In re D.M.

2020 IL App (1st) 200103
No. 1-20-0103

FIRST DIVISION
August 10, 2020

IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

IN THE INTEREST OF D.M., ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of
) Cook County
(People of the State of Illinois, )
)
Petitioner-Appellee, )
) No. 16 JA 0770
v. )
)
A.M., )
) Honorable Richard Stevens,
Respondent-Appellant.) ) Judge Presiding

PRESIDING JUSTICE GRIFFIN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Pierce and Walker concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Respondent A.M., the father of minor D.M., appeals the trial court’s order denying his

motion for a continuance made just before the court proceeded with a trial to terminate parental

rights. A.M. contends that the rejection of his motion for a continuance violated his statutory

right to counsel and denied him due process of the law. Finding no abuse of discretion, we

affirm.
No. 1-20-0103

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 On September 8, 2016, just two months after D.M. was born, the State filed a petition for

adjudication of wardship. In the petition, the State named respondent A.M. as D.M.’s father.

However, paternity was not legally established at that time. The same day that the State filed the

petition for an adjudication of wardship, the Cook County Public Defender’s Office was

appointed to represent respondent A.M. on the basis that he was D.M.’s putative father.

¶4 In April 2017, the Public Defender’s Office filed a motion to withdraw as A.M.’s

counsel. In its motion to withdraw, the Public Defender’s Office explained that “Respondent-

Father has not attended several scheduled court dates, including November 03, 2017, December

21, 2017, and February 07, 2017.” The Public Defender’s Office further explained in its motion

that “Respondent-Father has not had contact with [the appointed] attorney since September 08,

2016,” which was the day the attorney was appointed for A.M. seven months earlier, despite the

attorney’s efforts to contact him. Therefore, due to A.M.’s unavailability, the attorney concluded

that the Public Defender’s Officer could not fulfill its role of representing A.M.’s interests in the

proceedings.

¶5 In July 2017, D.M. was adjudicated abused and neglected. The trial court concluded that

D.M. was abused and neglected because he was a drug-exposed infant, was subject to an

injurious environment, and because he was at substantial risk of physical injury. The trial court

explained that, among other things, its finding was supported by the fact that D.M. was born

testing positive for drugs and that his mother was not engaged in services or treatment. At that

time, A.M. had not been assessed for parental fitness, and paternity for D.M. had not yet been

legally established. A.M. did not appear in court for the proceedings or ever challenge the court’s

conclusion that D.M. was an abused and neglected minor.

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No. 1-20-0103

¶6 As the case proceeded towards establishing permanency for D.M., the court received

updates from the parties regarding the status of the case and the status of the interested persons

involved. For example, at a case management conference on April 4, 2018, the court concluded

that D.M. would continue to live in a pre-adoptive home pending a determination on the

termination of parental rights and it noted in its written order that day that the “mother and

putative father (A.M.) have not engaged in services and are not visiting consistently.”

¶7 D.M.’s mother was defaulted in the case for failing to participate. Her appointed attorney

also withdrew from representation due to her lack of cooperation and interest in the case. The

attorney was later reappointed for D.M.’s mother, but then withdrew a second time. D.M.’s

mother never made any effort to participate in the case after her counsel withdrew for the second

time in May 2018.

¶8 D.M.’s mother has four other children, none of which are in her care or custody. Both

D.M. and his mother tested positive for drugs when he was born. D.M.’s mother also admitted to

using drugs in the months just after D.M. was born. D.M.’s mother was diagnosed with bipolar

disorder and other mental health issues and she failed to complete drug treatment or engage in

mental health services. She failed to visit D.M. even though the trial court had granted her

limited visitation. Throughout the proceedings, D.M. was in pre-adoptive foster care with his

biological mother’s cousin who wants to continue to support and care for him and adopt him.

¶9 In September 2018, the State filed the operative supplemental petition to terminate

parental rights. As to A.M, the State alleged that he had abandoned D.M., failed to maintain a

reasonable degree of interest in the child’s welfare, deserted the child, and failed to make

reasonable efforts to correct the conditions that led to the child’s removal. The State further

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alleged that A.M. had evidenced an intent to forego parental rights by failing to visit the child for

over a year or communicate with the child or the caseworkers.

¶ 10 On October 16, 2018, shortly after the State’s supplemental petition to terminate parental

rights was filed, the Public Defender’s Office was reappointed to represent A.M. The same day

that the Public Defender’s office was reappointed to represent A.M., the trial court also made a

legal finding that A.M. “is the father of minor [D.M.].” A.M. had signed a voluntary

acknowledgement of paternity. The trial court also noted at that same court appearance that

D.M.’s parents “are not engaged in services or visiting with [D.M.].”

¶ 11 The case was set for a hearing for the termination of parental rights on May 22, 2019.

A.M. was unable to appear because he was accompanying one of his other children to the

emergency room. The parties agreed to try to resolve the case in mediation and the court entered

an order to that effect. The court also set a future date for a termination of parental rights hearing

in case the parties were not able to resolve the case in mediation.

¶ 12 A.M. did not appear at the scheduled mediation. The mediation session, therefore, did not

occur. On July 10, 2018, the court set the case for a termination of parental rights trial to be held

September 18, 2019. The case was later continued until December 17, 2019 for the trial on the

issue of terminating parental rights.

¶ 13 When the trial court called the case for trial on December 17, 2019, the State and the

Public Guardian answered ready, but counsel for A.M. responded that she was not ready for trial.

Between the time the Public Defender’s Office was reappointed to represent A.M. on October

16, 2018 and the day of the trial, December 17, 2019, A.M. had been represented by Assistant

Public Defender Jeremy Lemmons. However, at trial, Assistant Public Defender Carolyn

Howard appeared on behalf of A.M.

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No. 1-20-0103

¶ 14 Howard informed the court that she was not prepared to go forward with the trial.

“I’m new to the case, so the file hasn't actually transitioned to me yet. This will

be my first time making an appearance on it. I don't actually have the file, so I

need time to prepare and time to actually get the file copied for me from the State

or the GAL.”

Howard made an oral motion requesting a continuance of the trial date. Howard also informed

the court that she had not yet had any contact with A.M. A.M. was not present in court on the

day of the scheduled trial. After some discussion, the caseworker informed the court that A.M.

had not appeared since the very first court appearance in the case in 2016. 1 Noting the

importance of resolving cases involving the legal parentage of abused and neglected children in a

timely fashion and the fact that a brand new attorney showed up and made an oral motion for a

continuance on the day of trial, the trial court denied the motion for a continuance.

¶ 15 The case went forward with the trial on the termination of parental rights. After the trial

court heard testimony and accepted exhibits into evidence, it found both parents to be unfit. As to

A.M, the trial court grounded its finding on a lack of reasonable interest, concern, and

responsibility for the minor’s welfare, lack of reasonable efforts or progress, and A.M.’s proven

intent to forego parental rights. The trial court subsequently found in the second portion of the

proceedings that it was in the best interests of D.M. that parental rights be terminated.

¶ 16 After the unfitness stage of the hearing, Ms. Howard stated that she objected “on behalf

of Jeremy Lemmons, the attorney that is actually assigned to this case.” Ms. Howard stated that

she “had an opportunity to look up this case, and [that she was] not even assigned to this case,”

1
The caseworker’s statement that A.M. had only appeared in court once, at the first court
proceeding in the case, is refuted by the record. The record reveals that A.M. appeared in court on at least
one other occasion in the three-year pendency of the case.

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No. 1-20-0103

so she was “standing in for Jeremy Lemmons.” After the best interests stage of the hearing, Ms.

Howard reiterated that she was just the “stand-in attorney,” a conflicting position with what she

had told the court before trial in support of her motion for a continuance where she stated the

case was newly assigned to her. Ms. Howard did not inform the court as to why Mr. Lemmons

did not appear nor did she state when he would be available to try to the case. No motion to

reconsider or other posttrial motion was filed.

¶ 17 A.M. now appeals the judgment, arguing that the trial court erred when it denied the

motion for the continuance. A.M. contends that the denial of the continuance deprived him of the

right to counsel that is statutorily granted to him by the Juvenile Court Act (citing 705 ILCS

405/1-5(1)). A.M. further contends that the denial of the continuance deprived him of his right to

procedural due process.

¶ 18 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 19 Respondent A.M. argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion

for a continuance. A.M.’s position is that “the court’s denial of a continuance had the effect of

violating A.M.’s rights to counsel and to due process of the law.” Although A.M. repeatedly

states that the trial court abused its discretion, he also, without any added analysis, opines that a

de novo standard of review is appropriate because the fundamental parental liberty interest is at

issue. So we begin by addressing the appropriate standard for our review.

¶ 20 It is an axiomatic point of law that whether to grant a continuance is in the sound

discretion of the trial court. Andersonville South Condominium Ass'n v. Fed. National Mortgage

Co., 2017 IL App (1st) 161875, ¶ 28. Thus, on appeal, we do not overturn a trial court’s decision

to deny a continuance unless the trial court’s decision to deny that continuance constitutes an

abuse of discretion. Southwest Illinois Development Authority v. Al-Muhajirum, 348 Ill. App. 3d

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No. 1-20-0103

398, 402 (2004). A trial judge abuses his discretion when he makes a ruling that is arbitrary,

fanciful, or unreasonable, or when no reasonable person would take the same view.

Andersonville South, 2017 IL App (1st) 161875, ¶ 28.

¶ 21 Aside from one stray comment about the de novo standard of review applying to this case

at the beginning of his brief, 2 A.M. does not mention the de novo standard of review again. A.M.

does not develop any argument concerning the applicable standard of review. He does, however,

point to a recently decided case in which we applied a de novo standard of review in a

termination of parental rights proceeding (citing In re J.M., 2020 IL App (2d) 190806, ¶ 37). We

are unconvinced that the de novo standard should apply to the circumstances of this case.

¶ 22 In In re J.M., the father was incarcerated and was not able to attend court proceedings. In

re J.M., 2020 IL App (2d) 190806, ¶ 31. This court held that the motion for the continuance was

enmeshed with the father’s due process rights and, thus, the court applied a de novo standard of

review to analyze the father’s due process rights. Id. at ¶ 37. The circumstances of this case are

significantly distinguishable from In re J.M. Here, there are no compelling outside circumstances

that necessitated a continuance or that otherwise prohibited the father or his attorney from

participating in the case. Our holding in J.M. was based on the fact that the father was “not able

to be present in court.” Id. at ¶ 31 (emphasis added). The events leading up to the motion for a

continuance in this case demonstrated ordinary lack of attentiveness and concern for the case by

both A.M. and his attorney. A.M. has never alleged that there was any impediment to him

participating in the proceedings other than his own absence.

2
A.M. did not file a reply brief in this case. Had he done so, he could have developed some
argument on this issue that would have aided our analysis. Instead, he stands on the single sentence in his
opening brief that lacks substantive analysis.

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No. 1-20-0103

¶ 23 To put a finer point on it, we reject A.M.’s contention that a de novo standard of review

should apply to the denial of a motion for a continuance simply because the case involves the

termination of parental rights. This court has repeatedly applied the abuse of discretion standard

in reviewing a party’s claim that the trial court erred in denying a continuance in cases involving

the termination of parental rights. See, e.g., In re Tashika F., 333 Ill. App. 3d 165, 169 (2002); In

re Anaya J.G., 403 Ill. App. 3d 875, 882 (2010); In re S.W., 2015 IL App (3d) 140981, ¶¶ 31, 32.

While there may be certain circumstances in a termination of parental rights case that warrant a

less deferential standard of review, we find no such circumstances in this case, and we reject the

notion that a de novo standard should apply solely on the basis that parental rights are involved.

¶ 24 In this case, whether the continuance should have been allowed required an assessment of

numerous factual considerations. It is not a yes or no question that can be appropriately decided

as a matter of law nor are we in a position to ably sit in de novo review and assess the propriety

of every ruling a trial judge makes when it comes to the functioning of his or her courtroom.

Without any substantive argument from A.M. on this issue, we decline to hold that de novo

review is appropriate in this case, and we find that the abuse of discretion standard applies.

¶ 25 Under most circumstances, requests for continuances on the day of trial need not be

allowed. Sinram v. Nolan, 227 Ill. App. 3d 241, 243 (1992) (“Our legal system cannot work

efficiently if continuances are readily available on the day of trial.”). A change in attorneys just

before trial does not require the trial court to grant a continuance. Yakin v. Yakin, 107 Ill. App. 3d

1103, 1113 (1982); see also People v. Flores, 269 Ill. App. 3d 196, 201 (1995). A.M. has pointed

to nothing in the record that could justify a finding that the trial court did not have the discretion

to deny his motion for a continuance.

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¶ 26 As A.M. points out, the Juvenile Court Act (705 ILCS 405/1-1 et seq.) grants parents the

right to counsel in proceedings in which the State seeks a termination of their parental rights. 705

ILCS 405/1-5(1) (West 2016). A.M. contends that his statutory right to counsel was violated in

this case because he was denied the effective assistance of counsel when the trial court denied his

attorney’s motion for a continuance, leaving him with an attorney who was unfamiliar with the

case. A.M.’s argument leaves out significant facts that led the trial court to deny the continuance

here.

¶ 27 A.M. was appointed counsel on two separate occasions in this case in conformity with the

Juvenile Court Act. The first time that counsel was appointed for A.M., the Public Defender’s

Office sought to withdraw, explaining that A.M. failed to attend several scheduled court dates,

citing three specific court appearances in which A.M. did not show up. The Public Defender’s

Office further explained that it needed to withdraw from representing A.M. because A.M. did not

have contact with the appointed attorney for the entire seven month period after the attorney was

appointed, despite the attorney’s efforts to contact A.M. The Public Defender’s Office was

granted leave to withdraw from the representation.

¶ 28 Then, when A.M. finally appeared in court more than two years later, the Public

Defender’s Office was reappointed. But even at the most critical junctures of the case, as the

hearing for termination of parental rights neared, A.M. was absent. The court-ordered mediation

did not occur as scheduled because A.M. failed to appear. A.M. then failed to appear at the

termination hearing. The record contains no explanation for A.M.’s absence from the critical

proceedings.

¶ 29 The trial court explained that simply failing to appear in court without any explanation

was not a proper basis for a continuance. The trial court stated that lack of preparedness was not

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an adequate excuse to justify delaying the proceedings. The trial court explained that the typical

practice for seeking the continuance of a trial was to file a written motion in advance of the trial

date rather than to make an oral motion when the case was called for the trial to begin. The court

noted that a change in attorneys over the length of a long case was a foreseeable issue. The court

also stated that its docket did not allow for another trial date to be set for this case in the near

future, and that it viewed the prompt disposition of cases involving abused and neglected minors

as important. In light of all of those considerations, the trial court found that A.M. was not

entitled to a continuance.

¶ 30 For claims of ineffective assistance of counsel in parental rights proceedings under the

Juvenile Court Act, Illinois courts look to the framework used in criminal cases. In re Charles

W., 2014 IL App (1st) 131281, ¶ 32. However, an important distinction between criminal cases

and cases affecting parental rights under the Juvenile Court Act is that there is a constitutional

right to counsel in criminal cases while the right to counsel in parental rights cases derives from

statute. In re S.G., 347 Ill. App. 3d 476, 479 (2004). Under the familiar Strickland standard for

evaluating claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, one must show “both that counsel’s

representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that a

reasonable probability exists that, but for the error, the result would have been

different.” Charles W., 2014 IL App (1st) 131281, ¶ 32. The prejudice prong of the Strickland

analysis requires a reasonable probability, not just a mere possibility, of a different outcome. Id.

¶ 31 A.M. argues that we should dispense with the requirement that he show prejudice under

Strickland and instead hold that his counsel’s performance was so deficient that prejudice should

be presumed (citing United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659-61 (1984)). A.M. acknowledges

that Cronic only expressly applies in the criminal context, but he urges us to expand the

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application of Cronic to termination of parental rights cases and hold that prejudice need not be

shown where counsel’s representation is wholly deficient.

¶ 32 We have already had the opportunity to address the applicability of the holding of Cronic

in termination of parental rights proceedings and we declined expand its holding to such cases.

See In re C.C., 368 Ill. App. 3d 744, 748 (2006) (“We decline to extend the Cronic test to

termination proceedings.”); see also In re Jamarqon C., 338 Ill. App. 3d 639, 644 (2003)

(holding that a showing of prejudice was required when a parent appeals the denial of a motion

for a continuance in a termination of parental rights case). The rationale for applying Cronic in

the criminal case context under the Sixth Amendment is not present in this case. A.M. had

counsel and, had A.M. appeared or made contact with his attorney, he could have participated in

the proceedings. Instead, A.M. showed a complete lack of interest in the proceedings at all

critical stages. We see no reason that A.M. should be relieved of the burden of showing prejudice

when the trial court denied an oral motion for a continuance after the trial was called to begin

when his only impediment to participating in the proceedings was his own lack of interest. See

People v. Tuduj, 2014 IL App (1st) 092536, ¶¶ 101-02.

¶ 33 The operative petition for termination of parental rights alleged, among other things, that

A.M. abandoned D.M., that he failed to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern, or

responsibility for D.M., that he deserted D.M., and that he evidenced an intent to forego parental

rights by failing to visit, communicate with, and/or maintain contact with D.M. for over a year.

A.M. does not dispute that he was given notice of the petition to terminate parental rights and all

the other proceedings attendant in a termination of parental rights case. But he did not appear for

those critical proceedings, most notably the termination hearing. During the three years that the

case was pending with numerous court appearances made by the parties, A.M. appeared just

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No. 1-20-0103

twice. After the operative petition to terminate parental rights was filed, A.M. appeared in court,

but then he did not appear for over a year—through the point at which his parental rights were

terminated. A.M. has made no showing that he acted with any diligence whatsoever at any point

of the proceedings in order to protect his rights or to otherwise defend against the termination of

his parental rights.

¶ 34 Furthermore, A.M. has not even attempted to make out a claim of prejudice. On appeal,

he does not contend that the trial court’s unfitness or best interests findings were against the

manifest weight of the evidence. A.M. has never even attempted to state what he might have

produced that could have led to a different result if he had been granted a continuance.

Overwhelming evidence was presented at trial that both A.M. and D.M.’s mother had abandoned

D.M. and that they had evidenced an intent to forego parental rights. In fact, the mediation was

set in the case because A.M. had suggested he was considering voluntarily relinquishing his

parental rights.

¶ 35 A.M. only visited D.M. one time, for 45 minutes, during the three years this case was

ongoing, despite there being a court order providing for visitation. Even after a caseworker

arranged visitation for A.M., he failed to show up for the visit. A.M. failed to contact the

caseworkers to work towards reunification, so A.M. was never even assessed by the caseworkers

to determine if he could be a fit parent. A.M. never engaged in any of the services to embark on

reunification. The caseworkers in this case repeatedly rated A.M.’s progress as unsatisfactory.

A.M. similarly failed to make contact with his attorneys, resulting in the Public Defender’s

Office having to withdraw from the case due to A.M.’s lack of interest. Frankly, based on the

record, the judgment in this case was not the result of any error by the attorney. But even if we

assume A.M.’s attorney should have been better prepared or should have taken a better course of

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action to seek a continuance, the ineffective assistance of counsel claim would fail for lack of a

showing of prejudice. In re A.P.-M., 2018 IL App (4th) 180208, ¶ 44.

¶ 36 As the trial court in this case recognized, the Juvenile Court Act prioritizes the prompt

disposition of cases concerning abuse and neglect of minors. 705 ILCS 405/2-14 (West 2016). In

fact, the General Assembly has observed that the delay in promptly adjudicating cases

concerning child abuse and neglect cases “can cause grave harm to the minor.” Id. Thus, the

Juvenile Court Act requires Illinois courts to “act in a just and speedy manner to determine the

best interests of the minor.” Id. A requirement that a continuance be granted on the day of trial

without any justifiable cause for the delay would run counter to the General Assembly’s

expressly stated legislative policy. While we are certainly mindful of the fundamental interest a

parent has in retaining his parental rights, abused children also have an important right to have

adjudicatory proceedings commenced and concluded in a timely fashion. As we observed in

Flores, “[a] reading of Cronic such as the defendant urges would permit defense counsel to

obtain a continuance at will simply by substituting another lawyer from the same firm or office

on the day of trial.” Flores, 269 Ill. App. 3d at 206. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in

denying A.M.’s motion for a continuance, and A.M. has failed to demonstrate that he is entitled

to relief for ineffective assistance of counsel.

¶ 37 A.M. also argues that the trial court’s denial of his motion for a continuance deprived him

of his right to procedural due process. He contends that the right to counsel contemplates a party

having an attorney that is familiar with the case and, thus, “the continuance should have been

granted for assigned, prepared, and effective counsel to appear on the father’s behalf.”

¶ 38 We reject A.M.’s contention that his constitutional due process rights were violated on

the basis that he should have been granted a continuance so his attorney could have been better

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prepared. Our supreme court has directed us to “avoid constitutional questions where the case

may be decided on other grounds.” In re Detention of Swope, 213 Ill. 2d 210, 218 (2004); see

also In re S.B., 2015 IL App (4th) 150260, ¶¶ 21-22. Under the circumstances here, any relief

A.M. might be entitled to for a violation of his statutory right to counsel can be adequately

addressed in a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel.

¶ 39 Procedural due process guarantees a person who might be deprived of a right: (1) notice

of the proceedings and (2) an opportunity to be heard. In re D.P., 319 Ill. App. 3d 554, 558

(2001). Here, there is no dispute that A.M. had notice of the proceedings. Similarly, there can be

no dispute that he had an opportunity to be heard—he simply chose to forego that opportunity

when he decided not to be present for the trial and for other important stages of the case. Frankly,

a party cannot be absent for all of the critical junctures of the case without explanation and then

complain that he did not have an opportunity to be heard. He cannot complain that his

constitutional due process rights were inadequately protected when he did not take the slightest

steps to assert or protect his rights, but instead abandoned them repeatedly throughout the case.

In the context of proceedings to terminate parental rights, due process is achieved when the State

complies with the provisions of the Juvenile Court Act and fundamental fairness. In re A.P.-M.,

2018 IL App (4th) 180208, ¶ 30. A.M. has failed to demonstrate that his due process rights were

violated.

¶ 40 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 41 Accordingly, we affirm.

¶ 42 Affirmed.

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