Kucinsky v. Pfister

2020 IL App (3d) 170719

Opinion filed July 29, 2020
_________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

THIRD DISTRICT

2020

CHARLES KUCINSKY, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of the 12th Judicial Circuit,
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Will County, Illinois.
)
v. )
)
RANDY PFISTER, Individually and in His )
Official Capacity as Warden of the Pontiac )
Correctional Center; JOEL STARKEY; ) Appeal No. 3-17-0719
GREGORY KOCHEL; and EDWARD VILT, ) Circuit No. 16-MR-3156
)
Defendants )
)
(Randy Pfister, Individually and in His Official )
Capacity as Warden of the Pontiac Correctional )
Center; Gregory Kochel; and Edward Vilt, ) Honorable
) Arkadiusz Z. Smigielski,
Defendants-Appellees). ) Judge, presiding.
____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Lytton and Justice O’Brien concurred in the judgment and opinion.
___________________________________________________________________________

OPINION

¶1 Plaintiff, Charles Kucinsky, an inmate in the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC),

filed a pro se first amended complaint pursuant to section 1983 of the federal Civil Rights Act

(42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2012)) against defendants, Randy Pfister (individually and in his official

capacity as the warden of the Pontiac Correctional Center (Pontiac)) and three Pontiac internal
 affairs intelligence officers—Joel Starkey, Gregory Kochel, and Edward Vilt, in their individual

capacities. 1 Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Kucinsky’s first amended complaint. The trial

court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss and dismissed Kucinsky’s complaint with prejudice.

Kucinsky appealed, arguing the trial court erred. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand

to the trial court for further proceedings.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 On May 15, 2008, a jury found Kucinsky guilty of first degree murder and attempted first

degree murder, and Kucinsky was sentenced to consecutive terms of 55 years and 30 years of

imprisonment. People v. Kucinsky, 2013 IL App (1st) 111073-U, ¶¶ 4, 13, 45, 50 (affirming).

The evidence at Kucinsky’s trial showed that he was a member of the Latin Kings and the

shooting was gang related. Id. ¶ 4.

¶4 On August 29, 2012, while he was an inmate at the Menard Correctional Center

(Menard), Kucinsky was served with a disciplinary report accusing him of “violent assault” and

“dangerous disturbance” two days after he was involved in a physical altercation with

correctional officer, Lieutenant Mitchell. Kucinsky v. Illinois Department of Corrections, 2018

IL App (1st) 171567-U, ¶ 5. Kucinsky was, thereafter, transferred to Pontiac.

¶5 On September 5, 2012, a disciplinary hearing took place before the Pontiac adjustment

committee, with the final summary report indicating that Kucinsky had pled guilty. Id. ¶ 6. The

adjustment committee found Kucinsky guilty and made disciplinary recommendations (one year

in “C grade,” indeterminate segregation, revocation of one year of good-conduct credits, six

months of yard restriction, one year of audio/visual restriction, and six months of “contact visits

1
Joel Starkey was a named defendant but was not served, did not appear as a defendant in the trial
court, and is not an appellee in this matter on appeal.
2
 restrictions”). Id. Kucinsky filed a petition for writ of certiorari in the circuit court, arguing he

had been denied due process because he was not allowed to call witnesses at the disciplinary

hearing and the hearing report erroneously stated that he had pled guilty. Id. ¶ 7. On September

11, 2015, by agreement of the parties, the circuit court remanded the matter for a new hearing.

Id. After a new disciplinary hearing on January 19, 2016, the adjustment committee again found

Kucinsky guilty and made the same disciplinary recommendations. Id. ¶ 8.

¶6 On December 14, 2016, Kucinsky filed a pro se complaint in this case, which he

amended on March 31, 2017. In his pro se first amended complaint, Kucinsky alleged claims

pursuant to section 1983 of the federal Civil Rights Act, arguing that his constitutional rights

were violated. He requested $20,000 in compensatory damages, $40,000 in punitive damages,

and any other relief the court deemed just and proper in the interest of justice.

¶7 In count I, Kucinsky alleged that defendants Vilt, Kochel, and Starkey violated his first

amendments rights by deliberately retaliating against him by placing him in administrative

detention for attempting to assist his attorney in preparing a defense, filing a civil complaint

against the Pontiac adjustment committee, criticizing IDOC and the prison system in his mail,

and authoring grievances against defendants. Kucinsky also alleged that defendants Vilt, Kochel,

and Starkey violated his first amendment rights by deliberately not delivering his outgoing and

incoming mail, as well as censoring his mail because of the political views expressed therein.

¶8 In count II, Kucinsky alleged that defendants Vilt, Kochel, and Starkey violated his right

to due process and IDOC’s own rules in relation to interference with his mail. Kucinsky also

alleged that defendants Vilt, Kochel, Starkey, and Pfister violated his right to due process by

placing him on administrative detention status in the “north administrative detention building”

while knowing that doing so would cause him atypical and significant hardship, providing vague

3
 notice of administrative detention consideration, and conducting “sham” hearings when placing

him on administrative detention status indefinitely. Kucinsky further alleged that Pfister violated

his right to due process by promoting and conducting a policy resulting in vague notices of

administrative detention hearings, leading to Kucinsky being unable to develop a defense and

resulting in a sham hearing.

¶9 In count III, Kucinsky alleged defendants Vilt, Kochel, Starkey, and Pfister violated his

eighth amendment right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. Kucinsky alleged that he

was subjected to various adverse conditions in the “north administrative detention building” and

defendants knew those conditions would cause pain, suffering, mental deterioration, and physical

injury and knew those conditions were especially “toxic” to Kucinsky because of his “mental

illness.”

¶ 10 In count IV, Kucinsky alleged a “conspiracy” claim against defendants Vilt, Kochel, and

Starkey. Kucinsky argued that Vilt, Starkey, Kochel, and other unnamed internal affairs officers

conspired against him to interfere with his access to the courts, censor his mail in retaliation for

writing grievances against internal affairs officers, and kept him in administrative detention

“indefinitely.” He also alleged that Pfister conspired against him by “turning a blind eye” to the

conduct of the other defendants and other internal affairs officers.

¶ 11 In count V, Kucinsky alleged a “misfeasance” claim against defendants Vilt, Kochel,

Starkey, and Pfister in that they breached their duty to follow federal and state laws and

administrative rules and regulations by deliberately and improperly using their authority to

conspire against him and violate his constitutional rights (under the first, eighth, and fourteenth

amendments) and by deliberately violating regulations set forth in sections 525.130 and 525.140

4
 of Title 20 of the Illinois Administrative Code regarding the handling of incoming and outgoing

mail (see 20 Ill. Adm. Code 525.130, 525.140 (2003)) “in an illegal act of retaliation.”

¶ 12 In support of his claims, Kucinsky made the following allegations and attached

documents to his pro se first amended complaint, including some of the various related

grievances he allegedly filed. Kucinsky was an inmate at Pontiac from late August 2012 until

August 2016. Defendant Pfister was the warden of Pontiac and defendants Starkey, Vilt, and

Kochel were internal affair officers.

¶ 13 On July 25, 2013, Kucinsky had received “some discovery materials” to assist his

attorney in preparing a “defense.” Kucinsky sent some of the documents to the prison’s law

library for copying, but the materials were not returned. The discovery materials Kucinsky had

sent for copying included hand-copied duplicates of e-mails between prison staff referencing an

interview that took place with an inmate regarding gang activity. (Kucinsky attached copies of

those e-mails to his first amended complaint as “exhibit 5.” 2) Two days after sending the

discovery materials to be copied, Kucinsky’s prison cell was searched, Kucinsky was strip

searched, and all his property was taken. A week later, most of Kucinsky’s property was

returned, except some additional discovery materials were missing.

¶ 14 In August 2013, Kucinsky was interviewed by Vilt and Kochel regarding the hand-

duplicated e-mails. Vilt and Kochel attempted to pressure Kucinsky into stating he distributed

2
Exhibit 5 included hand-copied e-mails, including a copy of an e-mail sent from Kochel to Vilt
on October 12, 2012, referencing an interview with an inmate on that day by the Pontiac “Intel Unit.” The
inmate indicated that certain inmates at Menard (where Kucinsky had been incarcerated until the end of
August 2012) had discussed potential assaults on specific correctional officers at Menard “as a way to let
everyone know the [Latin] Kings were for real.” A “hit” was ordered on a certain correctional officer to
be carried out by Kucinsky as a way for Kucinsky “to get back in the good graces of the [Latin] Kings,”
but Kucinsky “ended up in segregation.” Once released from segregation, Kucinsky was ordered to
perform a “hit” on Lieutenant Mitchell. Another hand-duplicated e-mail indicated that on October 15,
2012, Vilt forwarded the e-mail regarding that interview to Starkey (and four other persons).
5
 copies of the “exhibit 5” e-mails to other prisoners, but Kucinsky denied doing so and explained

that he was in possession of those materials to assist his attorney. Vilt and Kochel were

“outraged” because they believed Kucinsky was responsible for distributing the e-mails, which

contained their names. Vilt threatened to place Kucinsky on “mail watch,” harass his mail, and

place him on administrative detention status. Kochel told Kucinsky that he would make prison

life “very hard,” which would include “mail problems.” Kucinsky was, in fact, subsequently

placed on mail watch and “A.D. status (A.D. tracking system)” without formal or written notice.

On September 5, 2013, Kucinsky “turned in” a grievance form regarding his confiscated legal

documents, the search of his prison cell, and the interview, but the grievance was “ignored.”

¶ 15 On January 3, 2014, when Kucinsky was returning from a hearing at the circuit court,

Vilt, Kochel, and Starkey “ambushed” him. Starkey searched Kucinsky and his documents.

Starkey confiscated some “exhibits” pertaining to a civil suit that Kucinsky had “mailed in”

against the adjustment committee. Starkey told Kucinsky, “If I were you, I wouldn’t pursue that

litigation against the Pontiac adjustment committee because you wouldn’t want to feel my

wrath.” Kochel said that Kucinsky was going to pay for the grievance filed against him in

September. Vilt said that Kucisnky would never leave Pontiac, Kucinsky would be “stuck” in

administrative detention, and if Kucinsky ever wanted his mail to go out then he had better stop

criticizing the prison system in his mail. After searching Kucinsky, Starkey read through his

legal work and confiscated legal documents (including examples that Kucinsky was going to use

to draft a complaint). Kucinsky was not given a shakedown or confiscation form for the legal

work that was taken, and there was no justification for the taking of his legal work. 3

3
The grievance attached to the first amended complaint shows that the grievance was denied by
the grievance counselor on February 11, 2014, with the grievance counselor indicating there had been a
“shakedown slip” for January 3, 2014, and that possessing other inmates’ names and numbers and
possessing photographs of national level street gang leaders violated IDOC’s rules and there had been no
6
¶ 16 Kucinsky also alleged that in 2013 and 2014, he authored monthly editorials regarding

the criminal justice system, prison system, and other subjects and mailed those editorials to

“newspapers and other places,” including a prison rights group. In 2014, Kucinsky was notified

by a volunteer from one of those groups that his mailings were not being received. He was also

not receiving monthly newsletters sent to him from the prison rights group. He only received

three of the monthly newsletters sent to him between August 2013 and August 2016.

¶ 17 On June 20, 2014, he received a “legal letter” from “an attorney” that was marked as

“legal mail” that had been previously opened. On August 5, 2014, Kucinsky filed a grievance in

which Kucinsky referenced another opened legal letter he received on August 4, 2014, from

attorney, Myron F. Mackoff, which had been clearly marked as legal mail. He also described the

“ongoing problem” with his mail, indicating he received opened legal mail; he was not receiving

mailings from “prison groups”; any outgoing mail in which he “express[ed] himself and [his]

political views” was not being sent to his addressees; his mail had been censored since July or

August 2013 and, since that time, “countless mail,” wherein he “express[ed] his opinions about

the prison, justice system, or community issues,” was not being sent out from him and mail sent

from community or prisoner rights group to him was not being delivered to him; in “early 2014”

he sent a letter to Gail Hardy but she did not receive that letter, in which he had “expressed

himself” about slavery and the Illinois government; since August 2013, he received “no mail”

from “Southwest News published by Affordable Power” that had been sent to him, and he did

not receive monthly mail sent to him from his friend, Joseph Cohen; since August 2013, letters

from Kucinsky’s parents were not delivered to him and were not returned to his parents; there

explanation from Kucinsky as to how he came to possess the contraband items or how the contraband
pertained to his pending charges. Kucinsky sought review by the administrative review board on July 16,
2014, and after review, the administrative board denied the grievance on December 29, 2014.
7
 were additional people that had sent Kucinsky mail, which he also did not receive; and Kucinsky

knew officers Vilt, Starkey, Kochel, and the whole Pontiac Intelligence Unit were involved with

the tampering with his mail in retaliation for him not cooperating with the “Intel Unit” in July

and August 2013, at which time Vilt had threatened to destroy Kucinsky’s mail and make prison

life hard for Kucinsky.

¶ 18 On September 16, 2014, Kucinsky received a letter, which indicated that Hardy did not

receive Kucinsky’s last letter and that she had mailed him a letter, which he did not receive.

Kucinsky filed a grievance on September 22, 2014, indicating a “pattern” of interference with his

mail that contained discussions of his political views, prison conditions, criticisms of the

government, or criticisms of the prison system. During a visit on September 19, 2014, he was

informed that within the past month three letters had been sent to him from his dad and one letter

had been sent to him from Cohen, none of which he ever received. 4

¶ 19 On April 30 and October 15, 2014, Kucinsky “notified” Pfister about “his mail

censorship issue and retaliation by the internal affairs unit.” Pfister “turned a blind eye” to those

issues.

¶ 20 On October 19, 2014, as a result of a visit he received, Kucinsky learned that in the last

60 days, Roberto Guzman had sent him a letter, which he never received. Kucinsky’s mail had

been censored where it related to his expression of his political views and his concerns or

complaints about the prison system and Illinois government. Kucinsky had not received twice-

monthly mailings sent to him from “Affordable Power” since July 2013 or twice-monthly

telegrams from Cohen since February 2014.

4
The response to Kucinsky’s grievance was that the mailroom had indicated they were current on
the mail.
8
¶ 21 On November 9, 2014, there was a shakedown of Kucinsky’s prison cell by Officer

Graham, during which Graham threatened that if Kucinsky did not drop the civil lawsuit against

the adjustment committee and stop writing grievances against the internal affairs staff, then

Kucinsky’s television would be broken and his personal belongings would be destroyed. During

the shakedown, Graham confiscated 205 pages of Kucinsky’s trial transcripts pertaining to his

criminal case, a federal habeas book, a rights of prisoners book, and grievances. Kucinsky

indicated that it was at least the third time that his prison cell was shaken down by Graham and

that Graham had confiscated his paperwork and family photos, ransacked his cell, and told him

to stop litigating civil complaints. Shaking down Kucinsky’s cell had become a common practice

in retaliation for filing grievances about prison conditions. Kucinsky indicated that since being

moved to his current cell, his cell was shaken down “at least twice a month” without him being

provided shakedown slips.

¶ 22 On November 20, 2014, Kucinsky was visited by Cohen, who notified him that United

Voices for Prisoners and Affordable Power had mailed Kucinsky at least two letters in the past

month, which Kucinsky had not received. Cohen had sent him one letter per month in the last 90

days, which Kucinsky did not receive.

¶ 23 On December 17, 2014, when Kucinsky was returning from court, he was searched by

Starkey. Starkey asked Kucinsky if he was enjoying the “hard time” for Kucinsky filing the civil

suit against the adjustment committee and for filing grievances against him and members of the

internal affairs unit. Starkey also indicated he was responsible for the cell shakedown by Graham

on November 9, 2014.

¶ 24 Kucinsky additionally alleged that on January 13, 2015, he received open legal letters

from “an attorney” clearly marked as “legal.” Kucinsky was placed in the “north” administrative

9
 detention building on February 9, 2015. In March 2015, Kucinsky received a notice of an

administrative detention hearing that was so vague he could not prepare a defense, and he had

been subjected to a “sham” administrative detention hearing. Between February 2015 and

August 2016, at least 10 of Kucinsky’s grievances were thrown away by the internal affairs unit,

including by Kochel. On August 4, 2015, Kochel told Kucinsky to stop criticizing IDOC in his

mail or his mail would not go out.

¶ 25 On September 17, 2015, Kucinsky received an open legal letter from his attorney who

had been representing him “against the Pontiac adjustment committee.” The letter indicated that

he had “won his civil suit.” 5 The next day, Kucinsky’s prison cell was ransacked by the weapons

task force (part of the internal affairs unit), and his property was damaged and stolen, including

his lamp, headphones, razor, soaps, cable cord splitter, cup, and face towel, but he only received

a shakedown slip regarding the lamp and the headphones. The officers conducting the

shakedown denied taking his other items.

¶ 26 Kucinsky additionally alleged that he was subjected to poor prison conditions.

Specifically, he alleged that he was placed in the “north” administrative detention unit on

February 9, 2015, in a “filthy” cell that was previously maced but not cleaned; the cell was not

any larger than two steps long and one step wide; he had little to no access to natural light; he

was exposed to 24-hour bright lights, mace, and extreme noise; and his movement in the cell was

limited, preventing him from exercising. He also contended that he was given small meal

portions, lacked meaningful cleaning supplies, was exposed to extreme temperatures (extreme

cold in the winter and extreme heat in the summer), was exposed to mice infestation, lacked

5
As discussed supra ¶ 5, Kucinsky had filed a petition for writ of certiorari in the circuit court
regarding the disciplinary hearing that took place on September 5, 2012, and on September 11, 2015, the
circuit court entered an ordering remanding the matter for a new hearing.
10
 socialization, and was only allowed limited noncontact visits. He was confined to his cell for

almost 24-hours per day. The cell had a solid door that made communication with those outside

the cell difficult and resulted in “constant banging” on the doors in the unit. He had limited

access to recreation yards with unmeaningful recreation activities. Mace was regularly sprayed in

the unit, causing him to choke and struggle to breathe and causing his eyes to burn. He further

alleged that he lacked cleaning supplies to maintain sanitary conditions.

¶ 27 On January 12, 2016, and June 1, 2016, he mailed two letters to the Chicago Police

Department, which were never delivered.

¶ 28 At his administrative detention hearing on January 19, 2016, 6 Kochel served as a

committee member and told Kucinsky that Kucinsky would be released from administrative

detention when Kucinsky stopped filing grievances, stopped filing civil suits against IDOC, and

stopped criticizing IDOC and the prison system in his mailings. Kucinsky alleged that on

January 20, 2016, he filed a grievance regarding that administrative detention hearing, but it was

“ignored.” In the grievance, Kucinsky indicated he received a vague notice regarding the

administrative detention hearing; Kochel was “hostile” toward him in retaliation for Kucinsky

filing numerous grievances against Kochel; and as a result of his continued placement in

administrative detention, he suffered atypical and significant hardship due to the various alleged

conditions. He requested that “all retaliation end and [he] be placed in general population.”

Kucinsky had been placed on administrative detention “indefinitely” and had notified Pfister

about the conditions of confinement, but Pfister turned a “blind eye” despite Pfister having been

made aware through a Vera Institute study that indicated disciplinary segregation and

6
Kucinsky’s new disciplinary hearing on remand from the circuit court was held on January 19,
2016. See supra ¶ 5. It is not clear if that is the hearing to which Kucinsky is referring.
11
 administrative detention caused pain, suffering, mental deterioration, and physical injury,

especially to someone like Kucinsky with a serious mental illness.

¶ 29 Defendants filed a combined motion to dismiss Kucinsky’s first amended complaint

pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West

2016)). Specifically, defendants sought to dismiss Kucinsky’s first amended complaint pursuant

to section 2-615 of the Code (id. § 2-615), arguing that Kucinsky’s allegations were insufficient

to state a claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Defendants also sought to dismiss Kucinsky’s

complaint pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code (735 ILCS 2-619 (West 2016)), arguing

Kucinsky’s claims were barred under the doctrine of sovereign immunity.

¶ 30 On October 13, 2017, the trial court entered a written order, indicating “[t]he matter is

dismissed with prejudice.” Kucinsky appealed.

¶ 31 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 32 On appeal, Kucinsky argues the trial court erred in granting defendants’ motion to

dismiss because (1) he stated a first amendment retaliation claim, (2) he stated a claim for

“unlawful mail censorship” and the denial of access to the courts, (3) he stated a claim under the

eighth and fourteenth amendments regarding the conditions of his confinement, and (4) his

claims were not barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity. In response, defendants argue

Kucinsky’s allegations failed to state a claim. Defendants also contend that because the trial

court’s dismissal was proper for the failure to state a claim pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code,

this court need not decide whether a dismissal pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code was proper.

¶ 33 A motion to dismiss under section 2-619.1 of the Code allows a party to combine a

section 2-615 motion to dismiss with a section 2-619 motion to dismiss. Schloss v. Jumper, 2014

IL App (4th) 121086, ¶ 15. In reviewing a dismissal pursuant to either section 2-615 or 2-619 of

12
 the Code, we accept as true all well-pleaded facts and all reasonable inferences that may be

drawn from those facts and construe the allegations in the complaint in the light most favorable

to the plaintiff. Id. ¶ 20. Exhibits attached to the complaint, incorporated by reference, are part of

the complaint. Bajwa v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 208 Ill. 2d 414, 432 (2004) (documents

attached to the pleading are treated as part of the pleading if the pleading specifically

incorporates the documents by reference).

¶ 34 We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code,

regardless of whether the dismissal was based on the section 2-615 portion of the motion or the

section 2-619 portion of the motion. Schloss, 2014 IL App (4th) 121086, ¶ 15. We may affirm an

order dismissing a complaint on any basis supported by the record, regardless of the trial court’s

reasoning. O’Callaghan v. Satherlie, 2015 IL App (1st) 142152, ¶ 17.

¶ 35 In this case, the trial court granted defendants’ section 2-619.1 motion to dismiss with

prejudice but did not indicate under which section of the Code the motion to dismiss was granted

and did not state any specific findings. The record contains no indication of the reason for the

trial court’s dismissal of Kucinsky’s first amended complaint, in its entirety, with prejudice.

¶ 36 A. Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Section 2-619

¶ 37 A section 2-619 motion to dismiss admits the sufficiency of the complaint but asserts an

affirmative defense or other matter that avoids or defeats the claim. Carr v. Koch, 2012 IL

113414, ¶ 27. The question on appeal when a cause of action is dismissed pursuant to section 2-

619 is whether there is a genuine issue of material fact and whether defendant is entitled to a

judgment as a matter of law. Illinois Graphics Co. v. Nickum, 159 Ill. 2d 469, 494 (1994).

¶ 38 1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

13
¶ 39 Here, we begin with a review of the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction. See Ardt v.

Illinois Department of Professional Regulation, 154 Ill. 2d 138, 145-46 (1992) (the lack of

subject matter jurisdiction deprives the trial court of all power except to dismiss the action). The

Illinois Constitution provides, “Circuit Courts shall have original jurisdiction of all justiciable

matters except when the Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction ***.” Ill. Const.

1970, art. VI, § 9. Illinois circuit courts are courts of general jurisdiction “and are presumptively

competent to adjudicate claims arising under the laws of the United States.” Blount v. Stroud,

232 Ill. 2d 302, 328 (2009) (citing Yellow Freight System, Inc. v. Donnelly, 494 U.S. 820, 823

(1990)). Both state and federal courts have jurisdiction over claims brought pursuant to 42

U.S.C. § 1983. Haywood v. Drown, 556 U.S. 729, 731 (2009); Bilski v. Walker, 392 Ill. App. 3d

153, 155 (2009) (Illinois circuit courts have jurisdiction to adjudicate section 1983 claims).Thus,

the circuit court had jurisdiction to grant relief pursuant to section 1983.

¶ 40 2. Sovereign Immunity

¶ 41 Defendants argued that Kucinsky’s claims for compensatory and punitive damages were

barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity. In their motion to dismiss, defendants cited

section 1 of the State Lawsuit Immunity Act (Immunity Act) (745 ILCS 5/1 (West 2016)) as

barring Kucinsky’s action seeking monetary damages against the State. Defendants additionally

cited the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Will v. Michigan Department of State Police,

491 U.S. 59, 71 (1989), for the proposition that neither a state, nor its officials acting in their

official capacities, are “persons” who can be sued under section 1983.

¶ 42 “Sovereign immunity is a common-law doctrine that bars lawsuits against the

government unless the government consents to be sued.” Jackson v. Alverez, 358 Ill. App. 3d

555, 559 (2005) (citing City of Shelbyville v. Shelbyville Restorium, Inc., 96 Ill. 2d 457, 461

14
 (1983)). The purpose of this doctrine is to protect states from interference with performing

government functions and “to preserve and protect State funds.” Toth v. England, 348 Ill. App.

3d 378, 387 (2004). Determining whether sovereign immunity is applicable is a determination as

to whether the circuit court has subject matter jurisdiction of the suit. Fritz v. Johnston, 209 Ill.

2d 302, 308-09 (2004); Smith v. Jones, 113 Ill. 2d 126, 130-31 (1986) (the circuit court lacks

subject matter jurisdiction over claims where sovereign immunity applies).

¶ 43 The Illinois Constitution of 1970 abolished sovereign immunity “[e]xcept as the General

Assembly may provide by law.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. XIII, § 4. Pursuant to its constitutional

authority, the General Assembly reestablished sovereign immunity by enacting the Immunity

Act. See Pub. Act 77-1776, § 1 (eff. Jan. 1, 1972) (adding Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 127, ¶ 801,

now codified at 745 ILCS 5/0.01 et seq.). Section 1 of the Immunity Act provides that, except as

provided in the Court of Claims Act 7 (705 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2016)) and other specified

statutes, “the State of Illinois shall not be made a defendant or party in any court.” 745 ILCS 5/1

(West 2016).

¶ 44 Section 1983 of the federal Civil Rights Act allows a plaintiff to bring a civil rights claim

to vindicate the deprivation of federal constitutional or statutory rights under the color of law. 42

U.S.C. § 1983; Murray v. Poani, 2012 IL App (4th) 120059, ¶ 16. Section 1983 provides:

“Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation,

custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects,

or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within

the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities

7
The Court of Claims Act (705 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2016)) creates a forum for certain
actions brought against the State. Parmar v. Madigan, 2018 IL 122265, ¶ 20.
15
 secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an

action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983.

¶ 45 a. Official Capacity Claim

¶ 46 A lawsuit that makes a state official a defendant in his official capacity is not a suit

against the individual but, rather, is a suit against the official’s office and, as such, is no different

from a suit against the State itself. Will, 491 U.S. at 71; Smith, 113 Ill. 2d at 131 (official acts of

state officers are in effect acts of the State itself). Since the United States Supreme court has

construed the word “person” in section 1983 to exclude States, neither a federal court nor a state

court may entertain a section 1983 action against such a defendant. Will, 491 U.S. at 70-71

(holding that an entity with eleventh amendment immunity is not a “person” within the meaning

of section 1983; neither a state nor its officials acting in their official capacities are “persons”

who can be sued under section 1983); Howlett v. Rose, 496 U.S. 356, 376 (1990) (states and

arms of the states, which have traditionally enjoyed eleventh amendment immunity, are not

subject to suit under section 1983 in either federal court or state court). 8

¶ 47 In this case, the IDOC is a state entity. See 730 ILCS 5/3-2-1 et seq. (West 2016); People

v. Lashley, 2016 IL App (1st) 133401, ¶¶ 50-51 (the IDOC, as described in Chapter III of the

Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/ch. III (West 2016)), is a state entity). Therefore, a suit

against Pfister, in his official capacity as the warden of Pontiac, was a suit against IDOC, a state

entity, and thus, a suit against the state. Consequently, the circuit court could not entertain a

8
However, state officials sued for injunctive relief are “persons” within the meaning of section
1983 because official-capacity actions for prospective relief are not treated as an action against the State.
Will, 491 U.S. at 71 n.10.

16
 section 1983 action for damages against Pfister in his official capacity. See Howlett, 496 U.S. at

376 (the word “person” in section 1983 does not encompass states).

¶ 48 We, therefore, affirm the trial court’s dismissal with prejudice of the first amended

complaint as to Pfister in his official capacity. Given that determination, we need not address the

issue of whether this state’s Immunity Act also would have precluded Kucinsky’s section 1983

claims in the circuit court against Pfister in his official capacity. 9

¶ 49 b. Individual Capacity Claims

¶ 50 Even when a plaintiff’s claims are brought exclusively against individuals, our supreme

court has recognized that actions against state employees must sometimes be characterized as

actions against the State. Fritz, 209 Ill. 2d at 310. The prohibition against making the State a

party to a suit cannot be evaded by making an action nominally against the servants or agents of

the State when the real claim is against the State. Leetaru v. Board of Trustees of the University

of Illinois, 2015 IL 117485, ¶ 45. The determination of whether an action is a suit against the

State depends upon the issues involved and the relief sought, rather than the formal designation

of the parties. Id. ¶¶ 44-45.

¶ 51 A claim against a state official or employee is a claim against the “state” when (1) there

are no allegations that an agent or employee of the State acted beyond the scope of his authority

through wrongful acts, (2) the duty alleged to have been breached was not owed to the public

generally independent of the fact of State employment, and (3) the actions complained of involve

matters ordinarily within that employee’s normal and official functions for the State. Murphy v.

Smith, 844 F.3d 653, 658 (7th Cir. 2016); Robb v. Sutton, 147 Ill. App. 3d 710, 716 (1986) (acts

9
To the extent that defendants argue that the Immunity Act provides immunity to the State
beyond that provided by section 1983, we also need not address that argument.
17
 performed by state agents within the scope of their official duties are to be regarded as acts of the

State). Nonetheless, sovereign immunity affords no protection when it is alleged that servants or

agents of the State have acted in violation of statutory or constitutional law or in excess of their

authority. Leetaru, 2015 IL 117485, ¶ 46 (“while legal official acts of state officers are regarded

as acts of the State itself, illegal acts performed by the officers are not”). When a state employee

performs illegally, unconstitutionally, or without authority, the conduct is not considered to be

conduct of the State, and a suit may be maintained against the employee in his individual

capacity. See Fritz, 209 Ill. 2d at 313 (holding Illinois’s sovereign immunity was not applicable

where plaintiff alleged the criminal offense of disorderly conduct because the duty not to make

false accusations of criminal conduct is imposed by the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/1-1

et seq. (West 1998))) and not by virtue of defendants’ state employment); Murphy, 844 F.3d at

660 (holding Illinois’s sovereign immunity did not bar an inmate’s section 1983 claim or battery

claim where plaintiff alleged and proved that the defendants violated the United States

Constitution and alleged the factual elements of aggravated battery).

¶ 52 In reviewing defendants’ contention of sovereign immunity, as set forth in their motion to

dismiss pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code, we note that defendants admit the legal

sufficiency of the complaint for the purposes of their section 2-619 motion. See Carr, 2012 IL

113414, ¶ 27. Kucinsky alleged defendants acted in violation of constitutional law and in excess

of their authority—conduct for which sovereign immunity affords no protection. See Leetaru,

2015 IL 117485, ¶ 50. Accordingly, sovereign immunity did not apply to Kucinsky’s claims

against the defendants in their individual capacities.

¶ 53 B. Dismissal Pursuant to Section 2-615

18
¶ 54 A section 2-615 motion to dismiss attacks the legal sufficiency of a complaint based on

defects that are apparent on its face. Salvi v. Village of Lake Zurich, 2016 IL App (2d) 150249,

¶ 25. The question presented by a section 2-615 motion to dismiss is whether sufficient facts are

contained in the pleadings that, if established, could entitle the plaintiff to relief. Illinois

Graphics Co., 159 Ill. 2d at 488. A motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 should not be

granted unless it is clearly apparent that no set of facts could be proven that would entitle the

plaintiff to a recovery. Tedrick v. Community Resource Center, Inc., 235 Ill. 2d 155, 161 (2009).

However, the plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to bring a claim within a legally recognized

cause of action. Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 429-30 (2006).

¶ 55 In determining whether a complaint should be dismissed on the pleadings pursuant to

section 2-615, we note that Illinois is a fact-pleading jurisdiction. Id. at 429 (our supreme court

has repeatedly stated that “Illinois is a fact-pleading jurisdiction”); see also 735 ILCS 5/2-601

(West 2016) (providing that in civil practice, “substantial allegations of fact” are necessary to

state a cause of action). Fact pleading imposes a heavier burden on the plaintiff, so that a

complaint that would survive a motion to dismiss in a notice-pleading jurisdiction (e.g., in

federal court) might not do so in a fact-pleading jurisdiction. See City of Chicago v. Beretta

U.S.A. Corp., 213 Ill. 2d 351, 368 (2004); cf. Baxter v. Vigo County School Corp., 26 F.3d 728,

734 (7th Cir. 1994) (providing there are no heightened pleading requirements for civil rights

actions in federal court beyond Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure—“a short and

plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief” (internal quotation

marks omitted) (citing Leatherman v. Tarrant County Narcotics Intelligence & Coordination

Unit, 507 U.S. 163, 168 (1993))); Walker v. Thompson, 288 F.3d 1005, 1007 (7th Cir. 2002) (in

federal suits there is no requirement of pleading the facts or the elements of a claim). While the

19
 plaintiff need not plead evidence to meet Illinois’s fact-pleading requirements, mere conclusions

are insufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 429-30.

¶ 56 Additionally, “[p]leadings shall be liberally construed with a view to doing substantial

justice between the parties.” 735 ILCS 5/2-603(c) (West 2016). However, the requirement that a

complaint set forth facts necessary for recovery cannot be satisfied, in favor of liberal

construction, without the necessary allegations. Beretta, 213 Ill. 2d at 368. In determining

whether a cause of action has been stated, “the whole complaint must be considered, rather than

taking a myopic view of a disconnected part.” People ex rel. Scott v. College Hills Corp., 91 Ill.

2d 138, 145 (1982) (citing Stenwall v. Bergstrom, 398 Ill. 377, 383 (1947)). Furthermore, pro se

civil rights complaints are to be given a liberal construction. Webb v. Lane, 222 Ill. App. 3d 322,

327 (1991) (citing Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) (per curiam)).

¶ 57 A civil rights complaint under section 1983 can be brought when a person whose

conduct, under color of state law, has deprived another of any rights, privileges, or immunities

secured by the constitution and laws. Id. at 326. A person pleading under section 1983 must

allege (1) the conduct complained of was committed by a person acting under color of state law

and (2) the conduct deprived the complainant of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the

constitution or other laws of the United States. Id. Under any theory, to be liable under section

1983, the individual defendant must have caused or have participated in a constitutional

deprivation. Pepper v. Village of Oak Park, 430 F.3d 805, 810 (7th Cir. 2005); Sheik-Abdi v.

McClellan, 37 F.3d 1240, 1248 (7th Cir. 1994) (to recover damages under section 1983, a

plaintiff must establish that a defendant was personally responsible for the alleged deprivation of

a constitutional right).

¶ 58 1. First Amendment Claims

20
¶ 59 a. Mail Interference

¶ 60 Kucinsky alleged that defendants Vilt, Kochel, and Starkey violated his first amendment

rights by interfering with his ability to send and receive mail. The free speech clause of the first

amendment applies to communications between an inmate and an outsider. Martin v. Brewer,

830 F.2d 76, 77 (7th Cir. 1987). “[A] prison inmate retains those First Amendment rights that are

not inconsistent with his status as a prisoner or with the legitimate penological objectives of the

corrections system.” Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 822 (1974); Bridges v. Gilbert, 557 F.3d

541, 548-51 (7th Cir. 2009). Prisoners have a protected first amendment interest in sending and

receiving mail, and prison regulations or practices affecting the receipt of a prisoner’s nonlegal

mail implicate first amendment rights and must be reasonably related to legitimate penological

interests. Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 409 (1989).

¶ 61 In this case, Kucinsky alleged a continuing pattern of, and repeated occurrences of,

interference with his mail by prison officials, setting forth a first amendment claim. See

Zimmerman v. Tribble, 226 F.3d 568, 572 (7th Cir. 2000) (courts look to whether the plaintiff

alleges “a continuing pattern or repeated occurrences” of interference with mail to determine

whether there has been a first amendment violation); Sizemore v. Williford, 829 F.2d 608, 609-10

(7th Cir. 1987) (allegations that prison officials “repeatedly and intentionally” withheld

otherwise unobjectionable materials (a daily newspaper) from reaching the inmate-plaintiff were

sufficient to state a first amendment claim). Kucinsky alleged that defendants violated his first

amendment rights by interfering with his ability to send and receive mail but did not allege that

he suffered any additional injury because of the interference with his mail. Nonetheless, the

deprivation of a first amendment right standing alone is a cognizable injury. See Rowe v. Shake,

21
 196 F.3d 778, 781-82 (7th Cir. 1999). Consequently, Kucinsky stated a first amendment claim

related to the interference with his mail. Accordingly, we reverse the dismissal of this claim.

¶ 62 b. Retaliation Claim

¶ 63 Kucinsky also alleged that defendants Vilt, Kochel, and Starkey had repeatedly interfered

with his mail, placed him in administration detention indefinitely (without adequate notice), and

discarded his grievances in retaliation for Kucinsky stating that he did not distribute internal

affairs e-mails to other prisoners when defendants were investigating the incident; assisting his

attorney; filing a civil complaint against the Pontiac adjustment committee (presumably the writ

of certiorari); criticizing IDOC, the prison system, and government in his mail; and authoring

grievances against the Pontiac staff. Kucinsky also alleged that he notified Pfister of the mail and

retaliation issues, but Pfister turned a blind eye.

¶ 64 i. Individual Capacity Retaliation Claims Against Vilt and Kochel

¶ 65 To state a claim for retaliation under the first amendment, a plaintiff must allege that a

“prison officials retaliated against him for exercising a constitutionally protected right.” Pearson

v. Welborn, 471 F.3d 732, 738 (7th Cir. 2006). In asserting a first amendment retaliation claim,

an inmate must allege that (1) he engaged in activity protected by the first amendment, (2) he

experienced an adverse action that would likely deter first amendment activity in the future, and

(3) the first amendment activity was “at least a motivating factor” in the defendants’ decision to

take the retaliatory action. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Bridges, 557 F.3d at 546; Fillmore

v. Walker, 2013 IL App (4th) 120533, ¶ 37.

¶ 66 As for first amendment activity, a prisoner retains those first amendment rights that are

not inconsistent with his status as a prisoner or with the legitimate penological objectives of the

prison system. Pell, 417 U.S. at 822. Defendants do not dispute that Kucinsky sufficiently

22
 alleged that he engaged in conduct protected by the first amendment, and we agree with

defendants’ concession in this regard. See, e.g., Gomez v. Randle, 680 F.3d 859, 866 (7th Cir.

2012) (inmates have a first amendment right to file nonfrivolous grievances against prison

officials); Rowe, 196 F.3d at 782 (prisoners have protected first amendment interests in both

sending and receiving mail); McKinley v. Schoenbeck, 731 F. App’x 511, 514 (7th Cir. 2018)

(truthfully answering questions during an investigation is consistent with a prison’s penological

objectives). We conclude that Kucinsky sufficiently alleged that he engaged in conduct protected

by the first amendment.

¶ 67 Kucinsky also sufficiently alleged that he experienced an adverse action that would likely

deter first amendment activity in the future. An “adverse action” is one capable of deterring a

person of ordinary firmness from exercising his or her constitutional right. Bridges, 557 F.3d at

552, 555. Defendants argue Kucinsky “failed to allege how or why” their alleged “adverse

actions” might deter an ordinary inmate from engaging in protected first amendment activity. In

support of their argument, defendants note that Kucinsky was, in fact, not deterred from

exercising his first amendments rights, as evidenced by him continuing to file grievances and

alleging that he filed other actions. However, the relevant standard for determining the effect the

retaliation would have on an “ordinary prisoner” is not subjective but objective. See Fillmore,

2013 IL App (4th) 120533, ¶ 50 (noting that if the test were whether the plaintiff-inmate was

subjectively chilled, no inmate would be able to obtain judicial relief from retaliation against first

amendment activity because the very filing of the section 1983 lawsuit would prove that the

retaliation was not chilling).

¶ 68 Here, Kucinsky alleged that he suffered retaliation through the defendant’s adverse

actions of a continuing pattern of interference with his mail (spanning approximately three

23
 years), harassment by way of unexplained cell shakedowns, placement in administrative

segregation indefinitely, and the destruction of his grievances. Accepting Kucinsky’s allegations

as true, we can infer that the adverse acts against Kucinsky, allegedly done by defendants and

other internal affairs officers, over the course of three years, would deter a person of ordinary

firmness from exercising his first amendment rights. See Bridges, 557 F.3d at 552 (construing an

inmate’s pro se complaint liberally and accepting the allegations as true, the court found that it

could be inferred that “the alleged harassment by numerous prison employees in a variety of

ways over a period of several months would deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising

his First Amendment rights”); McKinley, 731 F. App’x at 514 (placement in administrative

detention may satisfy the burden of proving an adverse action likely to deter future first

amendment activity); Herron v. Harrison, 203 F.3d 410, 416 (6th Cir. 2000) (allegations of five

days spent in administrative segregation in retaliation for providing legal assistance to another

prisoner sufficiently alleged an adverse action). Kucinsky sufficiently alleged he experienced

adverse actions that would likely deter first amendment activity in the future.

¶ 69 Additionally, Kucinsky sufficiently alleged that his first amendment activity was “at least

a motivating factor” in defendants’ decision to take retaliatory action. “[A]n act in retaliation for

the exercise of a constitutionally protected right is actionable under Section 1983 even if the act,

when taken for different reasons, would have been proper.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

Howland v. Kilquist, 833 F.2d 639, 644 (7th Cir. 1987). Retaliatory motive can be proven

through circumstantial evidence. See Mays v. Springborn, 575 F.3d 643, 650 (7th Cir. 2009)

(retaliation could be inferred from a chronology of events presented by the plaintiff that included

alleged threats).

24
¶ 70 In this case, Kucinsky alleged that after he denied distributing the internal affairs e-mails

in August 2013, Vilt and Kochel threatened him with mail problems and he, in fact, began

having mail issues around that time. A few months later, in January 2014, Kochel indicated

Kucinsky was “going to pay” for filing a grievance in September, and Vilt threatened that

Kucinsky would be “stuck” in administrative detention and his mail would not go out if he

continued to criticize the prison system in his mail. Thereafter, Kucinksy continued to have

issues with his mail; his legal documents were confiscated; he experienced repeated, unjustified,

shakedowns of his cell; his property was confiscated without justification; and during cell

shakedowns, he was threatened with additional harassment if he did not stop litigating against

prison staff. Also, Kochel threw away at least 10 of Kucinsky’s grievances, and at some point,

Kucinsky was placed in administrative detention indefinitely, allegedly without proper notice

and pursuant to a “sham” hearing. The day after receiving a previously opened legal letter

indicating he “won” a civil suit against the Pontiac adjustment committee (presumably referring

to the circuit court having ordered a new disciplinary hearing), Kucinsky’s cell was ransacked.

On August 4, 2015, Kochel reiterated his threat to interfere with Kucinsky’s mail if Kucinsky did

not stop criticizing IDOC in his mail, and Kucinsky continued to have issues with his mail. On

January 19, 2016, Kochel threatened that Kucinsky would not be released from administrative

detention until he stopped filing grievances and litigating against prison staff and stopped

criticizing the prison system in his mail. We conclude that these allegations were sufficient to

establish that Kucinsky’s first amendment activity was “at least a motivating factor” in the

defendants’ decision to take retaliatory action. See, e.g., McKinley, 731 F. App’x at 514-15

(inmate’s placement in segregation coupled with defendants’ comments could allow a reasonable

jury to infer the inmate’s protected speech was a motivating factor for his placement in

25
 segregation and raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether his placement in segregation

was pretext for retaliation based on the prisoner’s answers in investigative interview).

¶ 71 Kucinsky, therefore, sufficiently alleged a first amendment retaliation claim against

defendants, Kochel and Vilt. Consequently, we reverse the trial court’s dismissal of that claim

against Kochel and Vilt.

¶ 72 ii. Individual Capacity Retaliation Claim Against Pfister

¶ 73 To recover damages under section 1983, a plaintiff must establish that a defendant was

personally responsible for the deprivation of a constitutional right. Gentry v. Duckworth, 65 F.3d

555, 561 (7th Cir. 1995); Jones v. City of Chicago, 856 F.2d 985, 992 (7th Cir. 1988) (there is no

principle of superiors’ liability in tort law generally, or in the law of constitutional torts, so to be

held liable for conduct of their subordinates in a section 1983 action, supervisors must have been

personally involved in that conduct); see also Polk County v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 325 (1981)

(the theory of respondeat superior is not applicable in a section 1983 action). A defendant is

personally responsible “if the conduct causing the constitutional deprivation occurs at [his]

direction or with [his] knowledge and consent.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Gentry, 65

F.3d at 561. Supervisors must know about the conduct and facilitate it, approve it, condone it, or

turn a blind eye, acting either knowingly or with deliberate reckless indifference. Jones, 856 F.2d

at 992-93. There must be some causal connection or affirmative link between the action

complained about and the official sued for a section 1983 recovery. Gentry, 65 F.3d at 561. At a

minimum, an official must fail to act “despite his knowledge of a substantial risk of serious

harm.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 842 (1994).

¶ 74 Here, Kucinsky only alleged that on April 30 and October 15, 2014, he “notified” Pfister

about “his mail censorship issue and retaliation by the internal affairs unit,” and Pfister “turned a

26
 blind eye,” with no other allegations indicative of Pfister’s participation. Given that Illinois is a

fact-pleading jurisdiction, Kucinsky’s allegations of providing Pfister with “notice” regarding the

mail censorship and retaliation issues, without any indication as to the substance of the notice,

were insufficient to establish Pfister’s knowledge regarding Kucinsky’s claims. See id. (at a

minimum, an official must fail to act “despite his knowledge of a substantial risk of serious

harm”); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677 (2009) (a government official can be held liable

only for his own conduct). Therefore, we affirm the dismissal of Kucinsky’s first amendment

retaliation claim against Pfister in his individual capacity.

¶ 75 2. Due Process

¶ 76 On appeal, Kucinksy argues he sufficiently alleged a due process claim regarding his

placement in administrative segregation. He also contends that he sufficiently alleged a due

process claim regarding the censorship of his mail and the denial of access to the courts.

¶ 77 The due process clause of the fourteenth amendment prohibits states from “depriv[ing]

any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const., amend. XIV,

§ 1. To state a valid due process claim under section 1983 a plaintiff must allege he (1) has a

protected life, liberty, or property interest; (2) has suffered a deprivation of that protected

interest; and (3) was denied due process. Webb, 222 Ill. App. 3d at 326-27; Isby v. Brown, 856

F.3d 508, 524 (7th Cir. 2017).

¶ 78 a. Administrative Detention

¶ 79 On appeal, Kucinsky argues that the trial court erred by dismissing his due process claim

where he alleged that defendants placed him in administrative detention indefinitely, knowing

that doing so would cause atypical and significant hardship, and defendants conducted “sham”

administrative detention hearings where they provided vague notice and conducted unmeaningful

27
 hearings. Defendants argue that the trial court did not err in dismissing Kucinsky’s due process

claim because he failed to allege that he was deprived of a protected liberty interest.

¶ 80 Inmates do not have a liberty interest in avoiding transfer to discretionary

(nondisciplinary) segregation, such as segregation imposed for administrative, protective, or

investigative purposes. Townsend v. Fuchs, 522 F.3d 765, 771 (7th Cir. 2008). “[T]here is

nothing ‘atypical’ about discretionary segregation.” Id. However, a liberty interest may be

implicated in regard to segregation if prison officials restrain the freedom of inmates in a manner

that “imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents

of prison life.” Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484 (1995); see also Wilkinson v. Austin, 545

U.S. 209, 224 (2005). Although prisoners do not have a constitutional right to remain in the

general population, both the duration and conditions of the segregation must be considered to

determine whether due process is implicated. Isby, 856 F.3d at 524; Marion v. Columbia

Correctional Institution, 559 F.3d 693, 697-98 (7th Cir. 2009) (“a liberty interest may arise if the

length of segregated confinement is substantial and the record reveals that the conditions of

confinement are unusually harsh” (emphasis omitted)); see also Bryan v. Duckworth, 88 F.3d

431, 433 (7th Cir. 1996) (if the conditions of segregation are significantly harsher than those in

the normal prison environment, then a year of segregation “might count as a deprivation of

liberty where a few days or even weeks might not”), abrogated on other grounds by Diaz v.

Duckworth, 143 F.3d 345, 346 (7th Cir. 1998). The due process clause mandates that prison

officials periodically review an inmate’s placement in administrative segregation and determine

whether an inmate is a continued threat. Isby, 856 F.3d at 524-25 (inmates are entitled to an

“informal and nonadversary” periodic review to prevent administrative segregation from

becoming a pretext for indefinite confinement).

28
¶ 81 Here, Kucinsky alleged he was placed on administrative detention “indefinitely,” and he

was placed in the “north” administrative detention building on February 9, 2015, where he was

subjected to certain harsh conditions—allegations that we accept as true for the purpose of

reviewing the trial court’s dismissal of his claim. He also alleged that on January 19, 2016, at an

“administrative detention hearing,” 10 Kochel, acting as a committee member, stated that

Kucinsky would be “released” from administration detention when he stopped filing grievances

and civil suits against IDOC and stopped criticizing IDOC in his mail. These allegations do not

sufficiently indicate, even when liberally construed, the duration of Kucinsky’s administrative

detention. It is not clear from the allegations whether Kucinsky was continuously in

administrative detention or whether he was periodically placed in and out of administrative

detention from time to time. Additionally, Kucinsky does not allege the specific dates he was in

the “north” administrative detention building where he experienced the alleged harsh conditions.

¶ 82 Given Kucinsky’s failure to allege how long he remained in administrative segregation

and, more specifically, failure to allege for how long he was placed in the “north” administrative

detention building experiencing the alleged harsh conditions of confinement, Kucinsky failed to

sufficiently allege that he was deprived a liberty interest. See Hardaway v. Meyerhoff, 734 F.3d

740, 743 (7th Cir. 2013) (although relatively short terms of segregation rarely give rise to a

prisoner’s liberty interest, such a liberty interest may arise from a long term of confinement

combined with atypical and significant hardships). Kucinsky also failed to allege any facts to

support his claims that the hearing notice was vague and that he was subjected to a sham hearing.

10
This is the same date that Kucinsky’s new disciplinary hearing took place.

29
 We, therefore, affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Kucinsky’s due process claim related to his

placement, or continued placement, in administrative detention.

¶ 83 b. Mail Interference

¶ 84 Kucinsky also argues that he sufficiently alleged that defendants Vilt, Kochel, and

Starkey violated his right to due process, and IDOC’s own rules, in relation to the handling of his

mail.

¶ 85 i. Legal Mail

¶ 86 While the First Amendment generally governs a prisoner’s right to send and receive mail,

the fourteenth amendment is invoked where a plaintiff claims that the opening of his legal mail

has affected his ability to defend or represent himself. See Guajardo-Palma v. Martinson, 622

F.3d 801, 802-04 (7th Cir. 2010) (claims involving interference with legal mail are analyzed

under the fourteenth amendment’s due process clause). Prison officials potentially violate an

inmate’s rights if they open a letter outside of the inmate’s presence that is marked with an

attorney’s name and a warning that the letter is legal mail. Kaufman v. McCaughtry, 419 F.3d

678, 686 (7th Cir. 2005) (citing Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 577 (1974)). A prisoner

alleging a due process claim of interference with legal mail must show there was a resulting

hinderance of a nonfrivolous legal claim. Guajardo-Palma, 622 F.3d at 805-06 (interference

with a prisoner’s confidential communications with his lawyer is subject to a harmless-error

analysis). Proof of a practice of reading a prisoner’s correspondence with his lawyer should be

sufficient to demonstrate such hindrance. See id. at 805 (a prisoner’s attorney’s knowledge, by

way of inference resulting from a policy or practice that prison officials are likely to read his

communications with his client outside his client’s presence, leads to a high probability of

30
 reduced candor in those communications). However, isolated incidents of interference with legal

mail are generally insufficient to maintain a claim. Id.

¶ 87 Here, Kucinsky does not allege that he was hindered in any way from pursuing a

nonfrivolous legal claim. He also has not sufficiently alleged that there was a “a practice” of

prison officials reading his correspondence between himself and his attorney. See id. Although

he alleged that four pieces of incoming “legal” mail were opened outside of his presence, he

failed to allege that any of the mailings, but one, were from his own attorney and failed to

indicate that any of those mailings were sensitive in nature. See id at 804 (not all legal mailings

are entitled to the same confidentiality considerations as those from a prisoner’s attorneys; while

some legal mailings are sensitive, most are from courts and agencies containing public

information or are routine and nonsensitive). Therefore, Kucinsky failed to allege the hinderance

of a nonfrivolous legal claim resulting from defendants’ alleged actions. See id. at 806 (“as long

as the prison confines itself to opening letters that either are public or if private still are not of a

nature that would give the reader insights into the prisoner’s legal strategy, the practice is

harmless”); Kaufman, 419 F.3d at 686 (no constitutional violation occurred by opening inmate’s

correspondence that was not with an attorney representing him or an attorney from whom the

inmate was seeking representation).

¶ 88 ii. Notice for Censored Mail

¶ 89 Kucinsky also argues that he stated a due process claim because, pursuant to prison

regulations, he was entitled to notice when any of his mail (either incoming or outgoing) was

“rejected.” Kucinsky contends that defendants failed to comply with certain prison regulations

that require prison officials to provide notice to a prisoner if an incoming or outgoing letter was

“rejected.” However, prison regulations “were never intended to confer rights on inmates or

31
 serve as a basis for constitutional claims.” (Emphasis omitted.) Ashley v. Snyder, 316 Ill. App. 3d

1252, 1258 (2000). Rather, prison regulations “were designed to provide guidance to prison

officials in the administration of prisons.” Id. Kucinsky did not have a liberty interest in being

provided with notice regarding his “rejected” mail, and therefore, he failed to state a due process

claim in this regard.

¶ 90 c. Access to the Courts

¶ 91 Kucinsky additionally argues that he stated a due process claim for the denial of access to

the courts. Kucinsky alleged that on January 19, 2014, after a search of his cell, some of his

“legal work” was confiscated without justification. He also alleged that on November 9, 2014,

over 200 pages of trial transcripts pertaining to his criminal case, legal books, and grievances

were confiscated after a shakedown of his cell. In order to state an access to courts claim, a

plaintiff must connect defendant’s conduct with his “inability to pursue a legitimate challenge to

a conviction, sentence, or prison conditions.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Ortiz v.

Downey, 561 F.3d 664, 671 (7th Cir. 2009). Kucinsky failed to assert any such allegations.

¶ 92 We, therefore, conclude that Kucinsky’s due process claims were properly dismissed.

¶ 93 3. Eighth Amendment

¶ 94 Kucinsky additionally argues that he alleged sufficient facts to state a claim under the

eighth amendment of the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VIII). Defendants

argue he failed to do so.

¶ 95 The conditions under which an inmate is confined and the treatment he receives in prison

are subject to the eighth amendment’s proscriptions against cruel and unusual punishment.

Farmer, 511 U.S. at 832. Although the United States Constitution does not mandate comfortable

prisons, it does not permit inhumane prisons. Id. The eighth amendment places a duty on prison

32
 officials to ensure humane prison conditions. Id. Prison officials must ensure that inmates receive

adequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical care and take reasonable measures to guarantee the

safety of the inmates. Id.; Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981) (prisoners must be

provided with “the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities”). This includes providing

inmates with reasonably adequate ventilation, sanitation, bedding, hygienic materials, and

utilities. Hardeman v. Curran, 933 F.3d 816, 820 (7th Cir. 2019).

¶ 96 Inhumane conditions alone do not constitute an eighth amendment violation. See Wilson

v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 304-05 (1991). Prisoners challenging the conditions of their confinement

must also show that officials acted deliberately indifferent to an excessive risk to the inmate’s

health or safety. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837 (“a prison official cannot be found liable under the

Eighth Amendment for denying an inmate humane conditions of confinement unless the official

knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety”). Two elements are

required to establish a violation of the eighth amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual

punishment: (1) an objective showing that the alleged deprivations were “sufficiently serious” in

that the conditions denied the inmate “the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities,”

creating an excessive risk to the inmate’s health or safety and (2) a subjective showing of a

defendant’s culpable state of mind of deliberate indifference to the risk. (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) Id. at 834.

¶ 97 In this case, Kucinsky alleged that he was placed in a tiny (two steps by three steps),

“filthy” cell that had previously been maced but not cleaned and had no access to natural light.

He was confined to the cell for “almost” 24-hours per day, with “limited” noncontact visits and

“limited” access to recreation yards with “unmeaningful” recreation activities. He was given

“small meal” portions in his cell, exposed to 24-hour lighting, “constant banging” on the doors in

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 his unit, mice infestation, and extreme temperatures. He also alleged that mace was “regularly”

sprayed in the unit, causing him to choke and struggle to breathe and causing his eyes to burn,

and that he lacked cleaning supplies.

¶ 98 Kucinsky has failed to allege facts indicating a sufficient serious deprivation to support

his claim under the eighth amendment because he does not indicate the severity, duration, nature

of the risk, or his susceptibility to the alleged prison conditions (other than alleging he has a

“mental condition”). See Thomas v. Illinois, 697 F.3d 612, 614-15 (7th Cir. 2012) (depending on

the severity, duration, nature of the risk of involved, and the inmate’s susceptibility, prison

conditions may violate the eighth amendment). We again note Kucinsky alleged that he was

exposed to these certain conditions of confinement while in the “north” administrative detention

building but does not indicate the duration of time he was incarcerated in that location.

¶ 99 Additionally, Kucinsky failed to describe the alleged unsanitary conditions or the length

of time he lacked cleaning supplies. See Lunsford v. Bennett, 17 F.3d 1574, 1580 (7th Cir. 1994)

(holding a temporary denial of cleaning supplies did not violate the eighth amendment when the

record lacked evidence the prison cells were “unusually dirty or unhealthy, or that health hazards

existed”). As for the mice “infestation,” Kucinsky does not describe the extent or frequency of

the “infestation” or how the pests affected him. See Smith v. Dart, 803 F.3d 304, 312-13 (7th Cir.

2015) (inmate’s infestation allegations were insufficient where he failed to indicate the extent of

the infestation or how he was affected by the infestation). Also, other than stating mace was

sprayed “regularly” in the unit, Kucinsky does not specify the frequency of the sprayings or how

often he experienced physical distress from mace exposure or the duration of that physical

distress. Further, although Kucinsky alleged he was given “small” meals, he in no way indicated

these meals were insufficient. See French v. Owens, 777 F.2d 1250, 1255 (7th Cir. 1985) (the

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 United States Constitution mandates that prison officials provide inmates with “nutritionally

adequate food that is prepared and served under conditions which do not present an immediate

danger to the health and well being of the inmates who consume it” (internal quotation marks

omitted)). As for his claim of a lack of exercise, Kucinsky does not indicate that his movement

was restricted to the point that his health was threatened in any way. See Antonelli v. Sheahan,

81 F.3d 1422, 1432 (7th Cir. 1996) (lack of exercise rises to a constitutional violation in extreme

and prolonged situations where an inmate’s movement is denied to the point his health is

threatened). As for his vague allegations of a lack of natural lighting, “constant” banging on cell

doors, “24-hour lighting,” and extreme temperatures due to poor ventilation, Kucinsky does not

assert sufficient facts to indicate that these conditions, either when considered individually or in

combination with other conditions, were “sufficiently serious” to state a claim for cruel and

unusual punishment under the eighth amendment. See Isby, 856 F.3d at 521-23 (without an

egregious deprivation, an inmate’s complaints about the conditions of his confinement fall

short); see also Vasquez v. Frank, 290 F. App’x 927, 929 (7th Cir. 2008) (24-hour lighting

involving a single, 9-watt fluorescent bulb does not objectively constitute an “extreme

deprivation”). Kucinsky has failed to sufficiently allege a “sufficiently serious” deprivation and,

thus, failed to allege an eighth amendment claim based on the conditions of his confinement.

¶ 100 Additionally, as for his eighth amendment claim specifically against Pfister, Kucinsky

alleged that Pfister was “aware,” through a certain study, that forms of isolation, such as

administrative segregation, causes pain, suffering, mental deterioration, and physical injury,

“especially on someone like plaintiff with mental illness.” Kucinsky failed to allege the duration

of his segregated confinement and failed to allege the affect the isolation had or potentially could

have on him. “[A]greement among mental health professionals regarding the deleterious effects

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 of solitary confinement does not translate into legal notice that defendants may have been

violating the Eighth Amendment.” Freeman v. Berge, 283 F. Supp. 2d 1009, 1016-17 (W.D.

Wis. 2003); see also Isby, 856 F.3d at 524 (concluding that while the court, as a personal matter,

found the length of plaintiff’s segregated confinement “greatly disturbing,” under current law

plaintiff failed to allege an eighth amendment violation).

¶ 101 Therefore, we conclude that the trial court properly dismissed Kucinsky’s eighth

amendment claim.

¶ 102 4. Prayer for Relief

¶ 103 The parties and the trial court did not address any issues related to the plaintiff’s prayer

for relief, wherein he requested $20,000 in compensatory damages, $20,000 in punitive damages,

and any other relief the court deemed just and proper in the interest of justice. We, therefore,

make no ruling related to the requests for relief or whether Kucinsky’s prayer for relief

encompassed a request for nominal damages. See generally Calhoun v. DeTella, 319 F.3d 936,

942-43 (7th Cir. 2003) (at a minimum, a plaintiff who proves a constitutional violation is entitled

to nominal damages; nothing prevents an award of punitive damages for constitutional violations

when compensatory damages are not available; even though the pro se plaintiff did not expressly

request nominal damages in his prayer for relief, liberally construing the pro se pleading, his

request for “ ‘such other relief as it may appear plaintiff is entitled’ ” could be viewed as a

request for nominal damages).

¶ 104 CONCLUSION

¶ 105 The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is affirmed in part and reversed in part,

and this cause is remanded for further proceedings.

¶ 106 Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.

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 No. 3-17-0719

Cite as: Kucinsky v. Pfister, 2020 IL App (3d) 170719

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Will County, No. 16-MR-3156;
the Hon. Arkadiusz Z. Smigielski, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys Charles Kucinsky, of Sumner, appellant pro se.
for
Appellant:

Attorneys Kwame Raoul, Attorney General, of Chicago (David L. Franklin,
for Solicitor General, and Kaitlyn N. Chenevert, Assistant Attorney
Appellee: General, of counsel), for appellees.

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