[Cite as State v. Doss, 2020-Ohio-5510.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 109235
v. :
SANFORD D. DOSS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: December 3, 2020
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-19-638751-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Eben McNair, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
John F. Corrigan, for appellant.
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J.:
Sanford Doss appeals his conviction for two counts of aggravated
vehicular homicide, one count of aggravated vehicular assault, and one count of
operating a vehicle while intoxicated — all arising from Doss’s decision to drive a
pickup truck while having a blood-alcohol concentration over three times the legal
limit, which resulted in the death of two victims and serious injury to another in a
vehicle that Doss violently collided with when he failed to stop at a red light. Before
the collision, Doss was driving 86 m.p.h. on a surface street with a 35-m.p.h. speed
limit, and was estimated to be traveling 50-60 m.p.h. at the moment of impact.
At the scene of the accident, after ascertaining that Doss was the
driver of the vehicle that ran the red light, the responding officer noticed that Doss
was visibly intoxicated and seemed confused when attempting to answer basic
biographical questions. According to the responding officer, when Doss first
indicated he was the driver of the other vehicle involved in the collision, “he had
glassy, watery eyes, a strong odor of an alcoholic beverage coming from his person,
and at times his speech was mumbled and confused and slurred.” Doss admitted to
consuming at least one shot of whiskey before driving. Based on Doss’s appearance
and voluntary statement, and the nature of the accident itself, the officer indicated
that he would have to conduct the field sobriety tests, to which Doss consented. Doss
failed the field sobriety tests and was arrested and transported to a nearby hospital
for a medical evaluation.
Doss ultimately pleaded no contest to the indictment after the trial
court denied Doss’s motion to suppress the results of the blood-alcohol
concentration test conducted during his medical evaluation. After merging the
applicable offenses, the trial court sentenced Doss to a minimum aggregate term of
16 years, with the maximum term of 19.5 years (the court imposed 7-year minimum
prison sentences on each of the aggravated vehicular homicide counts, 2 years on
the aggravated vehicular assault count, and 6 months on the operating a vehicle
while intoxicated count, although only the latter was not imposed consecutively).
In the first assignment of error, Doss claims that his no contest plea
to aggravated vehicular assault under R.C. 2903.08(A)(1)(a) was not voluntarily
entered because the trial court failed to inform Doss of the mandatory nature of the
prison sentence at the second change-of-plea hearing. In the first change-of-plea
hearing, the trial court informed Doss that the penalty on the aggravated vehicular
assault count was a prison term ranging up to five years in six-month increments.
Under R.C 2903.08(D)(1), some term of imprisonment is mandatory. The trial
court, however, generally advised that prison would not be mandatory on the “felony
offenses.” After the change-of-plea hearing, the trial court realized that it incorrectly
informed Doss of the maximum sentence on a qualifying felony under R.C. 2929.144
—the then newly enacted sentencing law providing for a minimum and maximum
indefinite term of imprisonment on qualifying felony offenses. At the second
change-of-plea hearing, the trial court outlined the terms of imprisonment related
to all offenses, including the qualifying felony offenses under R.C. 2929.144.
Although the trial court again spoke in general terms with respect to the felony
offenses during that colloquy, the prosecutor specifically asked the trial court to
clarify the sentence that could be imposed on the aggravated vehicular assault count
— to which the court stated that the sentence potential was “five years.” The trial
court ultimately imposed a two-year prison term on that count. Further, as Doss
concedes in his appellate briefing, there was no question that a prison sentence was
being imposed upon his plea even at the time of the change-of-plea hearing — also
demonstrated by the fact that Doss’s trial counsel never even attempted to seek a
community-control sanction during the sentencing hearing.
“When a defendant enters a plea in a criminal case, the plea must be
made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.” State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525,
527, 1996-Ohio-179, 660 N.E.2d 450. The standard of review for determining
whether a plea was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary within the meaning of
Crim.R. 11 is substantial compliance for nonconstitutional issues and strict
compliance for constitutional issues. State v. Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d 106, 108, 564
N.E.2d 474 (1990), citing State v. Stewart, 51 Ohio St.2d 86, 92-93, 364 N.E.2d 1163
(1977). “Substantial compliance means that under the totality of the circumstances
the defendant subjectively understands the implications of his plea and the rights he
is waiving.” Nero. When challenging a guilty plea based on the trial court’s lack of
substantial compliance, a defendant must also show a prejudicial effect — that the
plea would not have been otherwise entered but for the error. State v. Clark, 119
Ohio St.3d 239, 2008-Ohio-3748, 893 N.E.2d 462, ¶ 32, citing Nero at 108.
Doss’s entire argument with respect to his pleading no contest to
aggravated vehicular assault arguably rests on a technical error in the process, but
not one that affected his decision-making process. As he concedes, it was a foregone
conclusion shared by all parties that Doss was going to be sentenced to prison after
pleading no contest to the indictment. At no time during the change-of-plea or
sentencing process did Doss ever voice any indication that he thought a community-
control sanction would be imposed instead of a prison sentence for any of the
offenses. On this point, State v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83395, 2004-Ohio-
1796, is instructive.
In Smith, the trial court failed to inform the offender of the mandatory
nature of a sentence during the change-of-plea process. Id. at ¶ 8-10. Despite this
oversight, the panel concluded that the offender never held the belief that
community control would be an option. Id. According to the Smith court, “the mere
fact that the court failed to specifically notify the offender that he was ineligible for
anything but a prison sentence, is not ‘fatal unless the record clearly indicates that
the defendant was unaware that he would be sent to prison upon a plea of guilty and
he was prejudiced by that fact.’” Id. at ¶ 11, citing Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d at 108, and
State v. Stewart, 51 Ohio St.2d 86, 364 N.E.2d 1163 (1977). Further, the Smith court
concluded that the offender’s statements in sentencing demonstrated that he was
aware of the fact that a prison sentence would be imposed such that there was no
indication that the offender entered the plea with any notion that a term of
community control could be imposed. Id.
In this case, Doss concedes that the totality of the circumstances
indicates that he was aware that a term of imprisonment would be imposed upon
his entering a no contest plea. At no point during the change-of-plea or the
sentencing hearing did Doss ever demonstrate a belief that a term of community
control would be imposed on any of the counts surviving merger, and more
important, the court expressly warned Doss that a five-year prison term was
applicable to the aggravated vehicular assault count. In addition, the trial court
never informed Doss of the possibility of community control or explained what that
would entail upon which Doss’s ability to render an informed decision as to pleading
no contest could have been compromised. Nothing distinguishes this case from
Smith, and thus, we reach the same conclusion.
Doss’s reliance on State v. Tutt, 2015-Ohio-5145, 54 N.E.3d 619 (8th
Dist.), is therefore, misplaced. In that case, similarly involving the failure to notify
the offender of the mandatory prison term associated with some of the counts at
issue, the panel concluded that the offender was “unaware of the full extent of the
penalties associated with his no contest pleas” based on the totality of the
circumstances because “the defendant ‘could not have subjectively understood that
he was subject to a mandatory prison term on the robbery charge.’” Id. at ¶ 32, 34.
This conclusion is in harmony with the analysis used in Smith. In light of our
conclusion that Doss was subjectively aware of the fact that the term of
imprisonment would be imposed upon the no contest plea under a totality of the
circumstances and because Doss was expressly warned that a possible five-year
prison term was applicable to the aggravated vehicular assault count, Tutt is not
applicable. The first assignment of error if overruled.
In the remaining assignments of error, Doss claims the trial court
erred in denying his motion to suppress because the state failed to demonstrate that
the field sobriety test was conducted in compliance with the applicable standards,
that officers lacked probable cause to arrest Doss because the state failed to prove
he caused the accident or committed a traffic infraction, or because Doss’s consent
to the blood draw at the hospital was not voluntary. None of Doss’s claims has merit.
“Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question
of law and fact.” State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d
71, ¶ 8. With regard to factual determinations, “[a]n appellate court must accept the
trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence.”
State v. Hawkins, 158 Ohio St.3d 94, 2019-Ohio-4210, 140 N.E.3d 577, ¶ 16, citing
State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). “But the appellate
court must decide the legal questions independently, without deference to the trial
court’s decision.” Id., citing Burnside at ¶ 8.
Although the state must demonstrate by clear and convincing
evidence that the field sobriety tests were conducted in accordance with the
applicable testing standard in order for the results to be admissible in court under
R.C. 4511.19(D)(4), Doss did not contest the admissibility of the field sobriety tests
at the suppression hearing, much less in his motion to suppress and the supplement
thereto. His sole claim with respect to the failure to adhere to testing standards was
limited to the blood draw taken at the hospital after Doss was arrested. The trial
court did not resolve whether the field sobriety tests were conducted in substantial
compliance with the applicable regulations, and we therefore will not consider that
issue for the first time on appeal. In State v. Codeluppi, 139 Ohio St.3d 165, 2014-
Ohio-1574, 10 N.E.3d 691, the offender’s motion to suppress alleged that the officer
failed to conduct field sobriety tests in substantial compliance with NHTSA
guidelines as required by R.C. 4511.19(D)(4)(b) and the Ohio Supreme Court found
this sufficient to identify the issues the defendant was raising. Id. at ¶ 13. Thus, the
issue was deemed to have been preserved for review and the matter was remanded
to the trial court for consideration. Id. However, by “failing to file a motion to
suppress illegally obtained evidence, a defendant waives any objection to its
admission.” State v. Osie, 140 Ohio St.3d 131, 2014-Ohio-2966, 16 N.E.3d 588,
¶ 136, quoting State v. Campbell, 69 Ohio St.3d 38, 44, 1994-Ohio-492, 630 N.E.2d
339. At the minimum, based on the combination of Codeluppi and Osie, a defendant
needs to identify that the suppression of evidence in a case involving the operation
of a vehicle while intoxicated in part depends on the officer’s substantial compliance
with the field sobriety testing standards in order to preserve the issue for further
review.
In this case, Doss failed to object to the admissibility of the field
sobriety results in his motion to suppress and, in part, claimed that he actually
passed the tests that were administered for the purposes of demonstrating that the
police officers lacked probable cause to arrest him and conduct the blood draw. The
focus of the suppression motion was on the blood draw and whether the officers had
a reasonable, articulable suspicion warranting the administration of the field
sobriety tests that Doss consented to undergo — an issue that Doss has not raised in
this appeal. Parma Hts. v. Dedejczyk, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97664, 2012-Ohio-
3458, ¶ 29, citing State v. Evans, 127 Ohio App.3d 56, 62, 711 N.E.2d 761 (11th
Dist.1998) (outlining what is considered reasonable suspicion to conduct a field
sobriety test). It is for this reason, and contrary to the argument presented in this
appeal, that the record contains little information on the applicable testing
standards — those standards were not at issue during the suppression hearing. See,
e.g., State v. Osborne, 11th Dist. Lake Nos. 2018-L-124, 2018-L-125, and 2018-L-
126, 2019-Ohio-3235, ¶ 69. Doss has waived any challenges to the admissibility of
the field sobriety tests.
Accordingly, we need not consider Doss’s claim that there was no
probable cause to arrest him at the scene of the collision. Probable cause to arrest is
based on “‘whether at that moment the facts and circumstances within [the officer’s]
knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information were
sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the [arrestee] had committed
or was committing an offense.’” Cleveland v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107257,
2019-Ohio-1525, ¶ 26, quoting Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91, 85 S.Ct. 223, 13 L.Ed.2d
142 (1964). In this case, the responding officer testified that Doss was visibly
intoxicated, had trouble answering basic questions, and performed poorly on the
field sobriety tests. There was probable cause to arrest Doss for operating a vehicle
while intoxicated that directly led to his causing the horrific accident. See, e.g., id.
And finally, we summarily find no merit to Doss’s claim as to the
exclusion of the blood-alcohol concentration result based on the notion that the
blood-draw procedure occurred before his consent was delivered. Doss claims that
his written consent was procured, as portrayed in the body camera video, while the
nurse can be seen handling the blood samples in the background. According to the
officer’s testimony, there were two written consent forms executed, the Bureau of
Motor Vehicle’s Form 2255, as well as the hospital’s own consent form. There is no
dispute that Doss signed both. His sole claim, presented in a cursory manner, is that
the forms were signed after the blood sample was procured and that for the written
consent to be valid, it cannot be coerced pursuant to Schneckloth v. Bustamonte,
412 U.S. 218, 233, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973). There is no indication as
to the basis of Doss’s belief that his consent was coerced. App.R. 16(A)(7).
The officer testified that he procured Doss’s consent for the blood
draw three minutes before the hospital employee obtained the blood sample. Even
if we agreed with Doss that the memorialization of that consent occurred
immediately after the blood draw according to the video evidence, the nurse who
procured the blood sample expressly testified that Doss’s consent to the procedure
was communicated before it was conducted. A motion to suppress presents a mixed
question of law and fact. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797
N.E.2d 71. Appellate courts defer to the trial court’s factual findings. Id. In this
case, the trial court concluded that Doss timely consented to the blood draw based
on the officer’s and the nurse’s testimony of the timing, and at a minimum ratified
that consent by executing the consent forms. We cannot conclude the trial court
erred in finding that Doss consented to the blood draw for the purpose of deeming
the results of the blood-alcohol concentration test to be admissible.
We affirm the convictions.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s
conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case
remanded to the trial court for execution of sentence.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
___________________________________
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, PRESIDING JUDGE
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J., and
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR