Raul Lopez v. State

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS

RAUL LOPEZ, §
No. 08-17-00240-CR
Appellant, §
Appeal from the
v. §
34th District Court
THE STATE OF TEXAS, §
of El Paso County, Texas
Appellee. §
(TC# 20140D06162)
§

OPINION

As a member of a street gang, Raul Lopez was indicted for three counts of engaging in

organized criminal activity (EOCA), alleging underlying charges of assault and aggravated assault,

against two victims, enhanced by two previous convictions. The charges also alleged that Lopez

used or exhibited a deadly weapon, a firearm, during the commission of or during immediate flight

from the offenses. The charges arose out of a beating and subsequent shooting that took place

outside a bar where people had gathered to listen to music and raise funds for a charitable cause.

The first EOCA-count alleged that Lopez, as a member of the Barrio Azteca street gang, committed

aggravated assault against complainant Raul Morales. The second and third EOCA-counts alleged

that Lopez, as a Barrio Azteca, committed aggravated assault and assault, respectively, against
complainant Carlos Bustillos.

The record established that both complainants were ex-members of the Barrio Azteca gang.

Complainant Bustillos testified at trial, but Morales failed to appear. Lopez thus moved for a

directed verdict on count one of the charges pertaining to Morales, which was not opposed by the

State. The trial court entered a directed verdict on that count. Thereafter, the jury found Lopez

guilty of the remaining two counts pertaining to charges committed against Bustillos. During the

punishment phase, the jury found both enhancement paragraphs alleged on counts two and three

to be true, and the jury assessed Lopez’s punishment at 50-years’ confinement and a $10,000 fine

on count two, and 20-years’ confinement and a $10,000 fine on count three. The trial court

sentenced Lopez accordingly and ordered the sentences to run concurrently.

In multiple issues raised in this appeal, Lopez challenges pretrial rulings, evidentiary

rulings, jury charge issues, as well as the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the

convictions. Mindful that we must first address those issues that could afford the greatest relief,

we address Lopez’s issues out of order from how they are listed by his briefing. Finding no error,

we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

A. The Fundraising Event at the Adventureros Bar

About 50 people were gathered at the Adventureros bar for a nighttime fundraising event

to assist in paying the funeral costs of a young woman who had passed away from cancer. A

longtime on-air radio broadcaster for radio station 92.3 KOFX and disc jockey, Mike Guerrero,

played oldies for the attendees. Carlos Bustillos and Raul Morales were at the bar that evening

with friends to include Lorenzo Palacios and others. All were ex-members of the Barrio Azteca

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street gang. The Barrio Azteca gang is one of the major gangs in the El Paso area with an estimated

3,000 members. Ordinarily, joining the gang entails a lifetime commitment. As punishment for

leaving the group, gang leaders are known to have demanded that current members assault or even

kill ex-members on sight.

Raul Lopez, who was known by his moniker, “Garfield,” was also at the bar that evening

along with his wife, Maria Hernandez, and other members of the Barrio Azteca, including one

member who went by the moniker of “Shy Boy.” The event at Adventureros was going well until

about 11 p.m. that evening. At that point, the evidence at trial produced two different accounts of

the incident: one portraying Lopez as having no involvement in the assault on Bustillos or in a

subsequent shooting; and another portraying Lopez as an aggressor who proceeded to viciously

assault Bustillos before pulling out a gun then shooting while fleeing the scene. The State’s

presentation of evidence at trial in support of the charged offenses was complicated by a few

factors: (1) Morales did not appear at trial; (2) Bustillos’ trial testimony included responses that

provided exculpatory information about Lopez; and, (3) a 911 caller, who had been at the bar that

evening, testified at trial, but her trial testimony contradicted statements she had made in her call,

as well as others she gave to police during their later investigation. Trial witnesses also included a

detective familiar with the Barrio Azteca street gang who testified that witnesses are reluctant to

testify in court against gang members due to the likelihood of being threatened or retaliated against.

B. The Testimony from Complainant Bustillos and Other Witnesses

Bustillos testified that, at some point during the evening, he noticed one of his friends

arguing with Lopez inside the bar. As Bustillos approached, Lopez asked him, “What the f*** are

you doing here?” As a current member of Barrio Azteca, Lopez argued with Bustillos based on

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Bustillos’ status as an ex-member. Bustillos testified that he told Lopez, “Let’s go throw down

one-on-one,” that Lopez agreed, and that the ensuing physical confrontation amounted to mutual

combat. But once the two headed outside and Bustillos reached the doorway, he got knocked out

without seeing who hit him. Bustillos also testified at trial that, alternatively, he remembered Shy

Boy running towards him, hitting him, and then everything going black. He testified he did not see

Lopez join in the assault. The next thing that Bustillos remembered was waking up on the ground,

getting up, and running away from the bar towards the street. Bustillos was able to flee with his

life but had injuries “[e]verywhere” on his face, eyes, mouth, neck, back, arms, and hand. Photos

of his injuries were admitted into evidence.

Witnesses testified about an argument breaking out amongst multiple men with one of

those men attempting to provoke a fight. Bar employees forced at least one patron to leave, and

shortly thereafter, a fight began outside the front door. About 10 feet away from the door, two men

were hitting and kicking a third man who was on the ground covering himself. One witness

testified that the assault continued for a minute, at most, and, at the same time, someone called

911. As people were saying that police were coming, the two men who were hitting and kicking

suddenly ran towards some cars at the park across the street from the bar and separated from each

other. This witness also saw three or four people run over to a car at the park, saw someone open

the car door, saw someone fire some shots, and saw the group drive away quickly. This witness

recalled about 10 or more people being in the vicinity when the shots were fired but did not see

where the person who had been assaulted on the ground had gone.

In his defense, Lopez also brought multiple witnesses to testify that he had been inside the

bar when the shooting occurred and had not been involved in the fight outside the bar. Lopez’s

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wife, Maria, also testified that she saw a man across the street from the bar pull out a gun, but as

the man pointed it at her, the gun appeared to have “got stuck.” She was then able to flee to her

car where, as she got inside, she heard about nine shots fired. From there, she called 911. While

she was on the phone, Lopez and two of his friends, Eddie Mendoza and Robert Mercado, got into

the car with her. Maria then drove off before officers stopped her car shortly afterwards.

C. The Police Investigation and the Search of Lopez’s Home 13 Days Later

Three 911 calls were placed within about a minute of each other and were admitted into

evidence. Although one caller was unidentified, the other two calls were made by witness Corina

Holguin and Lopez’s wife, Maria Hernandez. In the anonymous call, the caller stated that he heard

five or six gunshots, that he did not see who shot or if anyone got shot, and that everyone at the

scene was running. In Holguin’s call, she stated that there was a “gang-related” fight, that

“everyone just started pulling guns out and shooting,” and that “one of the guys who started it,”

although she did not know his name, “he was one of them that started shooting” and “he is called

Garfield.” In Maria’s call, she stated that two men were shooting at the bar. At the end of Maria’s

911 call, Lopez can be heard saying, “Are they running? Let’s go get them.”

Shortly after Maria drove away from Adventureros, El Paso Police Department Officers

Maldonado and Gomez conducted a felony traffic stop on her vehicle because it matched a

description broadcast over the police radio. After the four occupants exited the vehicle, they all

gave the officers consent to search their persons and their vehicle, and the officers did not find any

weapons, blood, or other evidence of a crime. None were arrested at that time for the fight or

shooting at Adventureros. An inventory search was later performed on the vehicle, but no weapons

were found.

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 Meanwhile, more than a dozen El Paso Police Department officers were dispatched to

Adventureros. Multiple cars had been damaged and had bullet holes in them, and the bar itself had

a bullet hole through its wall. Upon the officers’ arrival, Bustillos’ friend, Palacios, hesitantly

waved over Officer Barajas and told him that an Azteca named Garfield “shot the place up” and

left in a car, but once the officers contained the scene, other witnesses were evasive and said they

did not know anything about what happened. In addition, the security cameras at Adventureros

were not working that night. And, although the officers found two bullets and eight spent cartridges

at the scene, as well as a gun at the foot of a tree across the street from Adventureros, the Texas

Department of Public Safety Crime Laboratory in El Paso determined, based on caliber

differences, that the bullets and cartridges did not come from the recovered gun. Furthermore, a

defense expert testified that fingerprints found on the gun could not have been from Lopez, and

even though an El Paso Police Department fingerprint expert initially testified that the fingerprints

had no evidentiary value, he later agreed with the defense expert’s conclusion.

Once the police reports from responding officers were available, Officer Chavez, an

investigator for the gang unit of the El Paso Police Department, interviewed multiple witnesses,

including Bustillos and Morales, and completed multiple photo lineups with some of those

witnesses through which he confirmed that Lopez, Mercado, and Mendoza assaulted Bustillos.

Thirteen days after the shooting at Adventureros, Officer Chavez obtained a search warrant for

Lopez’s apartment and executed it that same day with help from the SWAT team. Officers found

Lopez and Maria inside the apartment and arrested them both. Officers also found various items

indicating Lopez’s high-ranking membership within the Barrio Azteca gang. Once officers took

Lopez to the police station, Officer Chavez conducted a video-recorded interview with him.

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However, Lopez denied shooting or assaulting anyone, denied knowing the names of the people

with him on the night of the offense, and claimed he was not a member of the Barrio Azteca gang.

At trial, Detective Sanchez, a detective with the gang unit, testified in great detail about the

origins and workings of the Barrio Azteca gang, including its illicit activities such as extortion,

drug trafficking, and money laundering. From his experience, he explained to the jury that

investigators encounter difficulties in getting witnesses to cooperate in “that they know that people

that testify against Barrio Azteca are more likely going to get threatened and/or assaulted[.]”

Detective Sanchez also testified that Lopez, Mercado, and Mendoza were confirmed members of

the Barrio Azteca gang and that, through past investigations, he knew Lopez was a high-ranking

member. Additionally, Detective Sanchez testified that joining the gang was a lifelong

commitment, that the consequence for leaving the gang would be decided by someone of ranking

membership, and consequences of leaving could range from assault up to murder.

D. A Key Witness Recants Her Prior 911 Call and Written Statements

At trial, Corina Holguin—a witness from the bar who called 911—confirmed that she did

not want to appear at trial and was present as a witness only because the State had served a

subpoena to gain her attendance. Holguin testified that she saw Bustillos was drunk, belligerent,

and “acting all pumped up” before he fought with Lopez. She also testified that everybody was

fighting, and Bustillos had fallen and then gotten back up. When asked about ever seeing a gun

pulled out, she answered “No.”

Despite her trial testimony, Holguin had previously made a 911 call and she had given

handwritten statements along with a signed typewritten statement prepared by Officer Chavez that

told a different story. After Officer Chavez went to her home and took her to a police station where

7
she described that he “interrogated” her for “five hours practically[,]” Officer Chavez showed her

three sets of photo lineups in which she identified Lopez, Mendoza, and Mercado, and handwrote

brief statements describing how each had participated in the offense. In addition to her handwritten

statements, Holguin also made a separate statement that was typed by Officer Chavez which she

had signed. At trial, she testified that Officer Chavez pressured her to write and say what he wanted

to hear, did not afford her an opportunity to read the typed statement, and told her that she needed

to sign the typed statement in order to be released from the police station.

Although the trial court initially admitted Holguin’s photo lineups, along with her

handwritten statements, for impeachment purposes only, the court later ruled that they were

admissible for all purposes as substantive evidence. More limiting, the trial court ruled that the

content of Holguin’s typewritten statement was admissible solely as impeachment evidence, and

the court instructed the jury accordingly. On the lineup viewing form attached to the photo lineup

on which Holguin picked out Lopez’s photo by circling it, Holguin handwrote the following on a

blank space for “Identification comments”: “Garfield rushed out of Bar & superman punched

Carlos & he fell to ground & Garfield & his friend started beating him up & then he pulled out

gun.” On the lineup viewing form for Mendoza, Holguin wrote the following comments: “This

guy was also hitting & stomping on Carlos outside of the Bar. He hangs out w/ Garfield a lot.”

And on the lineup viewing form for Mercado, Holguin wrote, “This is the one that was beating up

Carlos & He threw a bottle & [sic] Carlos friend[.] He’s the one who ordered Carlos to leave Bar.”

In Holguin’s typewritten statement, she further described the assault in greater detail:

They were stomping his head and kicking his body and punching him in the face.
[Bustillos] could not even get up and fight back . . . Garfield yelled at [Bustillos],
“Get up motherfucker. You’re not a badass now” . . . I saw Garfield pull out a gun
from his front waist . . . Garfield raised and pointed at [Bustillos].

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 II. ISSUES ON APPEAL

In this appeal, Lopez challenges his convictions in seven issues presented for review.

Although we ultimately reach each of these issues, we do so out of order. We first address issues

that would afford a party greater relief before reaching issues affording lesser relief. See Benavidez

v. State, 323 S.W.3d 179, 182 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); see also Ex parte Reyes, 474 S.W.3d 677,

681 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015).

In his second and third issues, which would require a reversal and rendition of a judgment

of acquittal if meritorious, Lopez challenges the legal sufficiency of his convictions. Then, in his

first issue that would require us to reverse and order a dismissal of his charges if meritorious,

Lopez argues that the State violated Article IV of Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 51.14

– the Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act (IADA) – by filing a detainer on him, subsequently

filing a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum to procure his presence, and failing to bring him

to trial within the mandated 120-day timeframe. And in the remainder of his issues four through

seven that would require only a new trial if meritorious, Lopez argues the following: (4th Issue)

the trial court erred by admitting Holguin’s handwritten statement on the “Identification

comments” section of her lineup viewing form for Lopez because they were inadmissible under

Texas Rules of Evidence 801(e)(1)(C), 803, and 805; (5th Issue) the trial court erred by refusing

his request to include a limiting instruction in the jury charge for Holguin’s typewritten statement

prepared by Officer Chavez; (6th Issue) the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress

evidence found at his home pursuant to the search warrant because the search warrant was, for

multiple reasons, unsupported by probable cause; and (7th Issue) the trial court erred by admitting

9
Palacios’ statements to Officer Barajas upon the officer’s arrival to the scene because the

statements were inadmissible under the Confrontation Clause.

The precise contentions of the parties will be discussed in more detail within our discussion

of each issue.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Issues 2 and 3: Whether the Evidence was Legally Sufficient

In his second and third issues which we address together, Lopez challenges the legal

sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions for EOCA aggravated assault and EOCA

assault, respectively, against Bustillos. Lopez narrows his sufficiency challenge as follows:

“Specifically, there was no evidence that Appellant used a gun to threaten complainant with

imminent bodily injury and there was no evidence that the complainant did not consent to the

assault.” He makes no other contentions to the sufficiency of the evidence on either count. The

State responds that the evidence was legally sufficient to prove Lopez committed the two charged

counts as either a primary actor or a party “where the evidence showed that he struck Bustillos

over the head, joined Mercado and Mendoza in beating him, and then pulled out a gun and began

shooting.”

1. Underlying Facts

Lopez was indicted for three counts of engaging in organized criminal activity, as a

member of the Barrio Azteca street gang, based on the following underlying acts: (1) aggravated

assault against Raul Morales; (2) aggravated assault against Bustillos, without any specificity as

to how it was committed; and (3) assault against Bustillos, also lacking any such specificity. The

trial court granted a directed verdict on count one, and a jury found Lopez guilty of the remaining

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two counts.

The jury charge included an instruction on party responsibility for both remaining counts

and listed Mercado and Mendoza as the other potentially responsible parties. In addition, the

charge included an instruction on a consent defense for the EOCA assault count.

2. Standard of Review

In assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction, we

consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based

on that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational juror could have found the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-

19 (1979); Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The jury is the sole judge

of the credibility of a witness’s testimony and the weight to assign to that testimony, and the jury

may believe all, some, or none of a witness’s testimony. Metcalf v. State, 597 S.W.3d 847, 855

(Tex. Crim. App. 2020). The reviewing Court must give deference to the responsibility of the trier

of fact to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable

inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. Each fact need not point

directly and independently to the guilt of the defendant, as long as the cumulative force of all the

incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction. Id. Circumstantial evidence is

as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence

alone can be sufficient to establish guilt. Id.

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all the evidence admitted

at trial, even improperly admitted evidence. Moff v. State, 131 S.W.3d 485, 488 (Tex. Crim. App.

2004). However, testimony admitted solely for impeachment purposes cannot be considered in

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determining the sufficiency of the evidence to support the conviction. See Flores v. State, 48

S.W.3d 397, 404 (Tex. App. – Waco 2001, pet. ref’d); Peters v. State, 997 S.W.2d 377, 382 (Tex.

App. – Beaumont 1999, no pet.).

3. The Elements of the EOCA Offenses as Charged in the Indictment

We measure whether the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to support a conviction

by comparing it to the elements of the offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge.

Zuniga v. State, 551 S.W.3d 729, 733 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). Such a charge is one that accurately

sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden

of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the

particular offense for which the defendant was tried. Id.

According to the allegations in the indictment, the hypothetically correct jury charge

authorized the State to prove the following elements for the EOCA assault count committed against

Bustillos: (1) as a member of the Barrio Azteca criminal street gang; (2) Lopez; (3) intentionally,

knowingly, or recklessly; (4) caused; (5) bodily injury; (6) to Bustillos. See TEX. PENAL CODE

ANN. §§ 22.01(a)(1) (defining the offense of assault), 71.02(a)(1) (defining the offense of engaging

in organized criminal activity); Zuniga, 551 S.W.3d at 735 (listing generic elements for EOCA

offense under the hypothetically correct jury charge).

For the EOCA aggravated assault count, the hypothetically correct jury charge authorized

the State to prove the above elements plus that Lopez “use[d] or exhibit[ed] a deadly weapon

during the commission of the assault.”1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(a)(1) (defining the

1
In the parties’ briefs, Lopez and the State offer competing frameworks for the elements that are at issue in our legal-
sufficiency analysis for the EOCA aggravated assault conviction. The underlying “assault as defined in § 22.01”
necessary for an aggravated assault can be a bodily-injury assault or threaten-with-imminent-bodily-injury assault.

12
offense of aggravated assault); see also TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.01(a)(1), 71.02(a)(1);

Zuniga, 551 S.W.3d at 735.

As relevant to the above-listed elements, bodily injury means physical pain, illness, or any

impairment of physical condition. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(8). In addition, a firearm is

per se a deadly weapon. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(17)(A).

And finally, as applied to Lopez’s two charged counts, the law of parties allowed the jury

to hold him criminally responsible for the EOCA offenses if the jury found that Robert Mercado

or Eddie Mendoza committed those offenses and that Lopez, acting with intent to promote or assist

the commission of the offenses, solicited, encouraged, directed, aided, or attempted to aid the

others to commit the offenses. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a)(2) (providing for criminal

responsibility for the conduct of another under the law of parties).

4. Application

i. The Evidence was Legally Sufficient to Support the EOCA Assault Conviction

See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.01(a)(1), (a)(2), 22.02(a). In Lopez’s brief, he frames the legal sufficiency inquiry
as one where the State was required to prove aggravated assault by threat. However, the State asserts that the
hypothetically correct jury charge here allowed the State to prove aggravated assault by use or exhibition of a deadly
weapon during the commission of an assault causing bodily injury.
Seeming to support Lopez’s interpretation of the proper sufficiency review on appeal, the jury charge
instructed the jury to find Lopez guilty under only an assault-by-threat theory. By comparison, however, the indictment
supports the State’s assertion in that it alleged that Lopez “did then and there . . . commit the offense of aggravated
assault against Carlos Bustillos” and did not specify whether the underlying assault was by bodily injury – per section
22.01(a)(1) – or by threat – per section 22.01(a)(2). See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.01(a)(1), (a)(2), 22.02(a).
Here, the hypothetically correct jury charge authorized a conviction for aggravated assault with an underlying
bodily-injury assault, as framed by the State. See Swartz v. State, 61 S.W.3d 781, 786 (Tex. App. – Corpus Christi
2001, pet. ref’d) (rejecting defendant’s contention that the sufficiency of the evidence must be reviewed under the
actual charge given to the jury and, instead, proceeding to analyze the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard
of the hypothetically correct jury charge); Jacques v. State, No. 08-02-00491-CR, 2004 WL 1801202, at *7 (Tex. App.
– El Paso Aug. 12, 2004, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (“[W]hen an indictment has been presented that
authorizes conviction on a particular ground and facts have been presented to a jury that are sufficient to convict on a
particular ground, it is not necessary that the jury charge itself have specifically stated that ground in order for a
conviction to be affirmed.”). Accordingly, we will review Lopez’s legal sufficiency issue under an analysis of whether
the State proved an aggravated assault with an underlying bodily-injury assault. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§
22.01(a)(1), 22.02(a)(2).

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 In this case, witnesses testified that an argument broke out inside Adventureros, that bar

employees forced at least one patron to exit, that a fight began outside the front door, and that two

men were hitting and kicking a third man who was on the ground and covering himself. Bustillos

testified that he got knocked out once he reached the doorway of the bar. Photos of the injuries he

had sustained “[e]verywhere” on his body were admitted into evidence. Furthermore, Holguin’s

handwritten statements on the photo lineups described a one-sided assault on Bustillos: Mercado

was “beating up” Bustillos, Mendoza was “hitting & stomping on” Bustillos, and Lopez “superman

punched” Bustillos, knocking him to the ground, and began “beating him up[.]” Finally, though

undisputed in this appeal, Detective Sanchez testified that Lopez, Mercado, and Mendoza were

members of the Barrio Azteca gang and that current members were motivated to punish ex-

members through physical harm. Isolating these circumstances supporting the jury’s verdict, the

evidence was legally sufficient to prove the elements of Lopez’s EOCA assault under a theory of

both individual and party responsibility. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.01(a)(1), 71.02(a)(1);

Zuniga, 551 S.W.3d at 735; see also TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a)(2).

However, Lopez argues that the evidence was legally insufficient to support the jury’s

rejection of his consent defense on the EOCA assault count. For an effective-consent defense under

Texas Penal Code section 22.06, the State does not have the burden of production – an affirmative

duty to refute the defense claim – but, rather, the State satisfies its burden of persuasion simply by

proving its case beyond a reasonable doubt and thereby disproving any evidence of the defense.

See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.06(a); Bates v. State, No. 01-19-00275-CR, 2020 WL 573253, at

*2-3 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 6, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for

publication) (citing Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 913 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)).

14
 Despite Holguin’s testimony that Bustillos incited the fight with Lopez and Bustillos’ own

testimony that he agreed to mutual combat, the jury was free to disregard such testimony and afford

it no weight in determining whether the State proved its case. See Metcalf, 597 S.W.3d at 855

(holding that the jury may believe all, some, or none of a witness’s testimony). Even if the jury

was not so empowered, ample evidence contravened any narrative that the fight between Bustillos

and Lopez was consensual. Bustillos testified that he invited Lopez to fight “one-on-one[,]” got

knocked out as he stood at the doorway of the bar, remembered waking up on the ground, ran

away, and sustained injuries “[e]verywhere” on his body from this interaction. Also, witnesses

testified that they saw a man on the ground and covering himself while two other men were hitting

and kicking him. Furthermore, Holguin’s handwritten statements describe a one-sided

confrontation in which Lopez, Mendoza, and Mercado perpetrated a savage beating on Bustillos.

Based on this evidence, the jury was additionally free to resolve any conflicts in the evidence

against an effective-consent defense under Texas Penal Code section 22.06 and to find, instead,

that the State satisfied its burden of persuasion on the elements of Lopez’s EOCA assault charge,

as the jury evidently did by finding him guilty. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.06(a); Bates, 2020

WL 573253, at *2-3; cf. Pierce v. State, No. 04-02-00749-CR, 2003 WL 22715608, at *5 (Tex.

App. – San Antonio Nov. 19, 2003, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding

that the evidence showed the victim did not consent to being choked, grabbed, scratched, or

knocked down despite the fact that, once the defendant went to punch the victim, the victim said,

“Go ahead.”). Therefore, we hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to support Lopez’s

conviction for EOCA assault, and we overrule his third issue presented for review.

ii. The Evidence was Legally Sufficient for the EOCA Aggravated Assault Conviction

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 We begin our analysis of this issue by first observing that we may not consider Holguin’s

typewritten statement in our sufficiency analysis because it was admitted solely as impeachment

evidence. See Flores, 48 S.W.3d at 404; Peters, 997 S.W.2d at 382. Nonetheless, the State

presented multiple sources of evidence that, in cumulation, amounted to legally sufficient evidence

for Lopez’s EOCA aggravated assault conviction.

First, Holguin stated in her 911 call that a gang-related fight broke out, that shooting began,

and that “one of the guys who started shooting” was “called Garfield.” Of course, the State

presented evidence that Lopez was known by his moniker “Garfield.” Second, Holguin’s

handwritten statement further explained that “Garfield rushed out of Bar & superman punched

Carlos & he fell to ground & Garfield & his friend started beating him up & then he pulled out

gun.” And third, Palacios told arriving officers that Garfield “shot the place up” and left in a car.

Considering the cumulative force of these observations from these multiple sources of evidence at

trial, the jury could have reasonably concluded that Lopez assaulted Bustillos and subsequently

pulled out a gun and began shooting. See Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13 (instructing that each fact need

not point directly and independently to the guilt of the defendant, as long as the cumulative force

of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction). Thus, the evidence

was legally sufficient to prove the elements of Lopez’s EOCA aggravated assault under a theory

of both individual and party responsibility. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.01(a)(1),

22.02(a)(1), 71.02(a)(1); Zuniga, 551 S.W.3d at 735.

Although Holguin testified at trial that she never saw Lopez pull out a gun, the jury was

free to disbelieve her recantation at trial. See Metcalf, 597 S.W.3d at 855 (holding that the jury

may believe all, some, or none of a witness’s testimony). Furthermore, Detective Sanchez

16
explained at trial that witnesses are reluctant to testify against Barrio Azteca members because

they know that people who do testify are more likely to be threatened or assaulted. This explanation

provided a separate record-based reason for the jury to reject Holguin’s testimony at trial that was

less clear or otherwise aimed at distancing Lopez.

Therefore, we hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to support Lopez’s conviction

for EOCA aggravated assault, and we overrule his second issue presented for review.

B. Issue 1: Whether the State Violated the Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act

In his first issue, Lopez contends that the State’s actions in filing a detainer on him and

subsequently filing a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum triggered the application of Article

IV of article 51.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure and that the State’s failure to bring

him to trial within the 120-day timeframe set forth therein required that his pending charges be

dismissed. The State responds that the timing of its filings matter and the timeline of those filings

show that the IADA could not apply here. While not yet decided by any Texas appellate court, the

State argues that “the protections of the IADA apply exclusively to prisoners who have been

sentenced and are ‘serving a term of imprisonment,’ and not to prisoners in pretrial custody.” Thus,

the State argues that its detainer did not trigger the application of the IADA because Lopez was a

pretrial detainee at the time the State filed its detainer. In support of its argument, the State points

to out-of-state jurisdictions that have so held and asks this Court to follow those holdings.

1. Underlying Facts

Lopez filed a motion to dismiss his indictment under the IADA as enacted through Texas

Code of Criminal Procedure article 51.14. In his motion, Lopez cited only to the procedures of

Article IV of the Act as grounds for his requested dismissal. The trial court held a hearing on the

17
motion, and both parties stipulated to the following facts that would underlie the motion. After

Lopez was indicted for commission of his charged offenses in the instant case, he was indicted on

a federal case involving charges of conspiracy to commit racketeering and money laundering. In

September 2014, Lopez was arrested and held in federal custody by the United States Marshal for

the Western District of Texas through an arrangement at the El Paso County Jail. As the State

recited at the hearing, a detention officer then “put a detainer” on Lopez giving notice that “in the

event he makes federal bond or was released from his federal case for whatever reason, that he still

had the pending state case that his PR bond had now been revoked on.” In July 2015, Lopez

pleaded guilty to his federal case. Prior to Lopez’s sentencing, the State petitioned for two writs

of habeas corpus ad prosequendum that were issued by the trial court in December 2015 and on

February 4, 2016. On February 12, 2016, Lopez was sentenced to 10-years’ confinement in federal

prison. On February 16, 2016, Lopez was delivered as a United States prisoner from federal

custody to State custody pursuant to a “Prisoner Remand or Order to Deliver” showing that a

detainer had attached to him. Almost 18 months after his delivery to State custody, Lopez’s trial

began on August 14, 2017. The trial court entered an order denying Lopez’s motion to dismiss.

2. Standard of Review

We review a decision on a motion to dismiss under the IADA for abuse of discretion.

United States v. Ray, 899 F.3d 852, 857 (10th Cir. 2018). Any legal questions implicated by that

conclusion are reviewed de novo and any factual findings for clear error. Id.; see also Corral v.

State, No. 08-06-00270-CR, 2010 WL 1230555, at *3 (Tex. App. – El Paso Mar. 31, 2010, no pet.)

(not designated for publication).

18
 3. Applicable Law

The IADA is a congressionally sanctioned compact between the United States and the

states that have adopted it. See Alabama v. Bozeman, 533 U.S. 146, 148 (2001) (citing 18 U.S.C.

app. § 2). It outlines the cooperative procedure to be used between the states when one state is

seeking to try a prisoner who is currently imprisoned in a penal or correctional institution of

another state.2 State v. Votta, 299 S.W.3d 130, 134-35 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Texas is a party to

the IADA and has codified its provisions in Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 51.14. See

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 51.14; Votta, 299 S.W.3d at 134-35.

The IADA’s purpose is “to encourage the expeditious and orderly disposition of

[outstanding] charges and determination of the proper status of any and all detainers based on

untried indictments, informations, or complaints,” and its underlying rationale is that such charges

and detainers “produce uncertainties which obstruct programs of prisoner treatment and

rehabilitation.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 51.14, art. I. Article IX of the IADA mandates

that it “shall be liberally construed so as to effectuate its purposes.”3 Id. art. IX.

2
“State” as used in the IADA includes the United States. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 51.14, art. II(a); see
also 18 U.S.C. App. 2 § 2 (enacting the IADA).
3
In U.S. v. Ford, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit discussed the “variety of problems arising
out of the then unregulated system of detainers” that was marred by many “disadvantages and potential abuses” and
that led to enactment of the IADA:

The Detainers Act was originally drafted in response to a variety of problems arising out of the then
unregulated system of detainers commonly used where one or more jurisdictions had charges
outstanding against a prisoner held by another jurisdiction. Under that system, once one of the
jurisdictions had tried and convicted him[,] the other jurisdictions, instead of trying him on their
charges, would simply file detainers with the prison authorities holding him. The detainers would
serve to notify the prison authorities that charges were pending against the prisoner elsewhere. Upon
the prisoner’s completion of the first prison term, the second jurisdiction could bring the defendant
to trial on its own charges and, should a conviction be obtained, still other jurisdictions desiring to
press charges might then file detainers with the prison where he was next incarcerated.

The disadvantages and potential abuses of this system were many. Prison authorities often accorded

19
 There are two ways by which the final disposition of a prisoner’s untried matters may be

sought under the IADA. Corral, 2010 WL 1230555, at *4. Both of these provisions require that a

detainer be lodged. Id., at *5. Generally speaking, a detainer is “a legal order that requires a [s]tate

in which an individual is currently imprisoned to hold that individual when he has finished serving

his sentence so that he may be tried by a different [s]tate for a different crime.” Bozeman 533 U.S.

at 148; see also United States v. Mauro, 436 U.S. 340, 359 (1978). Only the second possible

scenario under Article IV is at issue in this appeal.

Article IV of the IADA provides the following:

The appropriate officer of the jurisdiction in which an untried indictment,
information, or complaint is pending shall be entitled to have a prisoner against
whom he has lodged a detainer and who is serving a term of imprisonment in any
party state made available in accordance with Paragraph (a) of Article V hereof
upon presentation of a written request for temporary custody or availability to the
appropriate authorities of the state in which the prisoner is incarcerated; provided
that the court having jurisdiction of such indictment, information, or complaint shall
have duly approved, recorded, and transmitted the request; and provided further
that there shall be a period of 30 days after receipt by the appropriate authorities
before the request be honored, within which period the governor of the sending
state may disapprove the request for temporary custody or availability, either upon
his own motion or upon motion of the prisoner.

detainers considerable weight in making decisions with respect to the terms and conditions of the
prisoner’s incarceration and release on parole. Sometimes the prisoner would automatically be held
under maximum security. Sometimes he would be ineligible for special work programs, athletic
programs, release for visits to relatives’ death beds or funerals, or special minimum security
facilities. Often detainers precluded the granting of parole. Despite these serious consequences,
virtually any law enforcement officer[,] prosecutor, policeman, or judge could file a detainer without
any procedural prerequisites. No pending indictment or other formal notification of charges was
generally required. Indeed, it was estimated that as many as 50% of all detainers were allowed to
lapse on the prisoner’s release, without any attempts at prosecution by the jurisdiction that had filed
the detainer. There were even cases in which the only reason the detainer had been filed was to
increase the severity of the prisoner’s sentence. Thus detainers imposed major unjustifiable
hardships on prisoners, and, prior to adoption of the Agreement on Detainers, there was nothing a
prisoner could do about them.

U.S. v. Ford, 550 F.2d 732, 737-39 (2nd Cir. 1977) [Internal citations omitted]; see also Carchman v. Nash, 473 U.S.
716, 730 n.8 (1985) (listing numerous detrimental effects that a detainer can have on a prisoner).

20
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 51.14, art. IV(a) [Emphasis added]. Under Article IV, trial shall

be commenced within 120 days of the arrival of the prisoner in the receiving state. Id. art. IV(c).

If not, the trial court shall enter an order dismissing the pending indictment, information, or

complaint with prejudice. Id. art. V(c).

In contrast to a detainer under Article IV, a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum is

issued by a court, rather than prosecutors or law enforcement officers, and is immediately

executed. Mauro, 436 U.S. at 360. A writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum is not a detainer that

triggers the provisions of the IADA. Id. at 361. However, a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum

may be considered a “written request for temporary custody” as contemplated within the meaning

of Article IV if a detainer was also filed. Id. at 361-62.

In accord with the out-of-state cases cited by the State in its brief, our own survey of

opinions from other jurisdictions, both federal and state, reveals the following universal holding

on the issue raised here: the IADA does not apply to pretrial detainees and thus a detainer filed

prior to a prisoner’s sentencing does not invoke the provisions of the IADA. See, e.g., State v.

Hargrove, 45 P.3d 376, 383 (Kan. 2002) (“Application of all of the case law we have previously

cited produces the following holdings in this case. Pretrial detainees are not under the protection

of the Agreement. A detainer filed prior to sentencing is not one that effectively invokes the

provisions of the Agreement.”); U.S. v. Currier, 836 F.2d 11, 16 (1st Cir. 1987) (holding that a

detainer did not trigger the prohibition of Article IV because the defendant had not yet begun

serving his sentence at the time the detainer was issued); see also, e.g., State v. Black, 30 N.E.3d

918, 926 (Ohio 2015) (“Federal courts have uniformly held that the IAD applies only to prisoners

who have begun serving their sentence of imprisonment and not to detainees who are awaiting the

21
disposition of their proceedings because, in part, pretrial detainees do not yet have an interest in

rehabilitation programs.”).

In one Court’s survey of caselaw on the matter, the Court divined the following two

rationales for this holding: (1) as a matter of policy, the purpose of the IADA is to minimize the

adverse impact of foreign prosecution on rehabilitative programs of the confining jurisdiction, and

neither a pretrial detainee nor a parole violator has a sufficient interest in the rehabilitative

programs of his confining jurisdiction to justify invocation of the IADA; and (2) as a plain, facial

reading of the statute reveals, articles III and IV apply to prisoners who are serving a “term of

imprisonment” in a state which is a party to the IADA. See U.S. v. Rodriguez, No. CR-10-72-FVS-

2, 2012 WL 6026271, at *3 (E.D. Wash. Dec. 4, 2012) (Order Denying Mot. To Dismiss).

4. Application

Here, Lopez was held in federal custody at the time the State “put a detainer” on him and

filed its two petitions for a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum. However, the detainer and two

writs were all filed before Lopez was sentenced on his federal case and, thus, while he remained a

pretrial detainee. Based on the universal agreement in holdings across out-of-state jurisdictions,

and on the premise that article 51.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure was codified from

the IADA to which Texas adheres as a party state, we likewise adopt the well-reasoned holding

that a detainer filed prior to a prisoner’s sentencing does not invoke the provisions of the IADA

because the Act does not apply to pretrial detainees, and we hold here that neither the detainer nor

the two petitions for a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum that were filed to procure Lopez’s

appearance in state custody triggered the application of article IV of the IADA. See, e.g., Hargrove,

45 P.3d at 383; Currier, 836 F.2d at 16; see also, e.g., Black, 30 N.E.3d at 926.

22
 Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Lopez’s motion to dismiss

based on a lack of compliance with Article IV of Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 51.14.

Accordingly, we overrule Lopez’s first issue presented for review.

C. Issue 4: The Admissibility of Holguin’s Handwritten Statements

In his fourth issue, Lopez argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting

Holguin’s handwritten statements on the “Identification comments” section of her lineup viewing

form. In three sub-parts to his issue, he argues that the statements were inadmissible for the

following reasons: (1) they did not qualify as prior statements of identification under Texas Rule

of Evidence 801(e)(1)(C), as only Holguin’s mere identification alone, rather than what she

observed Lopez doing, was admissible under that rule; (2) they were likely to confuse the jury

under Texas Rule of Evidence 403; and (3) they were hearsay-within-hearsay with no hearsay

exceptions being shown by the State for each layer as required under Texas Rule of Evidence 805.

The State responds that Holguin’s handwritten statements were admissible under Rule

801(e)(1)(C) because the statements constituted only a brief, indispensable description of her

identification that allowed the jury to understand the meaning of her identification of Lopez in the

photo lineup. In addition, the State argues that any error was harmless. And while the State notes

that Lopez failed to lodge an objection based on Rule 403, the State does not address either of

Lopez’s Rule 403 or hearsay-within-hearsay arguments with any substantive response on the

merits.

1. Underlying Facts

At trial, Holguin testified that the information she relayed to the 911 dispatcher was based

on things other people were telling her. In addition, Holguin testified at trial that the typed

23
statements were not things that she directly observed and that she overheard others “saying that it

was Garfield shooting.” She did not similarly testify regarding her handwritten statements on her

photo identification of Lopez.

During trial, the State sought admission of Holguin’s handwritten statements under the

hearsay exclusion for statements of prior identification in Texas Rule of Evidence 801(e)(1)(C).

Lopez objected on the bases that Holguin’s handwritten statements were inadmissible under Rule

801(e)(1)(C) and that they contained hearsay within hearsay. He did not object on the basis of

Texas Rule of Evidence 403. The trial court overruled Lopez’s objections.

2. Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence under an abuse of

discretion standard. Johnson v. State, 490 S.W.3d 895, 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). Under this

standard, the trial court’s ruling will be upheld so long as it was within the zone of reasonable

disagreement. Id. If the ruling is correct under any applicable theory of law, it will not be disturbed

even if the trial court gave the wrong reason for the right ruling. Id.

3. Admissibility under Rule 801(e)(1)(C)

i. Applicable Law

Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at trial,

offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. TEX. R. EVID. 801(d). A statement is

not hearsay if the declarant testifies at trial, the declarant is subject to cross-examination

concerning the statement, and the statement is one of identification of a person made after

perceiving that person. TEX. R. EVID. 801(e)(1)(C); see also Delacerda v. State, 425 S.W.3d 367,

390 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d).

24
 In Delacerda, the First Court of Appeals addressed the precise issue raised in our appeal:

whether a witness’s out-of-court statements, made while viewing a photospread, that described the

actions of an identified individual were admissible under Rule 801(e)(1)(C), as opposed to mere

identification alone. Delacerda, 425 S.W.3d at 389-90. Delacerda involved a drive-by-shooting

murder in which the State sought to prove that the defendant, as a passenger in the cab of a pickup

truck, was the shooter. Id. at 373-78. At trial, the victim’s brother testified that he did not remember

identifying another individual as being in the back of the pickup truck, and thus not the shooter,

when he was shown a photospread by police. Id. at 374. The State then sought to admit the

brother’s prior identification of the person in the bed of the truck along with his statement, made

during the identification process, that the individual was lying in the bed of the truck and not the

shooter. Id. at 391-92.

The Delacerda Court observed that no Texas Court had yet addressed the scope of the

identification exclusion to the hearsay rule and whether the rule encompasses not merely the

declarant’s previous identification but also the declarant’s statements regarding what he observed

the identified person doing. Id. at 390. Looking to guidance from out-of-state jurisdictions that

discussed Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1)(C), the federal counterpart to Texas’s Rule

801(e)(1)(C), the Court observed that the federal rule was “intended to solve the problem of a

witness who identifies a defendant before trial, but then at trial refuses to acknowledge the

identification because of fear of reprisal.” Id. at 390. The Court then examined the holdings of the

Illinois Supreme Court and the District of Columbia Court of Appeals that such a rule

contemplated the admission of both a witness’s bare identification and the witness’s statements

regarding what he saw the identified person doing in order to fully inform the jury about the

25
reliability of the witness’s identification and to make the identification understandable to the jury:

The Illinois Supreme Court, in construing a statutory exclusion to the hearsay rule
substantively identical to Federal Rule 801(d)(1)(C) and Texas Rule 801(e)(1)(C),
rejected an interpretation that would limit admissible testimony under the statute
solely to the “actual identification” of a person, reasoning instead that “construing
‘statements of identification’ to include the entire identification process would
ensure that a trier of fact is fully informed concerning the reliability of a witness’
identification, as well as the suggestiveness or lack thereof in that identification.”
Similarly, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals has held, under its
substantively identical exception, that although “detailed accounts of the actual
crime” are not admissible, the declarant’s “description of the offense itself is
admissible under this exception only to the extent necessary to make the
identification understandable to the jury.”

Delacerda, 425 S.W.3d at 390-91 [Internal citations omitted]. Agreeing with the rationale of those

Courts, the Delacerda Court held that limiting admissible testimony under the identification

exclusion to the hearsay rule solely to the declarant’s naming of the identified individual and not

allowing testimony regarding what the declarant identified the individual as doing is “unduly

restrictive.” Id. at 392. The Court ultimately ruled that, “[u]nder these facts,” the brother’s

statement that the person he identified was the person he saw in the back of the truck and not the

shooter was “an indispensable part of his ‘statement of identification.’” Id. at 393.

Following the path tread by the Delacerda Court, our sister Fourteenth Court of Appeals

also held that Rule 801(e)(1)(C) extended to statements describing what an identified individual

was doing. See Price v. State, 502 S.W.3d 278, 286 (Tex. App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no

pet.) (following the rationale in Delacerda and holding that the exclusion from the hearsay rule in

Rule 801(e)(1)(C) “extends to other statements [the witness] made to [an officer] during the

identification, such as his description of appellant’s role in the robbery.”). And despite foregoing

an in-depth analysis of Rule 801(e)(1)(C), this Court has previously adhered to this same rationale.

See Diaz v. State, No. 08-10-00068-CR, 2011 WL 6145120, at *3 (Tex. App. – El Paso Dec. 7,

26
2011, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (where this Court held that Rule 801(e)(1)(C)’s

scope extended to a victim’s statements identifying the defendant as her assailant and describing

the manner of his assault).

ii. Application

Although Lopez graciously acknowledges the holding in Delacerda, he argues that the

Delacerda Court’s holding failed to put any limiting parameters on the scope of Rule 801(e)(1)(C)

and that the amount of admissible detail within a statement of identification “is vague and

completely undefined as currently interpreted[.]” While we also perceive that the rationale of

Delacerda does not provide the precise outer contours for admissibility under the rule, we find it

unnecessary here to define those contours or to determine whether such contours are needed for

Rule 801(e)(1)(C).

First, we observe that Holguin’s written identification statement serves to inform the jury

about its reliability and to make Holguin’s identification of Lopez understandable. The Delacerda

Court identified both functions, perused from the holdings of other jurisdictions, as justifications

for permitting a statement regarding what a witness saw an identified person doing, rather than

simply a bare identification, under Rule 801(e)(1)(C). Delacerda, 425 S.W.3d at 390-91. But more

importantly, we observe that Holguin’s handwritten statements were short and brief, where they

relayed only the most bare information necessary to describe Lopez’s assaultive actions against

Bustillos—and were indispensable to the jury’s understanding of her identification of Lopez in a

photo lineup—where Holguin identified through photo lineups two other individuals who were

engaged in assaultive actions against Bustillos, as well. For all of the above reasons, we do not see

this case as one in need of any sort of mathematically precise limiting principle for its resolution,

27
as the content of the statements at issue here comply with the justifications articulated for their

admission under the rule.

Therefore, we hold that Holguin’s statements were admissible under Rule 801(e)(1)(C)

where she identified Lopez in a photo lineup and where she handwrote, on a blank space for

“Identification comments[,]” that “Garfield rushed out of Bar & superman punched Carlos & he

fell to ground & Garfield & his friend started beating him up & then he pulled out gun.” See Price,

502 S.W.3d at 285-86 (holding that the following testimony from an officer about a witness’s

statement made during an on-the-scene identification of the defendant was admissible as an

exclusion from the hearsay rule under Rule 801(e)(1)(C): “He stated [the defendant] was the

suspect with the gun, with the shotgun.”); Diaz, 2011 WL 6145120, at *2-3 (where this Court held

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting as an exclusion from the hearsay rule

under Rule 801(e)(1)(C) the victim’s statements, made during an identification of the defendant,

that the defendant was her husband, that he was the individual who assaulted her, and that he was

responsible for the injuries on her face); Delacerda, 425 S.W.3d at 393 (holding that a witness’s

statement, made during a photospread identification, that the person he saw was “in the back of

the truck and not [ ] the shooter” was admissible as a statement of identification under Rule

801(e)(1)(C)). The trial court’s admission of Holguin’s handwritten statements under this rule was

thus not an abuse of discretion, and we overrule this first sub-part to Lopez’s fourth issue presented

for review.

4. Admissibility under Rule 403

To preserve a complaint for appellate review, a party must timely object and state the

specific grounds for the ruling sought. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). While Lopez lodged

28
objections to Holguin’s handwritten statements on multiple bases at trial, he did not object on the

specific basis of Rule 403. Thus, we hold that any Rule 403 complaint is not preserved for our

review in this appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); see also, e.g., Rodriguez v. State, No. 08-

17-00177-CR, 2019 WL 2710246, at *6 (Tex. App. – El Paso June 28, 2019, pet. ref’d) (not

designated for publication) (holding that the defendant’s Rule 403 complaint was not preserved

for appellate review where the defendant did not object on that basis). And we consequently

overrule this second sub-part to Lopez’s fourth issue.

5. Admissibility under Rule 805

i. Applicable Law

Hearsay is generally inadmissible, except as provided by statute or rule. TEX. R. EVID. 802.

However, even hearsay within hearsay is not excluded by the rule against hearsay if each part of

the combined statements conforms with an exception to the rule. TEX. R. EVID. 805. The trial court,

as gatekeeper, resolves any preliminary question related to the applicability of the hearsay rules.

See TEX. R. EVID. 104(a) (“The court must decide any preliminary question about whether . . .

evidence is admissible. In so deciding, the court is not bound by evidence rules, except those on

privilege.”); see also Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 294 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Johnson v.

State, No. 01-18-00446-CR, 2019 WL 758329, at *2 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 21,

2019, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). The trial court may consider the

statement itself in resolving the question of admissibility. Coble, 330 S.W.3d at 294; Johnson,

2019 WL 758329, at *2.

ii. Application

Here, Lopez contends that “because Holguin explained that her statements on the lineups

29
were not matters that she witness[ed] herself, they contained two levels of hearsay” and that “[t]he

State did not provide any plausible explanation to get past the second level of hearsay.” As an

initial matter, we note that Holguin testified only that the information she relayed to the 911

dispatcher, and through her typed statement, were things other people had told her. Regarding the

contents of her handwritten identification statements, in contrast, she did not testify that these

handwritten statements were based on things she did not directly observe. For this reason alone,

we would overrule this third sub-part of Lopez’s issue.

But even assuming that Holguin had testified that her handwritten statements were based

on hearsay, the trial court essentially would have been faced with a situation of conflicting

evidence where Holguin testified after-the-fact that her handwritten statements were based on

hearsay and where Holguin’s writing itself provides no indication that her assertions were not

based on direct observations. See Coble, 330 S.W.3d at 294; Johnson, 2019 WL 758329, at *2

(holding that the trial court may consider the statement itself in resolving the question of

admissibility). And, as the gatekeeper for resolving any preliminary question related to

admissibility, the trial court was free to resolve the conflict in favor of determining that Holguin’s

handwritten statements were not based on hearsay. See TEX. R. EVID. 104(a); Coble, 330 S.W.3d

at 294; see also Johnson, 2019 WL 758329, at *4-5 (holding that the trial court, as the fact finder

on the preliminary question of admissibility, was entitled to resolve inconsistencies in the witness’s

testimony and to believe that she was gathering information for the purpose of medical treatment

for the medical-diagnosis-or-treatment hearsay exception where, even though the witness first

testified that she was not gathering information to be used for a medical purpose, the witness later

testified that she was gathering information for the physician to use for the purpose of treating a

30
patient); Pina v. State, 38 S.W.3d 730, 736-37 (Tex. App. – Texarkana 2001, pet. ref’d) (holding

that the trial court, as the arbiter of preliminary questions concerning the admissibility of evidence,

did not abuse its discretion in overruling the defendant’s hearsay objections to a witness’s

testimony even where her testimony was contradictory at times – e.g., she testified both that she

heard the defendant tell his mother that he killed a man and was trying to escape and also testified

that she did not hear the defendant tell his mother anything).

Thus, Holguin’s handwritten statements were not implicated by Texas Rule of Evidence

805 because the statements contained only one layer of potential hearsay. See TEX. R. EVID. 805.

Accordingly, the State had to show only that Holguin’s handwritten identification statement itself

was not inadmissible hearsay. See TEX. R. EVID. 802. As discussed above, her handwritten

statement was excluded under Rule 801(e)(1)(C) from the rule against hearsay, and the trial court

therefore did not abuse its discretion by ruling that Holguin’s handwritten statement was

admissible over Lopez’s hearsay-within-hearsay objection. Therefore, we overrule Lopez’s third

and final sub-point in his fourth issue.

D. Issue 5: The Absence of a Limiting Instruction in the Jury Charge

In his fifth issue, Lopez argues that the trial court erred by refusing his request to include

a limiting instruction in the jury charge for the impeachment evidence that was admitted at trial,

namely, Holguin’s typewritten statement prepared by Officer Chavez.

The State responds that: (1) the trial court did not err where it included an instruction in

the charge that reminded the jury to follow all previous instructions given throughout the trial and

where the court gave a thorough limiting instruction to the jury prior to the State’s impeachment

of Holguin with her typewritten statement; and (2) any error was harmless both for the same

31
reasons given in its merits argument and for the reason that the content of Holguin’s typewritten

statement was the same as the content of her handwritten identification statements and her 911

call. We need not decide whether the trial court erred here because we rest our resolution of this

issue on a harm analysis.

1. Underlying Facts

Before Holguin was impeached with her typewritten statement, Lopez requested a limiting

instruction. The trial court gave an extensive limiting instruction to the jury that “impeach[ment]

evidence” was “for the purpose of you determining credibility” and that “[i]t’s not for the truth of

the matter asserted[,]” and the trial court incorporated multiple requests from Lopez in its

instruction:

[Trial court]: Ladies and gentlemen, the prosecutors are now going over
what we call impeaching evidence. Evidence that is for
impeachment is for the purpose of you determining
credibility of testimony. As I told you yesterday, when
somebody says one thing at one time and may say something
different at another time, you have to evaluate the credibility
of that. Not necessarily -- not the truth of it, but the
credibility of their testimony. That’s why it’s being offered
for impeachment. To impeach is to say, “Didn’t you say,
previously, X?” so that you can then determine if you believe
her then or now.

[Defense counsel]: Could the Court instruct the jury that it’s not -- what may
have been said in any prior statement is not offered as
evidence itself?

[Trial court]: Right. It’s not for the truth of the matter asserted. It is, as I
said, to determine her credibility and believability. Okay? So
go ahead.

[Defense counsel]: Can I have -- can the jury be -- just so I don’t have to keep
getting up, I’m trying to cover all the bases -- any questions
that are asked regarding --

32
 [Trial court]: Yes. Anytime in this trial that you hear -- and it would be
even if they -- even if the defense is asking questions of
witnesses -- about “Didn’t you say previously” this or that,
that is always introduced simply to impeach and not for the
truth of the matter asserted. Simply for is it -- “Are you
telling the truth now, or [were] you telling the truth then?”
“Were you mistaken then, or [are] you mistaken now?” It’s
always for that.

Later in the trial when the State questioned Holguin about her handwritten identification statements

but before the trial court ruled that her handwritten statements were admitted for substantive

purposes, the trial court remined the jury that “[j]ust to refresh, what you’re about to see, again, is

for impeachment purposes only, as I’ve previously discussed it with you.”

During the jury charge conference, Lopez requested that the trial court include in the charge

“another detailed instruction regarding the fact that matters that were submitted for impeachment

purposes are not to be used for the truth of the matter asserted but simply to judge the credibility

of the witness.” The trial court overruled his request. However, the trial court included the

following instruction on the matter:

During the trial of this case, the Court gave you certain limiting instructions. You
shall continue to follow those same instructions during your entire deliberations.

2. Standard of Review

Claims of jury-charge error are reviewed under a two-pronged test. See Price v. State, 457

S.W.3d 437, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). Our first inquiry is whether the jury charge contained

error. Id. If error exists, we then analyze the harm resulting from the error. Id.

Any error in the jury charge is subject to a harmless-error analysis. Chambers v. State, 580

S.W.3d 149, 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019). If the defendant timely objected at trial to the jury-

33
charge error, the reviewing Court will reverse upon a showing of “some harm” to the defendant.

Id. This means that the presence of any harm, regardless of degree, is sufficient to require a

reversal. Id. Yet, the defendant must have suffered “some actual–rather than merely theoretical–

harm.” Id.

3. Applicable Law

Limiting instructions are governed by Texas Rule of Evidence 105, and this rule provides

that “[i]f the court admits evidence that is admissible against a party or for a purpose--but not

against another party or for another purpose--the court, on request, must restrict the evidence to its

proper scope and instruct the jury accordingly.” TEX. R. EVID. 105(a). Thus, a limiting instruction

complies with Rule 105 where it restricts the jury’s use of particular evidence so that it is

considered only for its limited purpose. See Walker v. State, 300 S.W.3d 836, 851 (Tex. App. –

Fort Worth 2009, pet. ref’d); Flores v. State, Nos. 01-10-00531-CR, 01-10-00532-CR, 01-10-

00534-CR, 2013 WL 709100, at *25-26 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 26, 2013, pet. ref’d)

(mem. op., not designated for publication). For impeachment evidence, that limited purpose is to

determine the credibility of the witness sought to be impeached. See Walker, 300 S.W.3d at 851;

Flores, 2013 WL 709100, at *25-26. A limiting instruction should be given, if requested, both

when the evidence is admitted and then again at the final jury charge. See Ex parte Varelas, 45

S.W.3d 627, 631 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (observing that the trial court errs in not giving a limiting

instruction if requested by a defendant at the time evidence is admitted); see also Delgado v. State,

235 S.W.3d 244, 251 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (observing that a limiting instruction should be given

in the jury charge if the defendant requested a limiting instruction at the time the evidence was

first admitted).

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 Despite the requirement that a trial court give an additional limiting instruction in the jury

charge, essentially as a reminder of its earlier mid-trial instruction, Courts have often recognized

that juries are presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions. See, e.g., Francis v. Franklin, 471

U.S. 307, 324 n.9 (1985) (“The Court presumes that jurors, conscious of the gravity of their task,

attend closely the particular language of the trial court’s instructions in a criminal case and strive

to understand, make sense of, and follow the instructions given them.”); Archie v. State, 340

S.W.3d 734, 741 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (observing that the law generally presumes a trial court’s

instructions to a jury will be duly obeyed). This presumption that the jury will follow the trial

court’s instructions will be abandoned only if there is some evidence establishing that the jury

failed to do so. See Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 490 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

Furthermore, a trial court’s failure to give the precise jury-charge instruction requested by

a defendant is harmless where a substantially similar charge instruction is given. See Todd v. State,

911 S.W.2d 807, 819 (Tex. App. – El Paso 1995, no pet.) (where this Court held that the trial

court’s refusal to include in its jury charge the particular language the defendant requested was

harmless where “the charge given contains substantially similar language to that requested by [the

defendant]”); Borrego v. State, No. 11-97-00080-CR, 1997 WL 33804169, at *1 (Tex. App. –

Eastland Nov. 20, 1997, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (“The instructions in the jury

charge provided the same guidance as that requested by appellant. When a refused charge is

substantially the same or is adequately covered by the charge given, there is no harm in failure to

give the refused charge.”); accord Thompson v. State, No. 14-10-00343-CR, 2011 WL 2176507,

at *3-4 (Tex. App. – Houston [14th Dist.] June 2, 2011, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for

publication); Halk v. State, No. 01-97-00560-CR, 1999 WL 504187, at *5 (Tex. App. – Houston

35
[1st Dist.] July 15, 1999, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (cases holding that there was no

error where the trial court refused to include in its jury charge the specific language the defendant

requested but ultimately gave a substantially similar charge).

4. Application

Even assuming the trial court erred by refusing Lopez’s request to include “another

detailed” limiting instruction in its charge, we hold that any error was harmless. When the State

sought to impeach Holguin with her typewritten statement, Lopez requested a limiting instruction,

and the trial court obliged with an extensive limiting instruction that incorporated multiple requests

by Lopez. The trial court also made sure to “refresh” the jury on its prior limiting instruction at a

later point during trial in which the State impeached Holguin. And we observe that the trial court’s

extensive mid-trial limiting instruction constituted a proper limiting instruction because it

informed the jury that it should restrict any use of the evidence to “the purpose of you determining

credibility” and “not for the truth of the matter asserted.” See Walker, 300 S.W.3d at 851; Flores,

2013 WL 709100, at *25-26.

The trial court then included in its jury charge an instruction for the jury to follow the

limiting instructions given during the trial of the case. Thus, the jury received an instruction that

had a substantially similar effect to the precise instruction requested by Lopez, and any failure by

the trial court to give that precise instruction was harmless. See Todd, 911 S.W.2d at 819; Borrego,

1997 WL 33804169, at *1; accord Thompson, 2011 WL 2176507, at *3-4; Halk, 1999 WL 504187,

at *5.

Lopez argues that the trial court’s mid-trial limiting instructions were “confusing” and that

“[g]iven the length of the trial and the 6 days between the time of the instructions and the closing

36
arguments, it is unlikely the jury would remember the instruction.” In addition, Lopez contends

that “the jury must have relied on the threats conveyed in Holguin’s prior inconsistent statements”

because “[t]his was the only way the State was able to present evidence that would arguably

support the aggravated assault charge against Bustillos.” However, we must presume that the jury

followed the trial court’s mid-trial and charge instructions in the absence of contrary evidence. See

Williams, 937 S.W.2d at 490; see also Chambers, 580 S.W.3d at 154 (observing that, even under

the heightened harm standard for objected-to jury charge error, the defendant must have suffered

“some actual–rather than merely theoretical–harm”).

Therefore, we hold that any error in the trial court’s refusal to include a detailed limiting

instruction in its jury charge was harmless. Consequently, we overrule Lopez’s fifth issue

presented for review.

E. Issue 6: Whether the Search Warrant for Lopez’s Apartment was Valid

In his sixth issue, Lopez argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress

evidence obtained pursuant to the search warrant executed on his apartment. Specifically, he

contends that the warrant should not have been issued where the facts contained within the four

corners of Officer Chavez’s supporting affidavit were insufficient to show probable cause that

evidence of Lopez’s charged offenses would be found on the premises 13 days after the shooting

at Adventureros. The State responds that the issuing magistrate could have reasonably concluded,

under the totality of the circumstances, that there was a fair probability that evidence of Lopez’s

charged EOCA offenses would be located at his apartment.

Aside from these arguments on the merits, neither party in this appeal provides substantive

analysis on how we should address any harm here. Lopez’s argument on harm consists of the

37
following two sentences: “The State introduced all of [the evidence found pursuant to the warrant]

at trial and the jury took this evidence into consideration in finding Lopez guilty of EIOCA.

Without the illegally obtained evidence, especially the ‘hit list,’ a substantial likelihood exists that

Lopez would not have been found guilty of EIOCA, aggravated assault.” The State failed to

address – or even mention – a harmless-error analysis at all.

Even if the trial court abused its discretion in denying Lopez’s motion to suppress, we

would still be required to perform a harm analysis. See Lake v. State, 532 S.W.3d 408, 416-17

(Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (plurality op.) (observing the “policy” of Texas appellate courts to

generally require a harm analysis except only where the United States Supreme Court has

expressly eschewed it); Newbrough v. State, 225 S.W.3d 863, 867 (Tex. App. – El Paso 2007, no

pet.) (instructing that, if error is found in the admission of evidence obtained in violation of the

Fourth Amendment, a reviewing Court must conduct a harm analysis to determine whether the

error calls for reversal of the judgment). And as we can resolve this issue based on a harm analysis,

we will assume without deciding that the trial court erred and proceed directly to that analysis.

1. Underlying Facts

Based on Officer Chavez’s search warrant, Lopez filed a motion to suppress all evidence

seized from his apartment on the basis that the warrant was invalid under the Fourth Amendment.

The trial court held a hearing on the motion, and after reviewing a copy of the search warrant that

incorporated Officer Chavez’s supporting affidavit, the trial court denied Lopez’s motion. Inside

Lopez’s apartment, officer found multiple gang-related items, and Detective Sanchez testified at

trial about their significance. First, the officers found a poster depicting Aztec culture. Detective

Sanchez testified that Barrio Azteca members used such motifs or symbols to indicate their

38
membership. The officers also found a piece of notebook paper stuck in the bowl of the bathroom

toilet that had a list of Barrio Azteca member names, along with their prison or jail number, written

on it. Detective Sanchez testified that high-ranking Barrio Azteca members used those lists to

determine whose commissary accounts the gang would place money into. In addition, a similar list

of Barrio Azteca member names, including those of Mercado and Mendoza, were found on some

sheets of notebook paper in Lopez’s closet. Finally, the officers found a third list of names that

included Bustillos’ name, his moniker, his hometown, and his Texas Department of Corrections

number. Detective Sanchez testified that this was a list of “muletas” or ex-members and that only

a high-ranking gang member in charge of an area would possess such a list.

2. Harm Analysis for Constitutional Error

We review the harm resulting from a trial court’s erroneous denial of a motion to suppress

evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment under the constitutional harmless-error

standard of Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(a). See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a); Hernandez v.

State, 60 S.W.3d 106, 108 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Under Rule 44.2(a), we must reverse the

conviction unless we conclude “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the

conviction or punishment.” TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a). This Court has previously observed that we

begin our analysis under this standard presuming reversal is required and that the burden is on the

State to show the error is harmless. See Morris v. State, 554 S.W.3d 98, 124 (Tex. App. – El Paso

2018, pet. ref’d).

Factors a court may consider in assessing harm under Rule 44.2(a) include the nature of

the error, whether it was emphasized by the State, the probable implications of the error, and the

weight the jury would likely have assigned to the error. Snowden v. State, 353 S.W.3d 815, 822

39
(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). However, these factors are not exclusive. Morris, 554 S.W.3d at 124.

There is no set formula for conducting a harm analysis that necessarily applies across the board to

every case and every type of constitutional error. Snowden, 353 S.W.3d at 822 n.31. Furthermore,

both this Court and our sister Courts have held, simply, that the erroneous admission of evidence

is harmless under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(a) where it is cumulative of other

evidence admitted at trial. See Hamrick v. State, No. 08-02-00091-CR, 2004 WL 1078495, at *3

(Tex. App. – El Paso May 13, 2004, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (where this Court

held that erroneous admission of evidence was harmless under Rule 44.2(a) where it was

cumulative); see also Ellison v. State, 494 S.W.3d 316, 328-29 (Tex. App. – Eastland 2015, pet.

ref’d) (holding that erroneous admission of evidence was harmless under Rule 44.2(a) where it

was “substantially the same” as testimony admitted elsewhere); Goodman v. State, 302 S.W.3d

462, 473 (Tex. App. – Texarkana 2009, pet. ref’d) (holding that erroneous admission of evidence

was harmless under Rule 44.2(a) where it was “cumulative” and “provides nothing beyond that

already properly admitted as evidence”).

3. Application

The search warrant for Lopez’s apartment resulted in officers finding a plethora of gang-related

material that was introduced at trial. Detective Sanchez testified about the significance of each of

these items and how Lopez’s possession of the various lists reflected his high rank within the gang.

Most importantly, Detective Sanchez explained that the list containing Bustillos’ name was a list

of ex-members. As Lopez argues in his brief, the jury could have perceived this item as a “hit list”

for those ex-members based on the other testimony throughout trial explaining the consequences

for leaving the Barrio Azteca gang.

40
 But it is this very same testimony introduced at trial unrelated to the search warrant that renders

the discovered items cumulative. For example, other testimony amply established that Lopez and

his group would be motivated – or, perhaps, even required – to assault ex-members on sight. And

other testimony established that Lopez was a current member of the Barrio Azteca gang and that

Bustillos was an ex-member. In addition, Detective Sanchez testified that, through past

investigations, he knew Lopez was a high-ranking member. Finally, Detective Sanchez generally

painted a detailed and negative portrait about the gang’s illicit activities. Thus, the same conceptual

facts shown by the fruits of the search warrant – that Lopez was a member of the Barrio Azteca

gang, that he was a high-ranking member, and that he had a strong motivation to attack Bustillo –

were all established by other evidence admitted at trial. Thus, any error in admitting those fruits

was harmless, even under the heightened constitutional harmless-error standard of Rule 44.2(a),

where the fruits of the search warrant were cumulative of other evidence. See TEX. R. APP. P.

44.2(a); see also Ellison, 494 S.W.3d at 328-29; Goodman, 302 S.W.3d at 473; Hamrick, 2004

WL 1078495, at *3. Therefore, we overrule Lopez’s sixth issue presented for review.

F. Issue 7: Palacios’ Statements and the Confrontation Clause Objection

In his seventh and final issue, Lopez argues that the trial court abused its discretion in

admitting, over his Confrontation Clause objection, Palacios’ statements to Officer Barajas

because Palacios did not testify at trial and because Palacios’ statements were testimonial where

they were made in the absence of an ongoing emergency. In response, the State argues conversely

that: (1) Palacios’ statements did not implicate the Confrontation Clause because they were

nontestimonial, as Palacios made them immediately upon Officer Barajas’ arrival to the scene and

while an ongoing emergency was present; and (2) any error was harmless because Palacios’

41
statements were cumulative of other evidence.

1. Underlying Facts

More than a dozen officers were dispatched to Adventureros on a “shots fired” call. At

trial, Officer Barajas testified that he saw a chaotic scene as he parked in front of the bar. About

25 people were running around, yelling, getting into vehicles, and driving away. There were bullet

holes in multiple cars in addition to the bar itself. Due to the nature of the call, Officer Barajas was

concerned about anyone wielding a gun and about anyone who might be injured. Within seconds

of exiting his patrol unit, he saw a man standing nearby who appeared frightened, and this man

waved him over. Although yelling at first, the man brought his tone down, kept looking around,

and told Officer Barajas that an Azteca named Garfield “shot the place up” before leaving in a

grey Chrysler 300. When Officer Barajas tried to get the man to give more information, the man

said he could not be seen talking to officers and began walking away. However, Officer Barajas

convinced the man to get in the back seat of the patrol unit, identified him as Lorenzo Palacios,

and then let him leave. Officer Holguin then relayed the information he received over the radio.

2. Standard of Review

As noted in Issue Four above, a trial court’s decision to admit evidence is reviewed under

an abuse-of-discretion standard. See Johnson, 490 S.W.3d at 908. If the admission of evidence

involved a constitutional legal ruling such as whether a statement is testimonial or nontestimonial,

the appellate court gives almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of historical facts

but reviews de novo the trial court’s application of the law to those facts. See Langham v. State,

305 S.W.3d 568, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

42
 3. Applicable Law

The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution,

applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides that “[i]n all criminal

prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against

him[.]” U.S. CONST. amend. VI; Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 42 (2004); Pointer v.

Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 406 (1965). The Confrontation Clause prohibits the admission of

“testimonial” out-of-court statements by a witness who does not appear at trial unless: (1) the

witness is unavailable to testify; and (2) the defendant had a previous opportunity to cross-examine

the witness. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 53-54. Once a defendant raises a Confrontation-Clause

objection, the burden shifts to the State to prove either that: (1) the proffered statement does not

contain testimonial hearsay and thus does not implicate the Confrontation Clause; or (2) the

statement does contain testimonial hearsay but is nevertheless admissible. See De La Paz v. State,

273 S.W.3d 671, 680-81 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). In the instant appeal, the parties are concerned

with only the first avenue for admissibility.

A statement is testimonial if “in light of all the circumstances, viewed objectively, the

‘primary purpose’ of the conversation was to ‘creat[e] an out-of-court substitute for trial

testimony.’” Ohio v. Clark, 576 U.S. 237, 245 (2015) (quoting Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344,

358 (2011)). As one example of a situation where the primary purpose of a statement is

nontestimonial, the United States Supreme Court held in Michigan v. Bryant that the statements

made by a victim about his assailant were not testimonial because the circumstances objectively

indicated that the conversation was primarily aimed at enabling police assistance to meet an

ongoing emergency, not establishing evidence for the prosecution. Bryant, 562 U.S. at 377-78; see

43
also Clark, 576 U.S. at 245. Ultimately, where the primary purpose of an out-of-court statement

was not to create an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony, the out-of-court statement is

nontestimonial, and the Confrontation Clause is simply not implicated. See Clark, 576 U.S. at 245.

4. Application

Here, the circumstances show that the conversation between Officer Barajas and Palacios

was aimed at addressing an ongoing emergency. Upon being dispatched to a “shots fired” call,

officers saw a chaotic scene in which multiple bullet holes were lodged in various cars, and the

bar itself, while dozens of people were frantically leaving the scene. Officer Barajas explained that

he was concerned about anyone wielding a gun due to the nature of the call, and surreptitiously

within seconds of his arrival, Palacios waved him over and told him information directly germane

to finding and subduing the shooter, namely, the shooter’s moniker and a description of his vehicle.

After Officer Holguin relayed this information over the radio, two other officers were able to stop

Lopez’s vehicle because it matched the description. Based on the nature of the offense, the

unsecured scene, the timing of the conversation, and the content of the statements at issue, we

would be hard-pressed to find a situation more clearly revealing an ongoing emergency than the

one at issue here. See Bryant, 562 U.S. at 377-78; see also Clark, 576 U.S. at 245.

In his brief, Lopez directs our attention to the fact that Palacios stated Lopez had already

left the scene, and Lopez points to the general logic of Vinson, Mason, and Davis for the

proposition that statements made to an officer arriving at the scene are testimonial if the victim

and defendant are clearly separated by some amount of physical distance. See Vinson v. State, 252

S.W.3d 336, 341-42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (holding that the situation turned into a non-

emergency setting in which the responding officer was simply interviewing the victim where the

44
officer had removed the defendant from the residence and placed him in a patrol car prior to

interviewing the victim); Mason v. State, 225 S.W.3d 902, 911-12 (Tex. App. – Dallas 2007, pet.

ref’d) (holding that the victim’s statements to a responding officer were testimonial where: (1) the

officer interviewed the victim about the entire offense while she was standing at the doorway to

her residence; and (2) the officer then proceeded to the bedroom where the defendant had been

sleeping and interviewed him about the offense); Davis v. State, 268 S.W.3d 683, 705 (Tex. App.

– Fort Worth 2008, pet. ref’d) (holding that the victim’s statements to the responding officer were

testimonial primarily based on the fact that the criminal situation was not in progress where the

defendant had already left the scene at the time the officer arrived to speak to the victim). As an

initial matter, such logic would be inapposite here because Palacios was not the victim – in fact,

the officers did not know who was a victim upon their arrival. But in any case, the distinguishing

feature in Lopez’s cited cases is that the totality of the circumstances revealed, unequivocally, that

any criminal situation was no longer in progress and that no imminent danger was posed to the

declarant or the responding officer. By comparison, the situation here involved an emergency

situation with a yet-to-be-apprehended gunman who had fired multiple shots in an area occupied

by a large crowd. See Bryant, 562 U.S. at 376-77 (holding that the elicited statements at issue were

nontestimonial where police interrogation of the shooting victim had the primary purpose of

responding to the emergency of a roaming gunman).

Therefore, we hold that Palacios’ statements were nontestimonial because their primary

purpose was not to create an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony. See Clark, 576 U.S. at 245;

Bryant, 562 U.S. at 377-78; see also, e.g., Villanueva v. State, 576 S.W.3d 400, 405 (Tex. App. –

Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, pet. ref’d); Duchesneau v. State, Nos. 02-18-00321-CR, 02-18-00322-

45
CR, 2019 WL 2455619, at *2 (Tex. App. – Fort Worth June 13, 2019, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (cases holding that responses to preliminary questions by police at the

scene of a crime while police are assessing and securing the scene are generally not testimonial).

And the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Lopez’s Confrontation Clause

objection to Palacios’ statements because the statements did not implicate the Confrontation

Clause. See De La Paz, 273 S.W.3d at 680-81. For this reason, we overrule Lopez’s seventh and

final issue presented for review and need not address the State’s harmless-error argument on this

issue.

IV. CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

GINA M. PALAFOX, Justice

November 17, 2020

Before Alley, C.J., Rodriguez, and Palafox, JJ.

(Publish)

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