IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT
THE HONORABLE MIKE KELLY, SEAN : No. 68 MAP 2020
PARNELL, THOMAS A. FRANK, NANCY :
KIERZEK, DEREK MAGEE, ROBIN :
SAUTER, MICHAEL KINCAID, AND :
WANDA LOGAN :
:
:
v. :
:
:
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, :
PENNSYLVANIA GENERAL ASSEMBLY, :
HONORABLE THOMAS W. WOLF, KATHY :
BOOCKVAR :
:
:
APPEAL OF: COMMONWEALTH OF :
PENNSYLVANIA, HONORABLE THOMAS :
W. WOLF, KATHY BOOCKVAR :
CONCURRING STATEMENT
JUSTICE WECHT Filed: November 28, 2020
I join the Court’s order because I wholeheartedly agree that, whatever the merits
of Petitioners’ claims regarding the constitutionality of Act 77,1 their request for
retrospective relief as to the 2020 General Election is barred by the doctrine of laches. I
write separately to explain my view as to the limited relief available when courts are faced
with a wholesale challenge to the results of an election.
As today’s order aptly notes, “[l]aches is an equitable doctrine that bars relief when
a complaining party is guilty of want of due diligence in failing to promptly institute an
1 Act of October 31, 2019, P.L. 552, No. 77.
action to the prejudice of another.” Stilp v. Hafer, 718 A.2d 290, 292 (Pa. 1998) (citing
Sprague v. Casey, 550 A.2d 184, 187 (Pa. 1988); see also Costello v. United States, 365
U.S. 265, 282 (1961); cf. Sprague, 550 A.2d at 188 (“He who seeks equity must do
equity.”). Whether laches should apply is a fact-specific question to be determined case
by case. See Leedom v. Thomas, 373 A.2d 1329, 1332 (Pa. 1977). A respondent who
resorts to laches must establish two elements: First, the party must demonstrate a lack
of diligence on behalf of the claimant. In that regard, “[t]he test is not what the plaintiff
knows, but what he might have known by the use of the means of information within his
reach with the vigilance the law requires of him.” Taylor v. Coggins, 90 A. 633, 635 (Pa.
1914). Second, the respondent must show an “injury or material prejudice” resulting from
that delay. Gabster v. Mesaros, 220 A.2d 639, 641 (Pa. 1966).
Traditionally, “the defendant bears the burden to demonstrate that enforcing the
plaintiff’s rights would be inequitable under the circumstances.” Sernovitz v. Dershaw,
127 A.3d 783, 791 (Pa. 2015). In the context of a challenge to the results of an election,
however, due consideration must also be accorded to the rights of those voters who cast
ballots in good faith reliance upon the laws passed by their elected representatives. See
Hunter v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of Elections, 635 F.3d 219, 243 (6th Cir. 2011) (“To
disenfranchise citizens whose only error was relying on [state] instructions . . . [is]
fundamentally unfair.”). Given the impracticality of joining as essential parties the millions
of Pennsylvanians whose votes Petitioners seek to discard here, the judiciary must
consider their interests when balancing the equities. Cf. Delisle v. Boockvar, 234 A.3d
410, 411 (Pa. 2020) (per curiam) (Wecht, J., concurring) (“[I]t cannot be gainsaid that
there is no post hoc remedy sufficient to cure the arbitrary deprivation of the ‘right of
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suffrage,’ which ‘is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society.’” (quoting
Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 561-62 (1964)).2
Respondents’ recitations lay bare Petitioners’ want of diligence in this case.
Petitioners could have brought this action at any time between October 31, 2019, when
Governor Wolf signed Act 77 into law, and April 28, 2020, when this Court still retained
exclusive jurisdiction over constitutional challenges to it. See Act 77 § 13(2)-(3). The
claims then could have been adjudicated finally before the June primary, when no-excuse
mail-in voting first took effect under Act 77—and certainly well before the General
Election, when millions of Pennsylvania voters requested, received, and returned mail-in
ballots for the first time. Petitioners certainly knew all facts relevant to their present claims
during that entire period. Indeed, “the procedures used to enact [Act 77] were published
in the Legislative Journal and available to the public” since at least October 2019. See
Stilp, 718 A.2d at 294. Likewise, “[t]he provisions of the Constitution that the [General
Assembly] purportedly violated were also readily available.” See id. And yet, Petitioners
did nothing.3 Petitioner Wanda Logan ran and lost in a special election in February after
2 See also Richard L. Hasen, Beyond the Margin of Litigation: Reforming U.S.
Election Administration to Avoid Electoral Meltdown, 62 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 937, 998
(2005) (“Courts should see it as in the public interest in election law cases to aggressively
apply laches so as to prevent litigants from securing options over election administration
problems.”).
3 Even worse, at least one Petitioner actively encouraged his supporters to cast
mail-in ballots for him in his bid for Congress. See Ryan Deto, Sean Parnell is suing Pa.
over mail-in voting, even though he praised mail-in voting earlier this year, PITTSBURGH
CITY PAPER (Nov. 21, 2020), https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/sean-parnell-is-
suing-pa-over-mail-in-voting-even-though-he-praised-mail-in-voting-earlier-this-
year/Content?oid=18413927.
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certain aspects of Act 77 took effect.4 And not only she, but U.S. Representative Mike
Kelly and congressional candidate Sean Parnell also participated in the 2020 primary
elections under Act 77, as modified by Act 12,5 in June of this year.6 But it occurred to
none of them to challenge the constitutionality of Act 77 before then, or indeed before
participating in and contemplating the results of the 2020 General Election.
Because “[a]n election is the embodiment of the popular will, the expression of the
sovereign power of the people,” In re Wheelock’s Contested Election, 82 Pa. 297, 299
(1876), any request to invalidate its results must meet a high evidentiary threshold. See
Soules v. Kauaians for Nukolii Campaign Comm., 849 F.2d 1176, 1180 (9th Cir. 1988)
(“The voiding of a state election ‘is a drastic if not staggering’ remedy.”) (citation omitted).
Extraordinary claims demand extraordinary proof. To that end, it is well-settled that to
annul an election in this Commonwealth “requires proof of fraud or other unlawful
practices of such magnitude and so interwoven with the casting and counting of the votes
as to obviously deprive the election returns of all validity.” See Winograd v. Coombs, 20
A.2d 315, 316 (Pa. 1941); cf. Appeal of Zupsic, 670 A.2d 629, 638 (Pa. 1996); In re Ayre,
134 A. 477, 478 (Pa. 1926) (“To warrant throwing out the vote of an entire district[,] the
disregard of the law must be so fundamental as to render it impossible to separate the
lawful from the unlawful votes.”).
4 See Act 77 §§ 14, 15 (instructing that the Act “shall apply to elections held on or
after April 28, 2020,” but providing that all but two sections “shall take effect immediately”).
5 Act of March 27, 2020, P.L. 41, No. 12.
6 Parnell lost in the General Election to incumbent U.S. Representative Conor Lamb.
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Petitioners cannot carry their enormous burden. They have failed to allege that
even a single mail-in ballot was fraudulently cast or counted. Notably, these Petitioners
sought to intervene in a federal lawsuit in which the campaign of President Donald J.
Trump—an ostensible beneficiary of Petitioners’ efforts to disenfranchise more than one-
third of the Commonwealth’s electorate—explicitly disclaimed any allegation of fraud in
the conduct of Pennsylvania’s General Election. See Donald J. Trump for President, Inc.
v. Secretary Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, No. 20-3371 (3d Cir. Nov. 27, 2020), slip
op. at 2 (“[A]s [Trump Presidential Campaign] lawyer Rudolph Giuliani stressed, the
Campaign ‘doesn’t plead fraud. . . . [T]his is not a fraud case.’” (quoting Mot. To Dismiss
Hr’g Tr. 118:19-20, 137:18)). The absence of fraud allegations from this matter—not to
mention actual evidence of fraud—alone is fatal to Petitioners’ claims.
More importantly, though, there is no basis in law by which the courts may grant
Petitioners’ request to ignore the results of an election and recommit the choice to the
General Assembly to substitute its preferred slate of electors for the one chosen by a
majority of Pennsylvania’s voters. The United States Constitution’s Presidential Electors
Clause commands that “[e]ach State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature
thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and
Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress.” U.S. CONST. art. II,
§ 1, cl. 2. While the method of appointment varies somewhat by State,7 see McPherson
v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1, 25-26 (1892) (describing alternative “method[s] of appoint[ing]”
presidential electors), our General Assembly “direct[ed]” the “Manner” of appointing
7 Most notably, Maine and Nebraska allocate their electors by congressional district,
with the winner of the States’ popular vote receiving two additional “bonus” electors.
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Pennsylvania’s electors by popular vote nearly a century ago pursuant to its broad
lawmaking power.8
Unchanged since its enactment in 1937, Article XV of the Election Code9
prescribes the prevailing method of selecting the Commonwealth’s electors:
At the general election to be held in the year 1940, and every fourth year
thereafter, there shall be elected by the qualified electors of the
Commonwealth, persons to be known as electors of President and Vice-
President of the United States, and referred to in this act as presidential
electors, equal in number to the whole number of senators and
representatives to which this State may be entitled in the Congress of the
United States.
25 P.S. § 3191.10 The Code further describes the electors’ constitutional duties:
The electors chosen, as aforesaid, shall assemble at the seat of
government of this Commonwealth, at 12 o’clock noon of the day which is,
or may be, directed by the Congress of the United States,[11] and shall then
and there perform the duties enjoined upon them by the Constitution and
laws of the United States.
Id. § 3192 (emphasis added). Lastly, the Code outlines the electors’ power to replace a
member of their delegation due to that member’s death or “fail[ure] to attend at the seat
8 Significantly, among the first election laws adopted by our Legislature in October
1788, following the Commonwealth’s ratification of the U.S. Constitution the previous
December, was one providing for the popular election of presidential electors on a general
ticket with congressional representatives. See 1 THE DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF THE FIRST
FEDERAL ELECTIONS, 1788-1790 at 281, 299-302 (Merrill Jensen & Robert A. Becker, eds.,
1990).
9 Act of June 3, 1937, P.L. 1333, art. I, § 101, codified as amended at 25 P.S.
§§ 2600-3591.
10 As far as ascertaining the specific identities of the electors, the Code elsewhere
provides for their nomination by “[t]he nominee of each political party for the office of
President of the United States.” 25 P.S. § 2878.
11 Federal law provides that “[t]he electors of President and Vice President of each
State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in
December next following their appointment at such place in each State as the legislature
of such State shall direct.” 3 U.S.C. § 7. This year, electors shall meet in Harrisburg on
December 14, 2020.
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of government at the time appointed by law,” id. § 3193, and also establishes their
entitlement to a per diem to compensate for travel expenses, id. § 3194 (providing for “the
sum of three dollars for every day spent in traveling to, remaining at, and returning from
the place of meeting aforesaid, and . . . mileage at the rate of three cents per mile to and
from his home”).
Conspicuously absent from the Election Code are any mechanisms by which to
circumvent these procedures so as to permit the General Assembly to substitute its
preferred slate of electors for that “elected by the qualified electors of the
Commonwealth.” Id. § 3191. Thus, any effort to alter that “method of appointment,”
McPherson, 146 U.S. at 25, at this late stage would require the adoption of new law in
accordance with constitutional mandates, including presentment of the legislation to the
governor to sign or veto. See PA. CONST. art. III, § 9; Wolf v. Scarnati, 233 A.3d 679, 687
(Pa. 2020); cf. Smiley v. Holm, 285 U.S. 355, 367-68 (1932) (holding “that the exercise of
the authority” to regulate federal elections conferred upon state legislatures by the federal
Constitution “must be in accordance with the method which the state has prescribed for
legislative enactments,” including observance of “the veto power”); Arizona State
Legislature v. Arizona Indep. Redistricting Comm’n, 576 U.S. 787, 807-08 (2015).12
In any event, even if the Legislature were inclined to intervene, Petitioners’ efforts
would be futile with respect to the foregoing election regardless. Congress has declared
12 Moreover, taken to its logical end, Petitioners’ plea to “prohibit[] [Respondents]
from certifying the results of the General Elections which include mail-in ballots,” Pet. for
Review at 24, if accepted, necessarily would bar the certification of every election that
took place on November 3—including half of the Pennsylvania Senate, the full
membership of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (and Representative Kelly’s
own election to the United States House for that matter). Given the quorum quandary
such a move would precipitate, it is unclear how the General Assembly—whose members
are set to begin “[t]heir term of service” on December 1, PA. CONST. art. II, § 2—could
possibly be reconstituted in time to select an alternate slate of electors by the federal
“safe harbor” deadline of December 8, see 3 U.S.C. § 5, absent the election certifications
that Petitioners seek to block.
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that each State’s method “for its final determination of any controversy or contest
concerning the appointment of all or any of the electors of such State” must have been
established “by laws enacted prior to the day fixed for the appointment of the electors”—
i.e., before November 3, 2020. See 3 U.S.C. § 5 (emphasis added). Accordingly, to
persist in seeking to overturn the result of any election by legislative putsch is a fool’s
errand—and an arguably unconstitutional one at that. See PA. CONST. art. I, § 5
(“Elections shall be free and equal; and no power, civil or military, shall at any time
interfere to prevent the free exercise of the right of suffrage.”).
Having delayed this suit until two elections were conducted under Act 77’s new,
no-excuse mail-in voting system, Petitioners—several of whom participated in primary
elections under this system without complaint—play a dangerous game at the expense
of every Pennsylvania voter. Petitioners waived their opportunity to challenge Act 77
before the election, choosing instead to “lay by and gamble upon receiving a favorable
decision of the electorate.” Toney v. White, 488 F.2d 310, 314 (5th Cir. 1973) (en banc).
Unsatisfied with the results of that wager, they would now flip over the table, scattering to
the shadows the votes of millions of Pennsylvanians. It is not our role to lend legitimacy
to such transparent and untimely efforts to subvert the will of Pennsylvania voters.13
Courts should not decide elections when the will of the voters is clear.
13 See Koter v. Cosgrove, 844 A.2d 29, 33 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004) (“The continuing and
efficient operation of government is dependent upon the prompt resolution of election
contests. Our system depends upon the timely certification of a winner.”).
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