UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-4526
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
ANTHONY DEPREE SMITH, a/k/a Straight,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
Wilmington. Malcolm J. Howard, Senior District Judge. (7:18-cr-00016-H-1)
Submitted: October 30, 2020 Decided: December 7, 2020
Before WYNN, THACKER, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Murdoch Walker, II, Joshua Sabert Lowther, Katryna Lyn Spearman, LOWTHER |
WALKER, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellant. Robert J. Higdon, Jr., United States
Attorney, Jennifer P. May-Parker, Assistant United States Attorney, Evan M. Rikhye,
Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Anthony Depree Smith appeals his jury conviction for conspiracy to possess with
intent to distribute 280 grams or more of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(b)(1)(A) and 846, and his resulting 360-month sentence. He argues that (1) the
evidence at trial was insufficient to support his conviction, (2) his sentence is substantively
unreasonable because it is greater than necessary to fulfill the purposes of sentencing, and
(3) trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to request a jury instruction
regarding multiple conspiracies. We affirm.
I.
Smith argues that, although the indictment charged him with a single conspiracy,
the facts at trial established multiple smaller conspiracies, creating a material variance
between the indictment and the trial evidence. We review de novo the denial of a motion
for judgment of acquittal. United States v. Zelaya, 908 F.3d 920, 925 (4th Cir. 2018),
cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 855 (2019). Where a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence to support a jury verdict, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Government and will sustain the verdict if it is supported by substantial evidence.
United States v. Savage, 885 F.3d 212, 219 (4th Cir. 2018).
“[A] variance occurs when the evidence at trial establishes facts materially different
from those alleged in the indictment.” United States v. Kennedy, 32 F.3d 876, 883
(4th Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks omitted). In the conspiracy context, a defendant
may establish that a material variance occurred “by showing that the indictment alleged a
single conspiracy but that the government’s proof at trial established the existence of
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multiple, separate conspiracies.” Id. “[T]rial evidence is sufficient to establish a single
conspiracy where the conspirators are shown to share the same objectives, the same
methods, the same geographic spread, and the same results.” United States v. Smith, 451
F.3d 209, 218 (4th Cir. 2006).
“It is of course elementary that one may be a member of a conspiracy without
knowing its full scope or all its members.” United States v. Banks, 10 F.3d 1044, 1054
(4th Cir. 1993). Moreover, “it is not necessary to proof of a conspiracy that it have a
discrete, identifiable organizational structure.” Id. Although several of Smith’s co-
conspirators testified that they did not deal with Smith directly, they knew of his role in the
organization. A conspiracy with multiple hierarchical levels is still a single conspiracy,
and we conclude that sufficient evidence supports Smith’s conviction.
II.
Next, Smith argues that his sentence is substantively unreasonable because (1) the
aggregate drug quantity attributed to him significantly overstated the seriousness of his
crime, (2) he did not take advantage of his father’s age, and (3) there is an unwarranted
disparity between his sentence and those of his co-conspirators. “We review the
reasonableness of a sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) using an abuse-of-discretion
standard, regardless of ‘whether [the sentence is] inside, just outside, or significantly
outside the [Sentencing] Guidelines range.’” United States v. Nance, 957 F.3d 204, 212
(4th Cir. 2020) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007)). We first consider
“whether the district court committed any procedural error, such as improperly calculating
the Guidelines range, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, or failing to adequately
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explain the chosen sentence.” Id. “If [we] find[] no significant procedural error, [we] then
consider[] the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed.” United States v.
Arbaugh, 951 F.3d 167, 172 (4th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted),
cert. denied, __ S. Ct. __, 2020 WL 5883437 (Oct. 5, 2020); see also United States v.
Provance, 944 F.3d 213, 215 (4th Cir. 2019) (“[W]e review the sentence for procedural
reasonableness before addressing whether it is substantively reasonable.”).
“When considering the substantive reasonableness of a prison term, we examine the
totality of the circumstances to see whether the sentencing court abused its discretion in
concluding that the sentence it chose satisfied the standards set forth in
§ 3553(a).” Arbaugh, 951 F.3d at 176 (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Gall, 552 U.S. at 59-60 (recognizing that appellate court must give “due deference
to the [d]istrict [c]ourt’s reasoned and reasonable decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on the
whole, justified the sentence”). We presume that a sentence within or below the Guidelines
range is substantively reasonable. Zelaya, 908 F.3d at 930. A defendant can only rebut
the presumption “by showing that the sentence is unreasonable when measured against the
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors.” United States v. Louthian, 756 F.3d 295, 306
(4th Cir. 2014).
On appeal, Smith does not assert any procedural error, and our review leads us to
conclude that his sentence is procedurally reasonable. Moreover, Smith fails to rebut the
presumption that his below-Guidelines sentence is substantively reasonable. Smith’s
Guidelines range as appropriately calculated was life imprisonment. Taking Smith’s first
two arguments together—eliminating the quantity of cocaine base attributed to Smith from
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sales prior to 2013 and eliminating the enhancement for involving his father in the crime—
would have yielded a Guidelines range of 360 months to life imprisonment. The district
court imposed a sentence at the low end of this more favorable Guidelines range, explaining
that it based its downward departure in part on Smith’s father’s role in introducing Smith
to drug trafficking at a young age. Smith may believe that his arguments should have
warranted a greater variance than he received, but we “defer[] to the [d]istrict [c]ourt’s
reasoned . . . decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on the whole, justified the sentence.” Gall,
552 U.S. at 59-60.
Next, Smith argues that there is an unwarranted sentencing disparity between him
and his co-conspirators, rendering his sentence substantively unreasonable. Although
district courts are to consider disparities in sentencing when imposing a sentence,
see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6), we have expressed doubt whether “a defendant may . . .
challenge a sentence on the ground that a co-conspirator was sentenced differently.”
United States v. Goff, 907 F.2d 1441, 1446-47 (4th Cir. 1990) (collecting cases),
superseded on other grounds by U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual app. C amend. 508.
Moreover, § 3553(a)(6) is aimed primarily at eliminating national sentencing inequity, not
differences between the sentences of co-conspirators. United States v. Withers, 100 F.3d
1142, 1149 (4th Cir. 1996) (“To base a defendant’s sentence on a co-conspirator’s sentence
is a short-sighted approach which ignores the Guidelines’ attempt to eliminate unwarranted
sentencing disparities nationwide.”). Also noteworthy is the fact that the comparators to
whom Smith points were not similarly situated. Thus, sentencing disparities here are
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expected and appropriate. We therefore conclude that Smith fails to rebut the presumption
of reasonableness afforded his below-Guidelines sentence.
III.
Turning to Smith’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim, such a claim is
cognizable on direct appeal “only where the record conclusively establishes ineffective
assistance.” United States v. Baptiste, 596 F.3d 214, 216 n.1 (4th Cir. 2010). A defendant
should instead raise ineffective assistance claims in a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion, to permit
sufficient development of the record. See Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504-06
(2003). As discussed above, the evidence at trial established the existence of a single
conspiracy. The record therefore does not conclusively establish that trial counsel provided
ineffective assistance by not moving for a multiple conspiracies instruction.
Accordingly, we affirm the criminal judgment. We dispense with oral argument
because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this
court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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