People v. Waite CA6

Filed 12/9/20 P. v. Waite CA6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE, H046785
(Santa Cruz County
Plaintiff and Respondent, Super. Ct. No. 18CR06376)

v.

DOC C. WAITE,

Defendant and Appellant.

Following a trial, a jury found defendant Doc C. Waite guilty of assault with a
deadly weapon (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1))1 (count 1), assault by means of force
likely to produce great bodily injury (§ 245, subd. (a)(4)) (count 2), and trespass by
entering and occupying property (§ 602, subd. (m) [hereafter 602(m)]) (count 3). The
trial court sentenced defendant to a total prison term of two years.
On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred by (1) admitting over
objection, photographic evidence of a prior assault victim’s injuries; and (2) failing to
give the correct instruction for the crime charged in count 3, a violation of section 602.1,
subdivision (a) (hereafter 602.1(a)). Citing People v. Dueñas (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th
1157 (Dueñas), defendant also claims ineffective assistance of counsel based on his
counsel’s failure to object on due process grounds to the imposition of a court operations
assessment (§ 1465.8, subd. (a)(1)), a court facilities assessment (Gov. Code, § 70373,

1
All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
subd. (a)(1))—sometimes called the criminal conviction assessment—and a restitution
fine (§1202.4, subds. (b), (c)) due to his inability to pay.
We find no reversible error. Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment.
I
Evidence
Prosecution’s Case-in-Chief
R.E. testified that he was a deacon in his church, the Watsonville Seventh Day
Adventist Church. The church held services on Saturdays. R.E. attended services there
every weekend.
At trial, R.E. stated that people were not allowed to sleep or stay on church
grounds and that sanitation and safety concerns were the reasons for the unwritten policy.
The church had had issues with homeless people making fires, going to the bathroom,
leaving trash and needles, and camping out on its property. On average, the deacon had
had to ask someone to leave once a week. In connection with those requests, there had
never been an assault, prior to the incident with defendant. R.E. usually referred people
to the Salvation Army, where his wife and he volunteered once a month.
On Saturdays, R.E., who had keys to the church building, arrived at the church
between 8:10 a.m. and 8:20 a.m. to open it up. Church services began at 9:30 a.m.
Generally, the deacon did “a quick walk-around” and picked up debris. People
sometimes parked there on Friday nights and left their “drinking containers on the
ground.” He routinely cleaned up the front entrance and the stairwell, removed leaves
that had accumulated there, and made sure the heaters were on.
Prior to October 6, 2018, R.E. had become familiar with defendant but did not
know his name. Approximately five months before October 6, 2018, in the early
evening, R.E. had found defendant camped out in a corner of the church under the eaves.
His belongings were alongside his bedding. There were blankets, clothes, and open food
containers. On that occasion, the deacon had told defendant that he could not stay there.

2
Defendant had responded that the pastor had given him permission to stay. According to
R.E., the pastor never gave permission to stay to people and had in fact asked him to deal
with issue of people staying or sleeping on church grounds.
When R.E. discovered defendant at the church the next evening, R.E. again told
defendant that could not stay there. After R.E. discovered defendant at the church on the
third evening, R.E. warned defendant that he was going to return at 3:00 a.m., and
defendant said that he would be gone. When R.E. returned at 3:00 a.m., defendant was
still there. Defendant told R.E. that he would be gone by 5:00 a.m. R.E. warned that the
police would be involved if defendant was still there at 5:00 a.m. When R.E. returned at
5:00 a.m., defendant was gone.
Subsequently and before October 6, 2018, R.E. once saw defendant in the church’s
lobby as he came out of the bathroom. R.E. had never seen defendant in the church’s
worship area.
When R.E. arrived at the church on October 6, 2018, he discovered defendant near
the church steps. R.E. recognized defendant from their prior interactions. Defendant had
possessions on the ground; some of his belongings were in a Target shopping cart. R.E.
saw a lot of clothes and trash. R.E. told defendant that he could not stay there and
suggested that he go to the Salvation Army. Defendant indicated that he could not follow
its rules, and R.E. responded that the church had rules and he could not stay. At this
point, defendant seemed to be getting agitated.
At trial, R.E. testified that he looked away from the defendant and turned his body
to point out all the trash. R.E. felt something hit him in the head and a sharp pain; he
thought he was going to pass out. R.E. heard a “clunk” and “the sound of metal hitting
the cement.” When he looked, he saw a pipe. Defendant then charged him “like a
football player” and ran him into a wall. Defendant pinned R.E. against a railing, which
resulted in some bruising to R.E.’s back. With his right hand, defendant grabbed R.E.’s
groin and squeezed, causing pain to R.E.

3
 R.E. “grabbed [defendant’s] t-shirt and put it partly over his head, whirled him
around and ran him into the bushes.” R.E. picked up the pipe and said, “[I]t’s your turn
now.” But R.E. did not hit defendant with the pipe. Instead, R.E. told defendant that he
was calling the police. Defendant replied, “[G]ood luck, they’re not gonna do anything.”
R.E. went into the church and called 911. The 911 call was played for the jury.
At trial, R.E. testified that defendant was wearing glasses during the incident and
that the injuries to defendant’s face were from the hedge or bush. R.E. indicated that he
never punched or hit defendant in the face. R.E. also stated that during his interaction
with defendant, he never fell to the ground or hit his head on the stairs or a railing.
R.E. spoke with Officer Martinez when the officer arrived. In his brief recorded
statement to police, which was played for the jury, R.E. described a different chronology.
He indicated that defendant first charged him, he then threw defendant in the bushes, and
then defendant hit him in the back of his head with a metal pipe. At trial, R.E. agreed
that his recorded statement seemed to indicate that defendant had charged him twice, but
R.E. recalled being charged only once. During that recorded interview, one of the
officers stated that R.E. had a big knot on his head, but R.E. declined an ambulance. At
trial, R.E. explained the discrepancies, stating that by the time of recording, his “head
was really hurting” and he “got things mixed up.”
Efren Martinez, an officer with the City of Watsonville, testified that on
October 6, 2018, he received a dispatch and responded to the Seventh Day Adventist
Church in less than three minutes. The officer saw a white, adult male exiting a
driveway; the man was wearing a backpack and a black jacket and pushing a shopping
cart. The male matched the description given by the 911 caller and provided by the
dispatcher. The officer detained defendant and placed defendant in his patrol vehicle.
As Officer Martinez was parking in the church’s parking lot, R.E., who was
holding a metal pipe, approached the officer. R.E. handed the pipe to Officer Martinez

4
and told the officer that he had been struck with it. The officer saw that R.E. had a head
injury, which was consistent with being struck with the metal pipe.
At trial, it was Officer Martinez’s recollection that he almost immediately turned
on his audio recorder. R.E. had mentioned his head pain. Officer Martinez had
photographed R.E.’s head injury, which he said was located toward the top of R.E.’s
head. Based on the injury’s location and his training and experience, Officer Martinez
concluded that the head injury was inconsistent with a fall.
Defense Case
Defendant testified in his own behalf. Defendant indicated that R.E. was the
aggressor and that he “was standing by the cart putting [his] things away when [R.E.]
approached screaming and hollering and threatening [him.]” According to defendant,
R.E. said, “Your kind ain’t supposed to be here.” Defendant claimed that R.E. “jumped
up on” him and stomped on his feet and broke one of his toes. Defendant testified that
R.E. began swinging with his fists and knocked out one of defendant’s teeth. Defendant
claimed that R.E. landed three or four blows and that he blocked several other blows.
According to defendant, a scratch on his face was the result of R.E. hitting him with his
fist. Defendant professed that he had felt threatened and a need to defend himself.
According to defendant, R.E. grabbed his shirt, pulled it over his head, and repeatedly hit
him with something. Defendant acknowledged that R.E. had thrown him into the bushes
and that he had pushed R.E. into the wall. Defendant claimed that R.E. had stumbled and
tripped on the steps and hit his head on a railing. Defendant admitted that the metal pipe
belonged to him but claimed not to have used it against R.E.
On cross-examination, defendant claimed that he had “had [his] stuff out of the
cart in a nice orderly fashion basically, and [he] was sitting down on the blankets. He
conceded that he had told police that he had “bedded down” at the church but had been
up before he—i.e., R.E.—was there. At trial, defendant claimed that “bedding down” did
not mean sleeping or camping.

5
 On cross-examination, defendant acknowledged that six months before the
incident for which he was now being prosecuted, in an earlier Monterey County case, he
had pleaded guilty or no contest to another violation of section 245. But he claimed to
have acted in self-defense. Defendant said that he was attacked by two people with a
baseball bat at a grave site at a cemetery where he took care of graves. Defendant
acknowledged that a separate assault took place later at the wharf in Monterey County,
but he said that “the original attack was at the cemetery.” He explained that the man
involved in the later assault at the wharf had “sent two people after [him] with a baseball
bat.” Defendant testified that after the incident at the wharf, he left the area.
At trial, defendant was shown photographs of the other man involved in the wharf
incident. Defendant admitted that the man’s facial bleeding reflected in the first
photograph was the result of defendant slapping his face three times. Defendant claimed
that the man already had the leg injury shown in the second photograph, even though the
photograph showed a bloody knee and blood dripping down a leg. According to
defendant, the other man had “start[ed] screaming and hollering at [defendant] and [had]
jumped up and told [defendant] to stay away from a certain young lady, and [the man]
[had] grabbed his crutch and swung [it] at [defendant].” Defendant explained that he had
slapped the man in the face and then he had taken the man’s crutch “away from him and
pinned him to the ground.”
The two photographs (exhibits 18 & 19) were admitted into evidence. Before
admitting them, the trial court noted the defense’s prior objections and overruled them.
Also admitted into evidence were documents showing that on May 1, 2018, defendant
had pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor assault by means of force likely to produce
great bodily injury (§ 245, subd. (a)(4)).
Prosecution’s Rebuttal
The person who had been the pastor of the Watsonville Seventh Day Adventist
Church from August 2007 until September 2018 testified that the church had a consistent

6
policy disallowing camping or loitering on its property. While he was pastor, he had
spoken with the church’s deacons about “universally applying the policy” because it was
an ongoing issue.
The pastor had previously seen defendant camping or loitering on the church
grounds. He was familiar with defendant, and he had seen defendant on the property
when he was not attending services three or more times. On more than one occasion, the
pastor had observed defendant in the back entrance’s alcove area, which provided an
“attractive spot for a person looking for someplace to sleep out of the rain or weather.”
Defendant had a lot of personal items with him, including blankets and food containers.
On more than one occasion, the pastor had informed defendant that he could not camp on
church property. However, once when it was raining, the pastor had given him
permission to stay until the rain stopped, which was supposed to happen in a couple of
hours. Generally, when individuals were “hanging out” on the church property with their
belongings “during times other than services,” they were informed that the church could
not “accommodate them on [its] property.” The pastor stated that people who were
transient or homeless were welcome to attend church services, and the pastor recalled
seeing defendant at services a couple of times.
R.E. was recalled as a rebuttal witness. R.E. testified that he had never said to
defendant, “ ‘We don’t want your kind here?’ ” He had never stomped on defendant’s
feet. R.E. stated that he had never hit his head on the railing or the steps.
The prosecution called Police Officer Bradley Holden as a rebuttal witness.
Officer Holden testified that at approximately 8:00 a.m. on April 21, 2018, he had
interacted with defendant at San Carlos Cemetery in Monterey. At that point, defendant
had no injuries indicating that he had been in a fight. Later that day, the officer
responded to the report of a fight at Fisherman’s Wharf. At 3:41 p.m., Officer Holden
contacted the victim, a panhandler whom the officer knew from prior interactions. The
officer testified that upon arriving at the scene, he observed that the victim had “swelling

7
to the nose and cheek area” and “a severe laceration across his nose,” which “appeared to
be fresh,” was “actively bleeding,” and “required medical attention.” The victim had also
sustained a severe “laceration to his right leg just below the knee,” which was “fresh,”
“actively bleeding,” and “required medical attention.” Officer Holden had taken
photographs of the victim, two of which had been admitted into evidence. The officer
testified that the victim was transported to the hospital.
II
Discussion
A. Admission of Photographic Evidence for Impeachment
1. Background
In a motion in limine, the prosecution sought a ruling that defendant’s prior
misdemeanor conviction of a violation of section 245, subdivision (a)(4), and the conduct
underlying the conviction, would be admissible to impeach defendant if he testified. In
the event that defendant elected to testify, the prosecution intended to prove his prior
misdemeanor conduct through the testimony of Officer Holden and a certified copy of his
prior conviction from Monterey County.
The defense also brought a motion in limine to exclude evidence of his prior
conviction. The defense first argued that misdemeanor convictions were not admissible
for purposes of impeachment. The defense also asserted that the evidence of defendant’s
prior offense was more prejudicial than probative and should be excluded under Evidence
Code section 352. Lastly, the defense argued that even if the trial court determined that
evidence of defendant’s prior conviction was admissible to impeach him, the trial court
should exclude photographs of the injuries sustained by the victim of that crime on the
ground that they were irrelevant to defendant’s credibility.
At the hearing on the motions in limine, the trial court expressed its understanding
that the victim of defendant’s prior misdemeanor conduct was not available. Following
argument, the trial court indicated that it had conducted an Evidence Code section 352

8
analysis, and it ruled that evidence of the prior misdemeanor conviction was relevant and
admissible to impeach defendant at trial. As to the photographs of the injuries sustained
by the victim of the prior offense, the trial court performed a separate Evidence Code
section 352 analysis and found that the photographs were not “graphic” and did not
“shock the conscience by any means.” The court found that the photographs were more
probative than prejudicial, although not “significantly,” and that their admission would
not be time consuming or confusing to the jury. While the trial court questioned whether
it would be necessary to admit three photographs, the court determined that “in all
likelihood a photograph [would] be allowed in” if defendant testified.
At trial, out of the presence of the jury, the trial court confirmed on the record that
the defendant had objected to the three photographs under Evidence Code section 352,
and trial court had overruled the objection as to two photographs and excluded the third
as duplicative.
2 Admission of Photographs of Assault Victim Not an Abuse of Discretion
a. Relevancy
On appeal, defendant argues the evidence of the prior assault victim’s injuries
should not have been admitted because those injuries were irrelevant to his credibility at
trial. Defendant further asserts that even if those injuries were theoretically relevant to
his credibility, “[i]t was an abuse of discretion to admit any evidence regarding [the prior
victim’s] injuries because the prosecutor did not establish that the injuries depicted in
Exhibits 18 and 19 were inflicted by [him].”
When defendant was shown those photographs at trial, he admitted attacking the
victim at the wharf, and he admitted causing the victim’s facial injuries depicted in one
photograph. He also admitted that he had pleaded no contest or guilty to misdemeanor
assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury. The trial court did not
abuse its discretion in finding that the photographic evidence of the injuries sustained by
the victim of defendant’s misdemeanor misconduct was relevant and admissible for

9
purposes of impeachment. (See Evid. Code, §§ 210, 351; People v. Wheeler (1992) 4
Cal.4th 284, 295-296 (Wheeler); see also People v. Castro (1985) 38 Cal.3d 301, 314-315
(plur. opn. of Kaus, J.) (Castro).)
Castro determined that “a witness’ moral depravity of any kind has some
‘tendency in reason’ (Evid. Code, § 210) to shake one’s confidence in his honesty.”2
(Castro, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 315.) “[M]oral turpitude” is a general readiness to do evil,
even if dishonesty is not involved. (See id. at pp. 314-315.)
In Wheeler, the California Supreme Court made clear that “[m]isconduct involving
moral turpitude may suggest a willingness to lie [citations], and this inference is not
limited to conduct which resulted in a felony conviction.” (Wheeler, supra, 4 Cal.4th at
pp. 295-296.) The court stated that “if past criminal conduct amounting to a
misdemeanor has some logical bearing upon the veracity of a witness in a criminal
proceeding, that conduct is admissible, subject to trial court discretion, as ‘relevant’
evidence under [California Constitution, article I,] [former] section 28[, subd.] (d).” 3 (Id.

2
California Constitution, article I, section 28, subdivision (f)(4), states: “Use of
Prior Convictions. Any prior felony conviction of any person in any criminal proceeding,
whether adult or juvenile, shall subsequently be used without limitation for purposes of
impeachment or enhancement of sentence in any criminal proceeding. When a prior
felony conviction is an element of any felony offense, it shall be proven to the trier of fact
in open court.” In Castro, a plurality of the court held that “subject to the trial court’s
discretion [to exclude evidence] under [Evidence Code] section 352,” California
Constitution, article I, former subdivision (f) (now (f)(4)) “authorizes the use of any
felony conviction which necessarily involves moral turpitude, even if the immoral trait is
one other than dishonesty.” (Castro, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 306.) Castro indicated that “a
witness’ prior [felony] conviction should only be admissible for impeachment if the least
adjudicated elements of the conviction necessarily involve moral turpitude.” (Id. at
p. 317.)
3
California Constitution, article I, section 28, subdivision (f)(2) (former (d)),
provides in pertinent part: “Right to Truth-in-Evidence. Except as provided by statute
hereafter enacted by a two-thirds vote of the membership in each house of the
Legislature, relevant evidence shall not be excluded in any criminal proceeding . . . .
Nothing in this section shall affect any existing statutory rule of evidence relating to
privilege or hearsay, or Evidence Code Sections 352, 782 or 1103.” In Castro, the

10
at p. 295.) It recognized that “in proper cases, nonfelony conduct involving moral
turpitude should be admissible to impeach a criminal witness.” (Ibid.)
In criminal proceedings, the “Right to Truth-in-Evidence” provision of the
California Constitution—California Constitution, article I, section 28, subdivision (f)(2)
(former (d))—“abrogates Evidence Code section 787’s prohibition on admission of
specific instances of misconduct that are ‘relevant only as tending to prove a trait of [a
witness’s] character.’ (Evid. Code, § 787.)” (People v. Dalton (2019) 7 Cal.5th 166, 214
(Dalton).) “Evidence of circumstances underlying a conviction is admissible to impeach
credibility if the proponent demonstrates that the evidence has ‘any tendency in reason’
to disprove credibility. (Evid. Code, § 210; see ibid. [defining relevant evidence as
‘having any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action’ including ‘evidence relevant to the
credibility of a witness’]; Evid. Code, § 780 [‘the court or jury may consider in
determining the credibility of a witness any matter that has any tendency in reason to
prove or disprove the truthfulness of his [or her] testimony at the hearing . . .’].)” (Ibid.)
An assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury is a crime of
moral turpitude. (See People v. Elwell (1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 171, 177; cf. People v.
Hinton (2006) 37 Cal.4th 839 [a conviction of assault with a firearm denotes moral
turpitude and is therefore admissible for impeachment]; People v. Armendariz (1985) 174
Cal.App.3d 674, 681-682 [a conviction of assault with a deadly weapon involves moral
turpitude within the meaning of Castro].) “A witness may be impeached with any prior
conduct involving moral turpitude whether or not it resulted in a felony conviction,
subject to the trial court’s exercise of discretion under Evidence Code section 352.”
(People v. Clark (2011) 52 Cal.4th 856, 931, fn. omitted.) The extent of the injuries

Supreme Court held that the “Right to Truth-in-Evidence” provision “as well as due
process, forbids the use of convictions of felonies which do not necessarily involve moral
turpitude.” (Castro, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 306; see id. at p. 314.)

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suffered by a victim of aggravated assault may be relevant—i.e., have some “tendency in
reason” (Evid. Code, § 210)—to circumstantially show the extent of force exerted in such
assaultive conduct and, hence, the degree of moral turpitude associated with the conduct.
On appeal, defendant does not suggest that a misdemeanor conviction of assault
by means of force likely to produce great bodily is not a crime of moral turpitude; that his
prior assaultive misconduct underlying that conviction did not involve moral turpitude;
that the evidence of that underlying misconduct was irrelevant; or that documentary
evidence of his misdemeanor conviction constituted inadmissible hearsay (see Evid.
Code, § 1200).4 Rather, defendant argues that evidence of his prior misdemeanor
misconduct “did not strongly demonstrate moral turpitude” and was only marginally
relevant. This argument goes to the issue whether the probative value of the
photographic evidence was outweighed by undue prejudice under Evidence Code
section 352, rather than the question of relevance.
Under the Evidence Code, “[n]o evidence is admissible except relevant evidence”
(Evid. Code, § 350), but “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by statute, all relevant evidence
is admissible.” (Evid. Code, § 351.) “The trial court has broad discretion in determining

4
In the 1992 Wheeler decision, the Supreme Court also concluded that “the fact of
conviction of a misdemeanor remains inadmissible under traditional hearsay rules when
offered to prove that the witness committed misconduct bearing on his or her
truthfulness.” (Wheeler, supra, 4 Cal.4th 284, 288.) It held that “evidence of a
misdemeanor conviction, whether documentary or testimonial, is inadmissible hearsay
when offered to impeach a witness’s credibility.” (Id. at p. 300, fn. omitted.) Evidence
Code section 452.5 was enacted subsequent to Wheeler (see Stats.1996, ch. 642, § 3), and
it has been understood by some appellate courts as establishing a statutory hearsay
exception for certified official records of conviction. (See People v. Duran (2002) 97
Cal.App.4th 1448, 1460-1461; see also People v. Thompkins (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 365,
412; People v. Lopez (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1508, 1522, fn. 8.) In a 2006 opinion, the
California Supreme Court said, “Misdemeanor convictions themselves are not admissible
for impeachment, although evidence of the underlying conduct may be admissible subject
to the court’s exercise of discretion. (Wheeler, supra, 4 Cal.4th at pp. 297-300.)”
(People v. Chatman (2006) 38 Cal.4th 344, 373.) However, Chatman did not consider
Evidence Code section 452.5.

12
the relevance of evidence [citations] but lacks discretion to admit irrelevant evidence.
[Citations.]” (People v. Carter (2005) 36 Cal.4th 1114, 1166-1167.) “A trial court has
‘considerable discretion’ in determining the relevance of evidence. [Citation.]” (People
v. Merriman (2014) 60 Cal.4th 1, 74 (Merriman).)
As defendant asserts, actual injury is not an element of the offense of assault by
means of force likely to produce great bodily injury. (See § 245, subd. (a)(4); see also
People v. Rodriguez (1998) 17 Cal.4th 253, 261 [former § 245]; People v. Richardson
(1972) 23 Cal.App.3d 403, 410-411[former § 245]; CALCRIM No. 875 [“No one needs
to actually have been injured by defendant’s act.”].) Nevertheless, the trial court acted
within its sound discretion in determining the photographs were relevant for
impeachment. It could have reasonably concluded that the photographs would assist the
jury in evaluating the degree of moral turpitude associated with defendant’s prior
assaultive conduct.
b. Exercise of Discretion under Evidence Code section 352
Defendant argues that even if the evidence of the prior victim’s injuries was
relevant, the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence because it was
more prejudicial than probative and should have been excluded under Evidence Code
section 352. He asserts that the misdemeanor misconduct provides little assistance to a
jury in assessing credibility and there was a “high” risk that “the jury would use evidence
of the injuries to conclude [that defendant had] a violent character.” Defendant also
claims that the evidence of the prior victim’s injuries was “inflammatory and evoked an
emotional bias against [him].” He contends that “it is reasonably probable that absent the
evidence, he could have been acquitted.”
“Trial courts retain discretion to exclude . . . evidence [of circumstances
underlying a conviction that is relevant to impeach credibility] under Evidence Code
section 352 ‘if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its
admission will . . . necessitate undue consumption of time or . . . create substantial danger

13
of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.” (Dalton, supra, 7
Cal.5th at p. 214.) However, “the test for prejudice under Evidence Code section 352 is
not whether the evidence in question undermines the defense or helps demonstrate guilt,
but [it] is whether the evidence inflames the jurors’ emotions, motivating them to use the
information, not to evaluate logically the point upon which it is relevant, but to reward or
punish the defense because of the jurors’ emotional reaction. [Citation.]” (People v.
Valdez (2012) 55 Cal.4th 82, 145.) In this context, “ ‘prejudice’ does not mean damage
to a party’s case that flows from relevant, probative evidence.” (People v. Cortez (2016)
63 Cal.4th 101, 128.) Rather, the term “refers to evidence that poses an intolerable risk to
the fairness of the proceedings or reliability of the outcome. [Citation.]” (People v.
Booker (2011) 51 Cal.4th 141, 188.)
“ ‘During the guilt phase, there is a legitimate concern that crime scene
photographs . . . can produce a visceral response that unfairly tempts jurors to find the
defendant guilty of the charged crimes.” (People v. Box (2000) 23 Cal.4th 1153, 1201,
disapproved on another ground by People v. Martinez (2010) 47 Cal.4th 911, 948,
fn. 10.) However, “[t]he trial court has broad discretion over the admission of
photographs that are alleged to include disturbing details. [Citations.]” (People v. Caro
(2019) 7 Cal.5th 463, 502 [autopsy photos were not unduly prejudicial].) We have
reviewed the photographs of the prior assault victim. They were quite unremarkable, not
shocking or grisly.
As suggested by defendant, “[i]n general, a misdemeanor--or any other conduct
not amounting to a felony--is a less forceful indicator of immoral character or dishonesty
than is a felony.” (Wheeler, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 296; see People v. Lightsey (2012) 54
Cal.4th 668, 714 [“evidence of [a witness’s] misdemeanor conduct—striking her ex-
husband with a rock during a dispute—[did] not strongly demonstrate moral turpitude,
i.e., a ‘ “general readiness to do evil” ’ [citation]”].) Nevertheless, “[a]n appellate court
reviews a [trial] court’s rulings regarding relevancy and admissibility under Evidence

14
Code section 352 for abuse of discretion. [Citation.] We will not reverse a court’s ruling
on such matters unless it is shown ‘ “the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary,
capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.”
[Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Merriman, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 74).) Defendant has not
demonstrated that the trial court manifestly abused its discretion in admitting the
photographs over an Evidence Code section 352 objection.
Moreover, even assuming for the sake of argument that the trial court abused its
discretion in admitting the photographs of the prior victim’s injuries, reversal is not
warranted. (See Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13 [“No judgment shall be set aside . . . on the
ground . . . of the improper admission . . . of evidence . . . unless . . . the error complained
of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice.”].) First, since jury was aware that defendant
was convicted of that prior assault, there is no reasonable basis to fear that the jury might
have convicted him in this case for past, unpunished misconduct. Second, as we have
indicated, the photographs were not gruesome or particularly disturbing. We have no
concern that the photographs would evoke an overly emotional or irrational response
from the jurors in deciding defendant’s guilt. Third, the jury was told by the court and
defense counsel that the photographs could be used only to evaluate defendant’s
credibility.5 “We presume the jury followed the trial court’s instruction absent evidence
to the contrary. [Citation.]” (People v. Fayed (2020) 9 Cal.5th 147, 192.)

5
The trial court expressly instructed the jurors as follows: “If you find that a
witness has committed a crime or other misconduct, you may consider that fact only in
evaluating the credibility of the witness’s testimony. The fact that a witness may have
committed a crime or other misconduct does not necessarily destroy or impair a witness’s
credibility. It is up to you to decide the weight of that fact and whether that fact makes
the witness less believable.” With respect to the prior assault, defense counsel told the
jury: “[Y]ou can consider this evidence to determine [defendant’s] credibility, his
honesty or lack thereof. But what you can’t do is you can’t use this evidence for
propensity, for character. What I mean by that is you can’t look at this evidence and say,
well, he did it back then, he did it again. The law is very clear about that. This is for a
limited purpose. It’s only to weigh a person’s credibility, not his character.” If defense

15
 It is not reasonably probable that defendant would have been acquitted of assault
with a deadly weapon had the photographs of the prior assault victim been excluded.
(See People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 [“[A] ‘miscarriage of justice’ should be
declared only when [it] is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the
appealing party would have been reached in the absence of the error.”], 837 [“[M]ere
possibilities” are not sufficient.].)
B. Alleged Instructional Error as to Count 3
Defendant argues that the trial court erred by giving the incorrect instruction with
respect to count 3 of the information. He asserts that his failure to object does not forfeit
a claim of instructional error consisting of a failure to instruct on all elements of an
offense and that trial court’s erroneous instruction was not harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt under Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18.6 (See People v. Rivera (2019) 7

counsel had been truly concerned that the photographs might cause the jurors to think that
defendant was bad person or had a propensity for violence, she could have asked for a
further limiting instruction. (See Evid. Code, § 355; cf. CALCRIM No. 375.)
6
As part of his claim of instructional error, defendant also contends that the trial
court erred by denying the defense’s section 1118.1 motion (judgment of acquittal for
insufficient evidence), which was made on the ground that defendant was never in
continuous possession of church property. He now argues that the court should have
granted that motion because the church was not a “business” within the meaning of
section 602.1(a), citing Revenue and Taxation Code section 6013’s definition of
“business.” In his reply brief, defendant again makes the conclusory assertion that the
church was not a “business” under that tax definition. He further argues in his reply brief
that the count 3 conviction must be reversed because no evidence was presented to show
that the church was a “business,” an element of a violation of section 602.1(a), the
original charge. Since defendant does not support his claim that the court erroneously
denied the section 1118.1 motion with any legal analysis, we deem this contention
forfeited. (See People v. Stanley (1995) 10 Cal.4th 764, 793; Cal. Rules of Court, rule
8.204(a)(1)(B).) Further, any attempt to raise a separate sufficiency of the evidence claim
for the first time in the reply brief was forfeited. (See People v. Tully (2012) 54 Cal.4th
952, 1075 [“It is axiomatic that arguments made for the first time in a reply brief will not
be entertained because of the unfairness to the other party.”]; Varjabedian v. City of
Madera (1977) 20 Cal.3d 285, 295, fn. 11 [“Obvious reasons of fairness militate against
consideration of an issue raised initially in the reply brief of an appellant. [Citations.]”].)
In any case, we conclude that defendant consented to submitting to the jury a charge of

16
Cal.5th 306, 332-333; Neder v. United States (1999) 527 U.S. 1, 17.) He maintains that
consequently the conviction must be reversed.
The Attorney General initially agreed that the court gave an erroneous instruction
on count 3 because it instructed on the wrong crime and failed to instruct on elements of
the charged offense. But the Attorney General maintained that the error was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt.
We asked the parties to submit supplemental briefing on whether by failing to
object, defendant implicitly (1) consented to have the jury decide whether he was guilty
of a charge of criminal trespass in violation of section 602(m), rather than a violation of
section 602.1(a), as originally charged, and (2) waived any objection based on lack of
notice. These violations are separate crimes, and their substantive elements are different.
Under section 602.1(a), “[a]ny person who intentionally interferes with any lawful
business or occupation carried on by the owner or agent of a business establishment open
to the public, by obstructing or intimidating those attempting to carry on business, or their
customers, and who refuses to leave the premises of the business establishment after
being requested to leave by the owner or the owner’s agent, or by a peace officer acting at
the request of the owner or owner’s agent, is guilty of a misdemeanor . . . .” (Italics
added.) Under section 602(m), a person commits misdemeanor trespass by “[e]ntering
and occupying real property or structures of any kind without the consent of the owner,
the owner’s agent, or the person in lawful possession.”
1. Procedural Background
As indicated, count 3 of the information originally charged defendant with
violating section 602.1(a) on or about October 6, 2018.
During a discussion regarding jury instructions out of the presence of the jury, the
trial court told counsel, “Regarding the trespass instruction, that’s a little bit tricky,

trespass (§ 602(m)), rather than a charge of interference with a lawful business or
occupation (§ 602.1(a)).

17
because the trespass instructions don’t necessarily merge with the specific count being
alleged here. But I believe that 2931 is most accurate. So that’s my intent at this point.”
Later in the discussion, the court invited the parties to provide input with respect to
instructing on count 3. The court again stated: “But I think 2931 is most appropriate. So,
as to Count Three, this is what’s alleged and these are the elements that need to be shown
pursuant to 2931.” The court specifically asked defense counsel whether she wished to
be heard. Defense counsel replied, “Not at this time.” Neither party objected at that time
to the court using CALJIC No. 2931 with respect to count 3. CALCRIM No. 2931 is the
standard instruction to be used for a charged violation of section 602(m).7
Later, the court stated for the record that both the prosecutor and defense counsel
had each proposed an instruction pursuant to CALCRIM No. 2931: “Then moving to
2931. There were two instructions provided on 2931, and the difference between the two
is that the Defense included a sentence at the bottom of 2931, ‘To occupy land or
building means nontransient, continuous type of possession.’ ” The court stated that
defense counsel had argued for the inclusion of that additional language, but the trial
court had declined to include it. The court did not indicate that either party had objected
to an instruction pursuant to CALCRIM No. 2931 on count 3.
Without objection, the trial court did instruct the jury on count 3 pursuant to
CALCRIM No. 2931: “The defendant is charged in Count Three with trespassing, in

7
CALCRIM No. 2931 provides: “The defendant is charged [in Count _____] with
trespassing [in violation of Penal Code section 602(m)]. [¶] To prove that the defendant
is guilty of this crime, the People must prove that: [¶] 1. The defendant willfully entered
(land/ [or] a building) belonging to someone else without the consent of the (owner[,]/
[or] owner’s agent[,]/ [or] person in lawful possession of the property); [¶] 2. After the
defendant entered, (he/she) occupied the (land/ [or] building) without the consent of the
(owner[,]/ [or] owner’s agent[,]/ [or] person in lawful possession of the property);
[¶] 3. The defendant occupied some part of the (land/ [or] building) continuously until
removed. [¶] Someone commits an act willfully when he or she does it willingly or on
purpose. [¶] [An agent is a person who is authorized to act for someone else in dealings
with third parties.]”

18
violation of Penal Code section 602(m). To prove the defendant guilty of this crime, the
People must prove that; number one, the defendant willfully entered land belonging to
someone else without the consent of the owner or the owner’s agent or the person in
lawful possession of the property; two, after the defendant entered, he occupied the land
without the consent of the owner or the owner’s agent or person in lawful possession of
the property; three, the defendant occupied some part of the land continuously until
removed; and four, you should keep in mind someone commits an act willfully when he
or she does it willingly or on purpose. [¶] An agent is a person who is authorized to act
for someone else in dealings with third parties.” (Italics added.)
In closing argument, both parties understood count 3 to be a charge of trespass.
The prosecutor referred to the count 3 charge as “criminal trespass.” The prosecutor
stated, “[T]o prove this count, . . . we must show that [defendant] willfully entered a land
belonging to somebody else, that, after he entered it, he occupied it for some period of
time without consent of the owner or the owner’s agent, and that the defendant occupied
some part of the land continuously until removed.” The prosecutor asserted that
defendant was guilty of criminal trespass because he “took his shopping cart, took out all
of his belongings, [and] . . . stay[ed] in that location after being told . . . multiple times
not to loiter there, not to camp, [and] to stop that behavior . . . .” Defense counsel did not
object to this argument.
In closing argument, defense counsel told the jury that “in Count Three, Mr. Waite
is charged with trespass.” Counsel argued, “And in order to be guilty of trespass, the
Government must prove that Mr. Waite occupied the church. The term occupy has a very
specific legal definition. It doesn’t mean just being there. . . . [¶] . . . In the legal sense,
occupy means nontransient, not fleeting, continuous type of possession. Mr. Waite
occasionally sleeping outside of the church three, four, five times over the course of the
year is not continuous possession. If he were there for days on end, for weeks on end,

19
then he’d be occupying the church and he’d be guilty of trespass. But that’s not what he
did here.”8
Defendant has not identified by specific citation to the record any objection to the
jury’s verdict option on count 3 or the verdict form itself. The jury’s verdict, which was
filed December 21, 2018, stated that the jury had found defendant guilty of committing
criminal trespass as charged in count 3. The verdict form’s caption read, “VERDICT
FORM OF THE JURY,” “CRIMINAL TRESSPASS [sic],” and “PC 602 (M).” The
December 21, 2018 minute order confusingly indicated that the jury found defendant
guilty of “PC602.1(A)-M-TRESSPASS [sic] PUBLIC BUSINESS.”
At the time of sentencing on March 27, 2019, the trial court imposed a sentence of
60 days on count 3 and ordered the sentence to run concurrently to the sentence imposed
on count 1. Defense counsel did not orally object to defendant’s conviction under
section 602(m). The March 27, 2019 minute order again confusingly indicated that that
defendant was convicted of “PC602.1(A)-M-TRESSPASS [sic] PUBLIC BUSINESS.”

8
The defense argument tracked People v. Wilkinson (1967) 248 Cal.App.2d Supp.
906 (Wilkinson), which concluded that the word “occupy” within the meaning of former
section 602, subdivision (l) (now subdivision (m)) meant “a non-transient, continuous
type of possession.” (Wilkinson, supra, 248 Cal.App.2d Supp. at p. 910, see In re
Catalano (1981) 29 Cal.3d 1, 10, fn. 8 [citing with approval Wilkinson’s definition of
“occupy” in dictum].) In Wilkinson, a superior court’s appellate department reasoned:
“[T]he transient overnight use of four 3 x 7 foot areas in a very large ranch for sleeping
bags and campfire purposes was not the type of conduct which the Legislature intended
to prevent when it used the word ‘occupy.’ Had this been so, many another verb could
have been used in place of ‘occupy’ to express an intention of preventing such transient
use of so small an area, e.g., be, remain, loiter, tarry, camp, stay, and probably many
more.” (Ibid.; cf. In re Y.R. (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 1114, 1120-1121 [insufficient
evidence of misdemeanor trespass (§ 602(m)) because minor’s stay in condominium
clubhouse bathroom for up to several hours did not constitute “occupying” the
bathroom].) In response to a written jury question about the legal definition of
“occupied” in CALCRIM No. 2931, the trial court stated: “To occupy land means [a]
non-transient, continuous type of possession.” On appeal, defendant makes no claim that
the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction under section 602(m).

20
2. Analysis
On appeal, defendant has not suggested that the instruction on criminal trespass in
violation of section 602(m) misstated the law applicable to that offense.
“[I]t has been uniformly held that where an information is amended at trial to
charge an additional offense, and the defendant neither objects nor moves for a
continuance, an objection based on lack of notice may not be raised on appeal.
[Citations.] There is no difference in principle between adding a new offense at trial by
amending the information and adding the same charge by verdict forms and jury
instructions.” (People v. Toro (1989) 47 Cal.3d 966, 976, fn. omitted (Toro),
disapproved of on another point in People v. Guiuan (1998) 18 Cal.4th 558, 568, fn. 3.)
“[A] failure to promptly object will be regarded as a consent to the new charge and a
waiver of any objection based on lack of notice.” (Id. at p. 976; see People v. Goolsby
(2015) 62 Cal.4th 360, 367.)
In Toro, the California Supreme Court recognized that “ ‘implied amendment’ is a
fiction.” (Toro, supra, 47 Cal.3d at p. 973, fn. 4.) But it stated that “ ‘[w]hen the
defendant acquiesces in conviction of an uncharged offense . . . no amendment [of the
indictment or information] is necessary.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) In reaching its conclusion,
the court observed: “Although informed of the proposed jury instructions on the lesser
related offense of battery with serious bodily injury, and asked to state any objection, the
defense did not object to the proposed instructions, or to the verdict forms, or in any other
way claim unfair surprise or indicate dissatisfaction with the verdict options provided to
the jury.” (Id. at pp. 977-978.) The court concluded that the defendant’s “failure to
object constituted an implied consent to the jury’s consideration of the lesser related
offense and a waiver of any objection based on lack of notice.” (Id. at p. 978, fn.
omitted.)
Very recently, the California Supreme Court declined to apply Toro’s reasoning
where enhancements not actually alleged by the operative information were nevertheless

21
found true by a jury upon instruction, which added a total of 125 years to life to the
defendant’s sentence. (People v. Anderson (2020) 9 Cal.5th 946, 949-950 (Anderson).)
The Supreme Court reversed and remanded for resentencing “[b]ecause [the defendant]
did not receive adequate notice that the prosecution was seeking to impose this additional
punishment . . . .” (Id. at p. 950.)
In Anderson, the Supreme Court stated: “Unlike the defendant in Toro, Anderson
derived no possible benefit from submitting the unpleaded 25-year-to-life enhancements
to the jury. There is therefore no reason to presume from defense counsel’s silence that
Anderson consented to this procedure. (Cf., e.g., People v. Ramirez (1987) 189
Cal.App.3d 603, 623 [‘Conviction for an uncharged greater offense not only raises the
problem of notice but makes the inference of consent more difficult, as there is no reason
why a defendant should acquiesce in substitution of a greater for a lesser offense.”];
People v. Haskin (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 1434, 1440, 7 Cal.Rptr.2d 1 [applying same
principle in context of sentence enhancements].)” (Anderson, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 959.)
The Supreme Court was persuaded by the reasoning of People v. Arias (2010) 182
Cal.App.4th 1009. It quoted the following language from that case: “Unlike with lesser
related offense instructions, the ‘defense will generally have no tactical interest in
presenting the jury with a new avenue for imposing greater punishment. Had the
prosecution sought to amend the information to include the missing allegations, the
defense may well have objected. Of course, it is the People’s burden to show implied
consent by the defense. Given the absence of anything in the record showing an
amendment—and because the defense had no apparent reason to consent to one—we
decline to extend the Toro holding to this situation.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
The Supreme Court in Anderson recognized that “not every amendment to a
pleading—even one that increases the defendant’s potential criminal liability—need be
made in writing.” (Anderson, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 960.) Nevertheless, the court
concluded that “no informal amendment of the information [had] occurred” (ibid.)

22
because the prosecution had not sought to orally amend the information, the defendant
had not been asked whether he consented, and the trial court had not granted a
prosecution’s request to amend. (Ibid.) The only evidence relevant to consent in
Anderson was defense counsel’s “failure to object to certain jury instructions and verdict
forms that presented a set of issues to the jury that radically increased the potential
penalties Anderson faced.” (Ibid., italics added.)
In his supplemental briefing, defendant argues that he had no reason to informally
consent to amendment of count 3 because a violation of section 602(m) is subject to a
greater potential punishment than a violation of section 602.1(a). On this basis,
defendant asserts that the circumstances of this case are similar to Anderson and Arias, in
which courts refused to find that a defendant had impliedly consented to “an unwritten,
informal amendment of the accusatory pleading.” Citing Revenue & Taxation Code
section 6013’s definition of “business,”9 defendant further contends that his consent to an
informal amendment should not be inferred because a church is not a business and
therefore he could not have been convicted of violating section 602.1(a).
Defendant has not provided any evidence of legislative intent to show that the
statutory tax definition of “business” that he cites is relevant to judicial construction of
section 602.1(a). In any case, section 602.1(a) refers to “[a]ny person who intentionally
interferes with any lawful business or occupation.” (Italics added.) The word
“occupation” can be defined as “[a] particular action or course of action in which a
person is engaged, esp. habitually; a particular job or profession; a particular pursuit or
activity.” (Oxford English Dict. (3d ed. 2004)
[as of

9
The Sales and Use Tax Law defines the word “ ‘[b]usiness’ ” to include “any
activity engaged in by any person or caused to be engaged in by him with the object of
gain, benefit, or advantage, either direct or indirect.” (Rev. & Tax. Code, § 6013; see
Rev. & Tax. Code, § 6001.)

23
Dec. 7, 2020], archived at [as of Dec. 7, 2020], archived at