MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Nov 30 2020, 10:21 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Amy E. Karozos Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Public Defender of Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Meggan E. Smith Courtney Staton
Deputy Public Defender Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Melvin Sanders, November 30, 2020
Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No.
20A-PC-942
v. Appeal from the Allen Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Frances Gull,
Appellee-Respondent, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
02D04-1404-PC-52
Robb, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PC-942 | November 30, 2020 Page 1 of 24
Case Summary and Issues
[1] In 2012, Melvin Sanders pleaded guilty to murder and was sentenced to serve
sixty years in the Indiana Department of Correction (“DOC”). On direct
appeal, Sanders challenged his sentence, and this court affirmed. Sanders v.
State, No. 02A03-1206-CR-262 (Ind. Ct. App. Jan. 31, 2013). In 2014, Sanders,
pro se, filed a petition for post-conviction relief, and in 2018, Sanders, by
counsel, filed an amended petition. Following an evidentiary hearing, the post-
conviction court denied Sanders’ petition. Sanders now appeals and raises
three issues, which we consolidate and restate as: (1) whether the post-
conviction court erred in concluding Sanders was competent at the time he
pleaded guilty; and (2) whether the post-conviction court erred in determining
Sanders’ trial counsel was not ineffective. Concluding the post-conviction court
did not err in either respect and therefore, did not err in denying Sanders’
petition, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] We briefly summarized the underlying facts supporting Sanders’ conviction in
his direct appeal:
On September 7, 2011, Sanders got into an argument with his
cousin, Eric Robinson, at an apartment complex in Fort Wayne.
The two agreed to go downstairs and settle things. Sanders
armed himself with a knife, which he hid in the waistband of his
pants. Shortly after a fistfight began, Sanders stabbed Robinson
multiple times, causing injuries that resulted in Robinson’s death
on September 18, 2011.
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On November 3, 2011, the State charged Sanders with murder.
Id. at *1. Sanders was represented by Jeffrey Raff.
[3] A jury trial for Sanders and his co-defendant, Theopulus Gordon, was
scheduled to begin on May 1, 2012. On the morning of trial, after addressing
preliminary matters and before voir dire, Raff asked to approach the bench to
discuss “a plethora of newly discovered issues[.]” [T]ranscript of the Guilty
Plea Hearing at 11.1 Raff informed the trial court that Sanders indicated “he is
going to get up on the witness stand and testify that he is the one that did the
stabbing” and would likely claim self-defense and state that his co-defendant
was not involved. Id. at 12. The trial court agreed to give Raff and Sanders an
additional thirty minutes to speak before proceeding.
[4] After the two conferred, court reconvened and Raff asked Sanders, on the
record, whether it was his “intention to plead guilty to this murder” to which
Sanders responded, “Yeah. Yes sir.” Id. at 16-17. Raff questioned Sanders:
Mr. Raff: Is it your desire to enter a plea of guilty or to
proceed with our jury trial?
[Sanders]: Yes.
Mr. Raff: Which answer, which question are you answering,
do you want to plead guilty? I need to hear your
words.
[Sanders]: Guilty. Guilty. Guilty. Guilty. Guilty. Guilty.
1
Citation to the transcript of the guilty plea hearing is based on the .pdf pagination.
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Id. at 17. The trial court then placed Sanders under oath and questioned him to
determine whether his plea was being made freely and voluntarily. Sanders
indicated he had not been treated for any mental illness and did not suffer from
any mental or emotional disability. Notably, he indicated that he understood
all the rights he would be waiving by pleading guilty; that he would be found
guilty of murder and sentenced without a trial; and the penalties for such a
conviction. Sanders also swore that no one was forcing or causing him to plead
guilty and his guilty plea was his “own free and voluntary act[.]” Id. at 26.
Sanders then pleaded guilty.
[5] Before establishing the factual basis for his guilty plea, Sanders stated, “I just
want to apologize to Theopulus and the Gordon family and the (unintelligible
word) family and the Robinson family and myself and my momma and you.”
Id. at 27. Raff then questioned Sanders to establish the factual basis:
Mr. Raff: Were you with Mr. Robinson?
[Sanders]: Yes. Yes sir.
***
Mr. Raff: And you and Mr. Robinson . . . were in fact . . .
related, were you not?
[Sanders]: (Nodding in the affirmative). (Unintelligible
words).
Mr. Raff: And there was a beef, for lack of a better word you
got into a beef with him did you not?
[Sanders]: This is true.
***
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Mr. Raff: And you and he had had a relationship which
would best be described by friction. I mean over the
years you guys have been kind of edgy with each
other, is that a fair statement?
[Sanders]: I wouldn’t say that. . . . We have our days. . . . I
love ‘em. As far as what happened (defendant
crying) . . .
Mr. Raff: And you probably were not using your best of
judgment because for various reasons that night,
correct?
[Sanders]: Yeah. Yes.
Mr. Raff: And there got to be a time when you and Mr.
Robinson and another individual decided to go
downstairs to kind of settle things and I don’t know
what was meant by that. Is that right?
[Sanders]: No Theopulus Gordon didn’t have anything to do
with anything.
***
Mr. Raff: . . . But you and Mr. Robinson went downstairs
correct?
[Sanders]: Yes sir.
***
Mr. Raff: And you took a knife from the apartment with you
did you not?
[Sanders]: Yes.
Mr. Raff: And did it get to the point that you and Mr.
Robinson exchanged words?
[Sanders]: Yes.
***
Mr. Raff: And you stabbed him multiple times did you not?
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[Sanders]: Yes sir.
Mr. Raff: And did you know that your knife was in fact
injuring him? It happened very fast didn’t it.
[Sanders]: Yes.
Mr. Raff: And you know now that the stabbing that you
engaged in caused his death?
[Sanders]: Yes sir.
Id. at 27-30. The State also questioned Sanders. When asked whether it “was
you and you alone that stabbed . . . Robinson[,]” Sanders responded, “Yes” and
agreed he stabbed him multiple times. Id. at 31. Sanders also stated that after
the stabbing, he ran, subsequently returned to the scene, and hid the knife. At
one point during the questioning, Sanders testified that he was drunk during the
incident.
[6] The trial court asked, “Mr. Sanders you weren’t so drunk that you didn’t know
what you were doing did you?” to which Sanders responded, “I didn’t.” Id. at
33. When asked again whether he knew what he was doing, Sanders stated,
“No I didn’t. It wouldn’t have happened if I did. . . . If I was sober that would
never happen ever. I’m not blaming on the alcohol, I take my full responsibility
as a man today.” Id. at 33-34. Raff sought to clarify Sanders’ responses by
further questioning:
Mr. Raff: You knew what you were doing when you were up
in the apartment and took the knife correct?
[Sanders]: I didn’t know that was gonna happen though.
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Mr. Raff: No you didn’t know what was eventually going to
happen but you . . . intentionally got the knife from,
I assume the drawer or the counter of the apartment
correct?
[Sanders]: We was eatin’ pizza.
Mr. Raff: Yeah you were eating pizza so the knife was
associated with you eating the pizza right?
[Sanders]: Yes.
Mr. Raff: And when you got downstairs you showed off the
knife didn’t you?
[Sanders]: Yes.
Mr. Raff: I don’t know who you showed it to but you, you
know in fact that it’s all on video that you’re
flashing the knife to let somebody know that you’ve
got the knife?
[Sanders]: Yes.
Mr. Raff: And somewhere during the process you and Mr.
Robinson you were mixing it up, you grabbed that
knife[?]
[Sanders]: It . . . altercation, throw punches.
Mr. Raff: And you . . . he threw a punch and you threw a
knife right?
[Sanders]: No he threw a punch, I threw a punch, I couldn’t
take it and I stabbed him.
Mr. Raff: You got upset? You got upset with the punches?
[Sanders]: Correct.
Mr. Raff: Then you grabbed the knife?
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[Sanders]: Yes.
Mr. Raff: And you stabbed him?
[Sanders]: I didn’t want to end up like (unintelligible words).
Id. at 34-35. The State asked Sanders if he knew what he was doing and was
sorry for what he had done. Sanders responded, “Surely and (unintelligible
words) for what I did cause it not only affect me it affected my family.” Id. at
36. The parties accepted the factual basis. The trial court then accepted
Sanders’ guilty plea, finding that Sanders understood the nature of the charge
against him and the possible sentence; there was a factual basis for the plea; and
Sanders’ plea was made freely and voluntarily.
[7] A pre-sentence investigation report was prepared, which revealed that Sanders
has an eleventh grade education, receives social security disability for a learning
disability, suffers from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (“ADHD”) for
which he takes medication, and has a criminal history comprised of two
juvenile adjudications and one misdemeanor conviction as an adult. See [Prior
Case] Appellant’s Appendix [containing] Presentence Investigation Report at 5-
8.2
2
In 2007 and 2009, Sanders was adjudicated a delinquent child for acts that, if committed by an adult, would
constitute burglary, Class C and B felonies. In 2008, he was adjudicated a delinquent child for what would
constitute battery, a Class B misdemeanor, if committed by an adult. As an adult, in 2010, Sanders was
convicted of being a minor in possession of alcohol.
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[8] A sentencing hearing was held on May 31, 2012. During the hearing, Sanders
indicated he was satisfied with Raff’s representation and that he reviewed the
pre-sentence investigation report, and it was accurate. Raff asked the trial court
to recognize Sanders’ acceptance of responsibility by pleading guilty, which
“prevented [his co-defendant] from . . . the risk of a conviction for murder.”
Sentencing Hearing Transcript, Volume 1 at 6.3 The trial court entered
judgment of conviction for murder. Finding Sanders’ guilty plea and
acceptance of responsibility “fairly significant” mitigating factors and the nature
of the offense and Sanders’ criminal history aggravating factors, the trial court
sentenced Sanders to sixty years in the DOC. Id. at 17. Sanders appealed,
arguing his sentence was inappropriate under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), and
a panel of this court affirmed. See Sanders, No. 02A03-1206-CR-262 at *1-3.
[9] On April 16, 2014, Sanders, pro se, filed his petition for post-conviction relief.
On August 20, 2018, Sanders, by counsel, amended his petition and alleged:
(1) he was denied substantive due process when he was allowed to plead guilty
when he was incompetent; and (2) his trial counsel provided ineffective
assistance of counsel by failing to request a competency evaluation and hearing
prior to his guilty plea and by failing to investigate and present evidence of his
mental conditions and disability as mitigating factors. See Appendix to Brief of
Appellant, Volume II at 32-36.
3
Citation to the transcript of the sentencing hearing is based on the .pdf pagination.
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[10] Sanders subsequently retained Dr. James Cates, a psychologist, to evaluate his
developmental and intellectual abilities for purposes of his post-conviction relief
petition. Dr. Cates reviewed Sanders’ mental health and education records,
including social security disability records, and interviewed Sanders and
Sanders’ mother.
[11] An evidentiary hearing was held on August 2, 2019. At the hearing, Dr. Cates
testified that he met with Sanders twice for a total of four hours during which
he conducted an assessment to determine whether Sanders was competent to
plead guilty. At the time of the evaluation, Sanders was almost twenty-six
years old. Dr. Cates administered three cognitive tests: the MacArthur
Competence Assessment Tool4; the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth
4
Dr. Cates provided an explanation of this tool:
MacArthur is a standardized measure to understand competence or to assess competence.
It has three separate aspects. It assesses understanding, reasoning, and appreciation.
Understanding is the factual understanding of adjudication, of the jurisprudence process.
Reasoning is the ability to understand alternatives and give a rationale for the reason for
alternatives. And appreciation, then, is the Defendant’s ability to understand and
appreciate their own case and how that would move forward.
[PCR] Transcript, Volume 2 at 9.
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Edition (“WAIS 4”)5; and the Wide Range Achievement Test, 4th Edition.6
Dr. Cates determined Sanders was not competent at the time he pleaded guilty.
[12] The MacArthur tool assesses the defendant’s understanding, reasoning, and
appreciation of the jurisprudence process. Dr. Cates stated that Sanders has a
“very, very limited understanding of the actual process of adjudication in a
criminal setting” and “he had virtually no understanding or appreciation of
what was happening or why and what could realistically happen” in his post-
conviction case. [PCR] Transcript, Volume 2 at 9-10. Compared to the
understanding and appreciation portions, Sanders’ reasoning, however, “was an
area of strength, but he still lacks the ability to really be able to rationally
provide an understanding or logically move through information that he would
provide” to an attorney. Id. at 10. He explained, “in other words, [Sanders]
could understand what information was relevant and needed to provide to an
attorney; but [that] did not mean that he could then logically flesh it out or
provide further information to an attorney to give detail or to give an
understanding of how that information was useful.” Id.
[13] With respect to the WAIS 4, Dr. Cates testified that Sanders “achieved a full-
scale IQ of 55” placing him “in the extremely low range of intellectual
5
This scale “is a measure of intellectual functioning [and] looks at [a defendant’s] ability to function in
situations in which one would anticipate that he would be able to use skills that one would use in academic
settings, in any kind of setting where there’s going to need to be an analysis of information and an ability to
logically consider situations and respond with problem solving and decision making.” Id. at 10-11.
6
This test measures overall achievement in the areas of reading, written language, and math skills. See id. at
12.
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functioning[.]” Id. at 11. Dr. Cates stated “in and of itself with an IQ of 55 I
would not say that he is not competent to stand trial, but it would be a red flag
[that] there is a strong probability that he is not competent to stand trial.” Id.
And finally, Dr. Cates testified that Sanders’ Wide Range Achievement Test
revealed that Sanders performed at an early third-grade level in terms of sight
reading, written language, and math, and an early first-grade level for his actual
reading ability. This meant that Sanders was essentially “functionally
illiterate.” Id. at 12. In terms of competency, Dr. Cates opined that the results
were another “red flag” but stated “it doesn’t mean that he would not be
competent, but it’s another piece that suggests [Sanders] is going to have
significant difficulties understanding and processing what happens in a
courtroom setting.” Id.
[14] In addition, Dr. Cates’ written assessment was admitted into evidence. Of the
three cognitive tests performed, the MacArthur tool is the only one that
specifically compares a defendant’s score to a large group of defendants found
to be competent.7 Sanders’ percentile scores, compared to those found
competent, were 0.6 for Understanding, 14.9 for Reasoning, and 3.8 for
Appreciation. See [PCR] Exhibit, Volume 1 at 227.
[15] The results of the three cognitive tests were consistent with the documentation
Dr. Cates reviewed, as well as with an intellectual disability and his
7
Dr. Cates testified there were individual studies with small samples for the other two tests.
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observations of Sanders’ demeanor and behavior. Notably, Dr. Cates believed
that, a majority of the time, Sanders “had a fairly concrete understanding” of
what and how things were happening, meaning his understanding was
“[s]implistic, here and now, could not abstract ideas, could not understand
things in a more complex way.” [PCR] Tr., Vol. 2 at 13. Although he did not
do any neuropsychological testing, Dr. Cates believed Sanders had a major
neurocognitive disorder.8 Ultimately, Dr. Cates opined that Sanders was
incompetent at the time he pleaded guilty.
[16] Dr. Cates did not, however, ask Sanders about his understanding of the specific
facts of the original murder case because he believed it was “not germane to the
question of whether he was competent.” Id. at 17. He also did not interview
Raff or question Sanders about his ability to assist his attorney in the murder
case; he lacked specific knowledge about Sanders’ understanding or lack of
understanding of the facts of his original murder case. Dr. Cates explained that
the questions contained in the MacArthur tool assume a defendant is being
asked about current litigation; he could modify the questions but would risk
potentially invalidating the measure and therefore the results, so he chose not
to.
8
Dr. Cates interviewed Sanders’ mother and learned Sanders had prenatal syphilis for which he was treated
after birth. Sanders also consumed plaster paint chips containing lead as a child, which possibly caused his
learning disability.
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[17] Raff also testified at the hearing. He explained that when an individual is
assigned a public defender, the investigator for the public defender’s office
conducts an initial interview and compiles notes into a memo, which are
included in the client’s file. The memo was admitted into evidence and
indicated that Sanders had ADHD and an eleventh-grade education; he
understood the probable cause affidavit; and he refused to discuss the case with
the investigator. See [PCR] Exhibits, Vol. 1 at 230. The police reports attached
to the memo indicated Sanders told responding law enforcement officers he was
unable to read or write, he had been a special education student, and he did not
understand his rights. Raff testified that, prior to Sanders’ guilty plea, the
information contained in the memo was all he knew about Sanders’ mental
health. See [PCR] Tr., Vol. 2 at 25. Raff did not request any records regarding
Sanders’ intellectual function, education, or mental health. When asked why
he did not request any mental health records, Raff stated:
I was satisfied, from my conversations with Mr. Sanders, that he
understood what was going on, whether – my conversations
seemed to be productive with him. I didn’t feel that I needed,
prior to trial, to do a background check. As long as he could
communicate with me, understood what we were talking about, I
was satisfied. This was not a situation where I felt that he . . .
didn’t understand the proceedings. [I]f I had gotten th[at]
sense[,] I would have proceeded to have him examined, but I
didn’t have anything before me that indicated that he did not
understand what was going on or what we were talking about.
Id. at 29. Raff stated he “had no reason to have [Sanders] evaluated” by a
mental health professional. Id. at 33.
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[18] Raff testified that prior to Sanders’ sentencing hearing, he reviewed the pre-
sentence investigation report. He did not request additional documentation.
And when asked about mitigating factors in the case, Raff believed the primary
mitigating factor was Sanders’ acceptance of responsibility and the fact that his
co-defendant avoided a conviction for what Sanders admitted to.
[19] On March 26, 2020, the post-conviction court issued an order denying Sanders’
petition and concluding, in pertinent part:
Evidence tending to establish that [Sanders] was competent when
he entered his guilty plea includes his extensive statements at the
guilty plea hearing expressing understanding of his rights, the
charge, the proceeding, and the facts; Attorney Raff’s recollection
that [Sanders] was able to communicate with him and
understood the charges and the nature of the proceedings; and
[Sanders’] ability to “recognize relevance and evaluate
alternatives” as observed by Dr. Cates. Evidence tending to
establish that [Sanders] was not competent includes his low
general level of intellectual abilities and functioning, not shown
to have any ascertainable relation to the concrete and specific
abilities needed for competency; his poor performance on the
Understanding and Appreciation portions of the MacArthur
[tool]; and Dr. Cates’s conclusion that [Sanders] was not
competent to plead guilty, founded upon his limited general
abilities and largely poor test performance rather than upon any
specific determination of whether [Sanders] understood the facts,
charges, and proceedings in his murder case and was able to
communicate about those matters with attorney Raff. [Sanders]
has fallen far short of proving by a preponderance of the evidence
that he was not competent to plead guilty.
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Appealed Order at 20-21, ¶ 7. The post-conviction court also concluded that
Sanders’ counsel was not ineffective for failing to seek a competency evaluation
and hearing or by failing to present evidence of a mental health condition as a
mitigating factor. Sanders now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as
necessary.
Discussion and Decision
I. Post-Conviction Standard of Review
[20] Sanders appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief. Post-
conviction proceedings are civil in nature and the petitioner must therefore
establish his claims by a preponderance of the evidence. Ind. Post-Conviction
Rule 1(5). “Post-conviction proceedings do not afford the petitioner an
opportunity for a super appeal, but rather, provide the opportunity to raise
issues that were unknown or unavailable at the time of the original trial or the
direct appeal.” Turner v. State, 974 N.E.2d 575, 581 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans.
denied. On appeal, a petitioner who has been denied post-conviction relief faces
a “rigorous standard of review.” Dewitt v. State, 755 N.E.2d 167, 169 (Ind.
2001). To prevail, the petitioner must show that the evidence as a whole leads
unerringly and unmistakably to a conclusion opposite that reached by the post-
conviction court. Hall v. State, 849 N.E.2d 466, 469 (Ind. 2006). When
reviewing the post-conviction court’s order denying relief, we will “not defer to
the post-conviction court’s legal conclusions,” and the “findings and judgment
will be reversed only upon a showing of clear error—that which leaves us with a
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definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Humphrey v. State,
73 N.E.3d 677, 682 (Ind. 2017) (quoting Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 729 N.E.2d 102,
106 (Ind. 2000), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 830 (2001)). The post-conviction court is
the sole judge of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of witnesses.
Fisher v. State, 810 N.E.2d 674, 679 (Ind. 2004).
II. Competence to Plead Guilty
[21] Sanders first argues his “guilty plea was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary
because he was incompetent at the time of his plea[.]” Brief of Appellant at 19.
We disagree.
[22] A guilty plea constitutes a waiver of constitutional rights; therefore, the
defendant’s decision to plead guilty must be knowing, voluntary, and
intelligent. Barber v. State, 141 N.E.3d 35, 44 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020), trans. denied.
A defendant cannot voluntarily and intelligently waive his constitutional rights
if he is not sufficiently competent to do so. Suldon v. State, 580 N.E.2d 718, 720
(Ind. Ct. App. 1991), trans. denied. The standard for competency to plead guilty
is the same standard as competency to stand trial, namely “whether the
defendant has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a
reasonable degree of rational understanding and has a rational as well as factual
understanding of the proceedings against him.” Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389,
396, 399 (1993) (internal quotations omitted). Accordingly, a defendant is not
competent to stand trial when he is unable to understand the proceeding and
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assist in the preparation of his defense. Ind. Code § 35-36-3-1(a); Barber, 141
N.E.3d at 42.
[23] In this case, the post-conviction court concluded that evidence tending to
establish Sanders’ competence at the time he pleaded guilty included his
“extensive statements at the guilty plea hearing expressing his understanding of
his rights, the charge, the proceeding, and the facts[,]” Raff’s testimony, and Dr.
Cates’ testimony that Sanders’ recognized relevance and could evaluate
alternatives. Appealed Order at 20-21, ¶ 7.
[24] First, at the guilty plea hearing, Sanders affirmed under oath that he had not
been treated for mental illness, did not suffer from a mental or emotional
disability, and that he understood his rights and the penalties for a murder
conviction. He also acknowledged his guilty plea was his own free and
voluntary act. With respect to establishing the factual basis for his plea, we
acknowledge that occasionally Sanders’ responses were confusing and required
counsel to clarify with follow up questions. However, Sanders clearly stated
that he stabbed Robinson multiple times, his co-defendant was not involved,
and he was sorry for his actions.
[25] Second, Raff’s testimony at the post-conviction evidentiary hearing also tends
to establish Sanders’ competence. Raff testified that Sanders communicated
with him and understood what was going on. Their conversations were
productive, and Raff testified, “This was not a situation where I felt that he . . .
didn’t understand the proceedings.” [PCR] Tr., Vol. 2 at 29. Based on his
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interactions with Sanders, Raff had no reason to question Sanders’ competency.
And finally, although Dr. Cates testified that Sanders performed low in every
portion of the MacArthur tool, his performance in the reasoning portion, which
“is the ability to understand alternatives and give a rationale for the reason for
alternatives[,]” was better than the other portions. Id. at 9. This meant that
Sanders was able to understand what information was relevant and needed to
be provided to his attorney but “did not mean that he could then logically flesh
it out or provide further information to an attorney to give detail or to give an
understanding of how that information was useful.” Id. at 10.9 Dr. Cates also
testified that he did not ask Sanders about his original murder case and
therefore, he lacked specific knowledge about Sanders’ understanding of the
facts of the murder case.
[26] This evidence in the record tends to establish that Sanders was competent at the
time he pleaded guilty, namely that he had the “ability to consult with his
lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding” and a rational and
“factual understanding of the proceedings against him.” Godinez, 509 U.S. at
396.
[27] Other evidence in the record does tend to show that Sanders was incompetent.
There is no question that Dr. Cates’ opinion that Sanders was incompetent
9
Dr. Cates’ written assessment revealed Sanders had the ability to reason, “or recognize relevance and
evaluate alternatives. While this is essential to his ability to assist counsel, he demonstrated a concretized
cognitive process” meaning he was able to distinguish relevant and irrelevant facts and accurately evaluate
alternatives. [PCR] Exhibit, Vol. 1 at 228.
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when he pleaded guilty, which was formed via a retrospective evaluation,
supports this conclusion. Throughout Dr. Cates’ testimony at the evidentiary
hearing, he identified several “red flags” that supported his determination,
including Sanders’ poor performance on the MacArthur tool and his low
intellectual ability. Sanders argues that the post-conviction court, in reaching
its conclusion, “erroneously discounted this evidence and concluded that other
evidence outweighed it[.]” Br. of Appellant at 21. He also claims the post-
conviction court “discounted the significance of [his] performance on the
understanding and appreciat[ion] portions of the MacArthur” tool and gave
Raff’s testimony undue weight under the law. Id. at 22, 26. But in essence,
Sanders’ arguments are a request for this court to reweigh the evidence, which
we cannot do. Fisher, 810 N.E.2d at 679.
[28] Sanders asserts that all the evidence leads unerringly and unmistakably to the
conclusion that he was incompetent when he pleaded guilty. Given the
evidence in the record tending to show his competence, Sanders cannot meet
the rigorous burden of demonstrating that the evidence leads unerringly and
unmistakably to a conclusion that he was incompetent. Therefore, the post-
conviction court did not err in reaching its conclusion.
III. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
[29] Sanders claims the post-conviction court erred in concluding his trial counsel
was not ineffective when he did not request a competency evaluation prior to
allowing him to plead guilty and for failing to investigate and present evidence
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of his mental conditions and disability as mitigating factors. We conclude
Sanders has failed to meet his burden of proving ineffective assistance.
[30] The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees a criminal
defendant the right to counsel and mandates “that the right to counsel is the
right to the effective assistance of counsel.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 686 (1984). Generally, to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel a petitioner must demonstrate both that his counsel’s performance was
deficient and that the petitioner was prejudiced by the deficient performance.
French v. State, 778 N.E.2d 816, 824 (Ind. 2002) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at
687, 694). A counsel’s performance is deficient if it falls below an objective
standard of reasonableness based on prevailing professional norms. Id. To
meet the test for prejudice, the petitioner must show that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. Id. A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Perez v. State,
748 N.E.2d 853, 854 (Ind. 2001). Failure to satisfy either prong will cause the
claim to fail. French, 778 N.E.2d at 824.
[31] When we consider a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we apply a
“strong presumption . . . that counsel rendered adequate assistance and made
all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment.”
Morgan v. State, 755 N.E.2d 1070, 1073 (Ind. 2001). “[C]ounsel’s performance
is presumed effective, and a defendant must offer strong and convincing
evidence to overcome this presumption.” Williams v. State, 771 N.E.2d 70, 73
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PC-942 | November 30, 2020 Page 21 of 24
(Ind. 2002). Counsel has wide latitude in selecting trial strategy and tactics,
which we afford great deference. Ward v. State, 969 N.E.2d 46, 51 (Ind. 2012).
And isolated poor strategy or bad tactics do not necessarily amount to
ineffective assistance of counsel. Whitener v. State, 696 N.E.2d 40, 42 (Ind.
1998).
[32] Here, the evidence Sanders presented at the post-conviction hearing does not
lead unerringly and unmistakably to the conclusion that his trial counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness with regard to
investigating Sanders’ competence or mental health issues. In support of his
argument, Sanders points to the “red flags” retrospectively identified by Dr.
Cates and the information contained in the memo to Raff. He contends that his
“intellectual functioning is such that a reasonable attorney should have
questioned his competency based on his interactions” with him and it should
have been obvious to Raff that he was unable to understand the legal process or
assist in his defense. Br. of Appellant at 29.
[33] Raff testified that he had no reason to question Sanders’ competency or mental
health. Although the information available to him indicated that Sanders had
an eleventh-grade education, suffered from ADHD, could not read or write,
received social security disability benefits, and told police he was mentally
deficient, Raff was satisfied with the productive conversations he had with
Sanders. Raff reasoned, “The fact that [Sanders] says he can’t read, [and
receives] public assistance may or may not be a factor [regarding competence],
but they’re not overwhelming factors. They’re very common factors [and] it . . .
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PC-942 | November 30, 2020 Page 22 of 24
boil[s] down to does he understand what’s going on here, not whether or not
he’s had a bad background or had some issues or some educational problems or
. . . ADHD problems.” [PCR] Tr., Vol. 2 at 32-33. He stated Sanders
communicated with him and understood what was going on and therefore, he
never questioned Sanders’ competency.
[34] We note that the Chronological Case Summary indicates that Sanders appeared
before the trial court at least seven times for various hearings prior to trial. See
[Prior Case] Appellant’s Appendix at 5-10. And there is no evidence in the
record that Sanders’ competency was questioned during those earlier hearings
nor is there evidence that Sanders’ competency was questioned in his previous
encounters with the justice system. Aside from the note in the memo and the
pre-sentence investigation report indicating that Sanders had ADHD and a
learning disability, there was no evidence to indicate he suffered from any
mental health issues. Ultimately, based on his interactions with Sanders and
the evidence before Raff at the time, we conclude there was nothing to put Raff
on notice that Sanders might need a competency evaluation or that he had a
mental health condition that impaired his ability to communicate with his
counsel or understand the proceedings. Therefore, Raff’s failure to seek a
competency evaluation for Sanders or present mental health or disabilities as a
mitigating factor does not constitute deficient performance.
[35] Sanders has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Raff’s
performance was deficient in failing to investigate his competence and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PC-942 | November 30, 2020 Page 23 of 24
therefore, we need not address whether Sanders was prejudiced. See French, 778
N.E.2d at 824.
Conclusion
[36] The evidence presented at the post-conviction hearing does not lead unerringly
and unmistakably to the conclusion that Sanders was incompetent at the time
he pleaded guilty or that his trial counsel was ineffective. Therefore, the post-
conviction court properly denied Sanders’ petition for post-conviction relief.
Accordingly, we affirm.
[37] Affirmed.
Crone, J., and Brown, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-PC-942 | November 30, 2020 Page 24 of 24
Melvin Sanders v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion