute regarding the visibility of the identified sidewalk defect” and so the open and
obvious rule precluded Mr. Foy’s negligence action. And finally, the Village argued that, even if
it had a duty regarding the sidewalk deviation, it did not have actual or constructive notice of it.
¶ 11 In his brief opposing summary judgment, Mr. Foy argued that a genuine issue of material
fact existed as to the height of the sidewalk deviation and so summary judgment on the Village’s
de minimis argument would be improper. He argued that, for the same reason, a genuine issue of
material fact also existed regarding whether the sidewalk deviation was open and obvious. Mr.
Foy further argued that a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the Village had
constructive notice of the sidewalk deviation.
¶ 12 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court granted the Village’s motion for summary
judgment, dismissing Mr. Foy’s negligence action. Although the trial court rejected the Village’s
de minimis argument because a question of fact existed as to the height of the sidewalk deviation,
the trial court found in favor of the Village on its open and obvious argument. The trial court found
-4-
1-19-1340
that there was no issue of fact that the sidewalk contained a visible defect with the raised deviation.
The trial court stated:
“And in my review of the facts including the photographs of
the condition and [Mr. Foy’s] testimony, that if he had been looking
at the sidewalk he would have seen it, I find that as a matter of law
it is open and obvious.”
¶ 13 The trial court still considered the Village’s duty of care owed to Mr. Foy. The trial court
found that the fact that the sidewalk deviation was open and obvious, the fact that the risk of injury
was minimal, and the fact that the Village had “miles and miles of sidewalk” to maintain all
weighed in favor of no duty imposed on the Village. The trial court concluded by noting that the
two exceptions to the open and obvious rule did not apply since it was light out at the time of the
accident and there were no obstructions that prevented Mr. Foy from seeing the sidewalk deviation.
¶ 14 The trial court additionally found that Mr. Foy failed to raise any genuine issue of material
fact regarding whether the Village had the required notice of the sidewalk deviation and so the
trial court granted summary judgment on that basis, as well.
¶ 15 The trial court then entered an order granting summary judgment in favor of the Village
and dismissing the case “for reasons stated on the transcribed record.” Mr. Foy filed a motion to
reconsider, which the trial court denied. This appeal followed.
¶ 16 ANALYSIS
¶ 17 We note that we have jurisdiction to review this case, as Mr. Foy filed a timely notice of
appeal following the trial court’s judgment denying his motion to reconsider. Ill. S. Ct. R. 301 (eff.
Feb. 1, 1994); R. 303 (eff. July 1, 2017).
-5-
1-19-1340
¶ 18 Mr. Foy presents the following sole issue: whether the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment in favor of the Village.
¶ 19 The purpose of summary judgment is to determine if a genuine question of material fact
exists. Adams v. Northern Illinois Gas Co., 211 Ill. 2d 32, 42-43 (2004). Summary judgment
should be granted only where the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and affidavits on file, when
viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, show that there is no genuine issue as
to any material fact and that the moving party is clearly entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2018); Adams, 211 Ill. 2d at 43. “Although summary judgment is to
be encouraged as an expeditious manner of disposing of a lawsuit, it is a drastic measure and
should be allowed only where the right of the moving party is clear and free from doubt.” Wells
Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Norris, 2017 IL App (3d) 150764, ¶ 19. We review appeals from summary
judgment rulings de novo. Id.
¶ 20 Mr. Foy argues that a genuine issue of material fact exists in this case as to: (1) whether
the sidewalk deviation was open and obvious; and (2) whether the Village had constructive notice.
As the open and obvious issue is dispositive, we turn to it first.
¶ 21 In a negligence action, the plaintiff must plead and prove the existence of a duty owed by
the defendant to the plaintiff, a breach of that duty, and injury proximately resulting from the
breach. Smith v. The Purple Frog, Inc., 2019 IL App (3d) 180132, ¶ 11. Under the open and
obvious rule, a party who owns or controls land is not required to foresee and protect against an
injury if the potentially dangerous condition is open and obvious. Bruns v. City of Centralia, 2014
IL 116998, ¶ 16. Stated another way, no duty to warn or protect may be imposed upon a defendant
where the risk of injury is open and obvious. Sandoval v. City of Chicago, 357 Ill. App. 3d 1023,
-6-
1-19-1340
1028 (2005). 3 “ ‘Obvious’ means that ‘both the condition and the risk are apparent to and would
be recognized by a reasonable man, in the position of the visitor, exercising ordinary perception,
intelligence, and judgment.’ ” Bruns, 2014 IL 116998, ¶ 16 (quoting Restatement (Second) of
Torts § 343A cmt. b, at 219 (1965)). Whether a condition is open and obvious is an objective
standard. Rozowicz v. C3 Presents, LLC, 2017 IL App (1st) 161177, ¶ 16.
¶ 22 We agree with the trial court in this case that no genuine issue of material fact exists as to
whether the sidewalk deviation was open and obvious. Our supreme court has made it clear that
sidewalk defects may constitute open and obvious danger. Bruns, 2014 IL 116998, ¶ 17. Although
there is conflicting evidence in this case about the size of the sidewalk deviation, there is no dispute
that there was nevertheless an apparent sidewalk deviation which any reasonable person could
see. See Sandoval, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 1029 (any reasonable person exercising ordinary care in
traversing down a sidewalk with elevation changes would recognize and appreciate the risk
involved).
¶ 23 Significantly, Mr. Foy testified that if he had been “looking down at that particular
sidewalk defect just prior to [his] fall,” he would have seen it. The fact that Mr. Foy admits that
the sidewalk deviation was readily visible supports finding that it was open and obvious. See
Prostran v. City of Chicago, 349 Ill. App. 3d 81, 85-86 (2004) (a defect is open and obvious where
both the condition and the risk are easily recognizable).
¶ 24 Citing Buchaklian v. Lake County Family Young Men’s Christian Ass’n, 314 Ill. App. 3d
195, 202-03 (2000), Mr. Foy maintains that “no reasonable person would be looking straight down
at the sidewalk while walking.” However, Buchaklian involved a person tripping over raised
3
There are two exceptions to the open and obvious rule: the distraction exception and the deliberate-
encounter exception. Kleiber v. Freeport Farm & Fleet, Inc., 406 Ill. App. 3d 249, 257-58 (2010). However,
neither exception is at issue in this case.
-7-
1-19-1340
portions of a rubber floor mat, and this court held that the mat was not an open and obvious defect
“because of its size, the lack of significant color contrast between the defect and the surrounding
mat, or merely the short time that a person has in which to discover the defect as he or she takes a
few steps toward the mat.” Id. at 202. Importantly, we held that it was the kind of situation that a
reasonably prudent person would not anticipate. Id. Although in that case we “refuse[d] to hold
that invitees *** are required to look constantly downward” (id.), it does not necessarily follow
that any defect on the ground cannot be open and obvious. In contrast to raised portions of a rubber
mat that blend in with the rest of the mat, a raised sidewalk slab causing a deviation is readily
visible to a reasonably prudent pedestrian, even when not looking downward. Not to mention that
sidewalk deviations are common and can be easily anticipated by the average pedestrian.
¶ 25 Further, Mr. Foy’s claim that he did not see the sidewalk deviation until after his fall does
not render the open and obvious rule inapplicable, as it is not based on his subjective knowledge
but rather on an objective standard. Rozowicz, 2017 IL App (1st) 161177, ¶ 16. Accordingly, we
find that no issue of fact exists as to whether the sidewalk deviation was an open and obvious
defect precluding the Village from owing a duty of care to Mr. Foy.
¶ 26 However, determining that the open and obvious doctrine applies does not end our inquiry
regarding duty. Bruns, 2014 IL 116998, ¶ 34. We must still consider the traditional four factors of
a duty analysis: (1) the reasonable foreseeability of the injury; (2) the likelihood of the injury;
(3) the magnitude of the burden of guarding against the injury; and (4) the consequences of placing
that burden on the defendant. Id.
¶ 27 As a defendant is ordinarily not required to foresee injury from a dangerous condition that
is open and obvious (id. ¶ 35), the first factor carries little weight. As does the second factor
because “ ‘it is assumed that persons encountering the potentially dangerous condition of the land
-8-
1-19-1340
will appreciate and avoid the risks,’ making the likelihood of injury slight.” Id. (quoting Sollami
v. Eaton, 201 Ill. 2d 1, 17 (2002)). Mr. Foy’s testimony that the sidewalk deviation was readily
visible supports this conclusion.
¶ 28 For the third and fourth factors, we must consider that the Village has miles of sidewalk to
maintain. It is well recognized that sidewalks settle, erode, form cracks, and have other types of
disruptions to the surface over time. It is not possible for the Village to prevent tree roots and other
forms of natural erosion from disrupting the many miles of sidewalks within its borders. Requiring
the Village to constantly inspect its sidewalks for possible sidewalk deviations would create a huge
burden; the consequences of such a burden would apply to all the sidewalks in the Village. And
“[t]he imposition of this burden is not justified given the open and obvious nature of the risk
involved.” Id. ¶ 36. Not to mention that there was no testimony to establish that the Village had
notice of this particular sidewalk deviation. This all leads to the conclusion that this sidewalk
deviation was not extraordinary so as to suggest that the Village should have noted it in routine
inspection. Accordingly, we find that the additional two factors of the burden and consequences
being placed on the Village would be too great and therefore no legal duty was owed to Mr. Foy.
We thus affirm the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of the Village and
dismissing Mr. Foy’s negligence action.
¶ 29 However, by this ruling, we do not intend to reduce or expand the scope of liability for the
Village regarding its responsibility to inspect its sidewalks and other public areas. Nor do we intend
to diminish the rights and safety of pedestrians regarding the use of Village sidewalks and other
public areas. Rather, we are scrupulously applying the law as it exists to the particular facts of this
case.
-9-
1-19-1340
¶ 30 Having held that the trial court properly granted summary judgment on the grounds that
the sidewalk deviation was open and obvious and affirming on that basis, we need not examine
the alternative grounds for which the trial court granted summary judgment, i.e., that the Village
lacked notice of the sidewalk deviation. See Vulpitta v. Walsh Construction Co., 2016 IL App (1st)
152203, ¶ 22 (this court may affirm on any grounds in the record).
¶ 31 CONCLUSION
¶ 32 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.
¶ 33 Affirmed.
- 10 -
1-19-1340
No. 1-19-1340
Cite as: Foy v. Village of LaGrange, 2020 IL App (1st) 191340
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 18-L-4767;
the Hon. Catherine Schneider, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys Brion W. Doherty and Dominic C. LoVerde, of Motherway &
for Napleton LLP, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys Michael R. Hartigan, of Hartigan & O’Connor P.C., of
for Chicago, for appellee.
Appellee:
- 11 -