Filed 12/14/20 P. v. Gruell CA1/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A160082
v.
PATRICK KELLY GRUELL, (Del Norte County
Super. Ct. No. CRF199365)
Defendant and Appellant.
Defendant Patrick Kelly Gruell pleaded guilty to inflicting corporal
injury upon a cohabitant (Pen. Code,1 § 273.5, subd. (a)) and was placed on
probation. Following revocation of probation, defendant was sentenced to the
upper term of four years in state prison. Challenging the imposition of an
aggravated term, defendant contends the circumstances in aggravation relied
on by the trial court are not supported by substantial evidence and, in the
alternative, the court failed to exercise its discretion at all. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The Underlying Conviction
We draw the facts regarding the conviction from the probation office’s
report.
1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
stated.
1
Around 2:10 a.m. on July 15, 2019, Del Norte County Sheriff Deputy
Sanders responded to a call of reported domestic violence. Officers already at
the scene reported “that a juvenile named [P.G.] ran to a nearby hotel
seeking help. [P.G.] had stated that he had seen his father, Patrick Kelly
Gruell, attacking his mother, April M[.], after she had accidentally spilled his
drink. [P.G.] stated that during the fight [defendant] had punched April and
then wrestled her to the ground, and then began choking April. He also
stated that he believed April to be deceased because she had stopped moving
after being strangled.”
Deputy Sanders detained defendant, and then spoke with April M.
Sanders “noticed her right cheek was red and swollen, the left side of her face
was covered in sand, and the front of her neck had an approximately four (4)
inch red abrasion across the center of her throat. April stated that
[defendant] gets angry when he drinks alcohol and he had been drinking
whiskey, and he was visibly intoxicated when she accidently [sic] spilled his
drink, upsetting him. [Defendant] began to wrestle with her and in the
process he struck her right cheek with his left elbow and hit her other places
as well . . . . April then stated that [defendant] began to strangle her from
behind, although she did not report a loss of consciousness or light
headedness which she credited to knowing how to resist that type of choke.”
Defendant’s son P.G. told Sanders that after defendant hit and
wrestled April to the ground, he “strangled her from the front with two hands
across her neck while she was lying on her back” and April stopped moving or
struggling. He feared that defendant had killed her, so he ran to the Ocean
View Inn to report the assault.
Defendant gave a statement admitting he hit and choked April
“ ‘[u]nintentionally.’ ”
2
Defendant was charged with corporal injury resulting in a traumatic
condition against a cohabitant (§ 273.5; count 1) and assault by means of
force likely to cause great bodily injury (§ 245, subd. (a)(4); count 2).
Guilty Plea and Placement on Probation
In July 2019 defendant pleaded guilty to count 1, with an agreement to
“an up-front grant of probation.” In August, the trial court suspended
imposition of sentence and placed defendant on probation with terms and
conditions that included regular drug and alcohol testing, reporting to the
probation office, and enrollment in a statutorily mandated 52-week batterers’
intervention program.
Revocation of Probation and Sentence
By early October 2019, the probation department had filed two
petitions to revoke defendant’s probation, both of which were resolved on
October 9 with defendant’s admission that he failed drug and alcohol tests,
failed to appear in court, and failed to comply with other probation
conditions. The trial court reinstated defendant’s probation.
In March 2020, defendant admitted an allegation in a subsequent
probation revocation petition that he had tested positive for alcohol and
marijuana. After a contested hearing on the remaining allegations, which
the court found true,2 the trial court revoked defendant’s probation. The
court sentenced defendant to four years in state prison.
2The other allegations were that defendant had failed to check in with
the probation office, failed to comply with the wait list requirements for the
batterers’ program, and had not returned to the probation department for
weekly drug and alcohol testing.
3
DISCUSSION
Defendant contends the trial court acted capriciously in imposing the
upper term of four years and in basing that decision on circumstances in
aggravation that are not supported by substantial evidence. He also argues
that comments the trial court made suggest it did not exercise its discretion
at all. We find no merit in these arguments, as the full record of the
sentencing decision makes clear. We first describe that in more detail.
A. Additional Background
1. August 2019 Sentencing Hearing
At the initial sentencing hearing on August 29, 2019 (when defendant
was placed on probation), the probation office filed a written Presentence
Investigation Report (probation report) and recommended rejecting the plea
agreement. The probation office believed defendant was not suitable for
probation and that this was “clearly an aggravated case.” The probation
report included a summary of the probation officer’s interview with defendant
on August 14 and his account of the offense, which it described as
“contradictory to say the least.”3 The prosecution stood by the plea offer.
Although the trial court agreed with probation that the offense was
very serious, it granted probation. “[I]n reading through the report, her son
was afraid he may have killed her. It wasn’t just foreplay out of hand. It was
a serious assault. [¶] . . . [I]t would be my intent to give a stated
recommendation of the aggravated term. . . . And so I would intend having a
term of four years hanging over your head if you were to violate.”
3Defendant told the probation officer that he and the victim had been
drinking, “they got ‘horny’ and their ‘foreplay’ got out of hand.” When he was
asked about his statements to law enforcement on the night of the offense, he
said he “remembered stating that he ‘unintentionally’ both struck and
choked/strangled his girlfriend.”
4
The court suspended imposition of sentence rather than imposing and
suspending the aggravated sentence and placed defendant on three years
formal probation. The court reiterated to defendant, “if you don’t successfully
complete probation, you got a substantial prison sentence.”
2. Proceedings After Revocation of Probation
After defendant’s probation was revoked, the probation office filed a
supplemental presentence investigation report on April 2, 2020
(supplemental report), which detailed defendant’s lack of compliance with his
probation terms and recounted the facts of the underlying conviction. The
probation office argued defendant was not appropriate for probation and
recommended an aggravated term of four years. The probation office relied
on the circumstances in aggravation in California Rules of Court, rule
4.421(a),4 that “the crime involved great violence, great bodily harm, threat of
great bodily harm, or other acts disclosing a high degree of cruelty,
viciousness, or callousness” and rule 4.421(b)(1) that “defendant has engaged
in violent conduct that indicates a serious danger to society.”
On April 9, 2020, the scheduled date of sentencing, specially appearing
defense counsel indicated that defense counsel had recently prepared a
written statement in mitigation (mitigation statement), which the court and
prosecutor had not yet had an opportunity to review. The court and parties
agreed to reschedule sentencing for April 16. The court discussed with
counsel whether it had the authority to sentence defendant to something
other than the four-year sentence it had indicated in August 2019. After
counsel agreed the court did have such authority, the court mused that it
might impose the middle term of three years. The court further stated it
4 All references to rules are to the California Rules of Court.
5
would “keep an open mind” about defense counsel’s arguments for a
mitigated sentence.
Defense counsel’s mitigation statement contended that rule 4.420,
which states in part that “a fact that is an element of the crime on which
punishment is being imposed may not be used to impose a particular term,”
precluded using defendant’s violence as an aggravating factor to support the
upper term. (Rule 4.420(d).) It also argued defendant acknowledged
wrongdoing at an early stage, which was a factor in mitigation. It disputed
the probation office’s statement that defendant’s prior performance on
probation in Trinity County was unsatisfactory and contended since it had
been revoked but was reinstated, it appeared it had been successfully
completed.5
At the continued sentencing hearing on April 16, the trial court
indicated it had reviewed defense counsel’s mitigation statement, the
probation report, and the supplemental report.
The district attorney argued defendant’s offense “was actually more
violent than the average domestic violence. . . . [T]he strangulation was one of
the things that was pretty telling. The son thought that she was dead
because she stopped moving after being strangled. That’s really dangerous
behavior.” He argued the offense was aggravated because (1) there was
“more than one different type of assault[] on her, punching and strangling,”
(2) it was committed in the presence of a “special-needs child,”6 and (3) “it
5 The probation report noted defendant had two arrests for probation
violations in Trinity County, where he had been placed on probation for
violating Vehicle Code section 14601, and that he was terminated from that
probation at the end of 2004.
6 As will be seen, April M. reported that P.G. was mentally disabled.
6
was a particularly violent act, particularly scary as well, not just for the
victim but for the child as well.”
Defense counsel urged the low term. He argued that because section
473.5 already includes the element of corporal injury as a result of violent
conduct, bodily harm and violent conduct cannot be an aggravating factor to
support the imposition of the upper term. Thus, counsel argued, the
particular circumstances in aggravation urged by the probation office (that
“[t]he crime involved great violence . . . or other acts disclosing a high degree
of cruelty, viciousness, or callousness” and that “defendant has engaged in
violent conduct that indicates a serious danger to society”) were not
applicable. (Rule 4.421(a)(1), (b)(1).)
The probation officer argued defendant’s acts were “particularly vicious
or callous,” not merely violent or egregious. He explained his view that
“striking and choking . . . in front of a minor[] showed a high degree of
callousness, at the very least,” and that is not an element of section 273.5.
He noted that strangulation risks serious or permanent debilitating injury.
As to the claimed mitigation of early acknowledgment of wrongdoing, the
probation officer responded that defendant said “they were choking each
other as a joint thing,” and he was “not willing to take responsibility for the
actions that he made.”
Defendant spoke briefly, stating his son no longer lived with him and
this was the “one and only incident” and requesting drug court. April M.,
who also spoke, stated they had both been drinking, defendant had an alcohol
problem, she would like defendant to have treatment, and although P.G. was
17 years old, he was “mentally disabled” and “his mindset [is] only, like [an]
eight-year-old child.”
7
Before imposing the sentence, the trial judge observed, “I think I made
the determination of a sentence at the time and that I should stick with
that.” The court stated it was not convinced by defense counsel’s arguments
“because [section] 273.5 simply requires a traumatic condition . . . —it doesn’t
really even have to be a significant condition; it just needs to be a traumatic
condition, a bloody lip maybe where there has been some hitting, or hitting
someone with a weapon.” The court described what happened here as
“choking someone out to the point that they are unconscious is—there’s such
a great risk of serious bodily harm in that act, as probation pointed out.”
The court also stated that “[p]rior performance [on probation] has been
very poor.” Defense counsel interjected to clarify that the court was not
referring to defendant’s current probation. The court responded that it was
referring to defendant’s “[p]rior probation,” before this case. Defense counsel
stated, “Okay. I just wanted to make sure that was clear.” After this
colloquy, the court noted, “But on this case as well. Three different
violations. Why are we getting to the point that we are?” and then proceeded
to impose sentence.
B. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
When the trial court imposes a determinate sentence under section
1170, it is left to the “sound discretion” of the court to select the term—lower,
middle, upper—that “best serves the interests of justice.” (§ 1170, subd. (b).)
In making its determination as to the appropriate term, the trial court
is permitted to consider the probation officer’s report, statements in
aggravation or mitigation submitted by the defendant, the prosecutor, and
the victim, and any evidence presented at the sentencing hearing. (People v.
Sandoval (2007) 41 Cal.4th 825, 848 (Sandoval); § 1170, subd. (b).)
8
The trial court is “free to base an upper term sentence upon any
aggravating circumstance that the court deems significant, subject to specific
prohibitions.” (Sandoval, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 848.) Among the
prohibitions is rule 4.420(d), which states that “a fact that is an element of
the crime on which punishment is being imposed may not be used to impose a
particular term.” (Sandoval at p. 848.) But “where the facts surrounding the
charged offense exceed the minimum necessary to establish the elements of
the crime, the trial court can use such evidence to aggravate the sentence.”
(People v. Castorena (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 558, 562.) An aggravating factor
is one that “makes the offense distinctively worse than the ordinary” and
makes the defendant “deserving of punishment more severe than that
merited for other offenders in the same category.” (People v. Black (2007) 41
Cal.4th 799, 817.)
One valid circumstance in aggravation is enough to support the
imposition of the upper term. (People v. Cruz (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 427, 433-
434.)
We review the trial court’s sentencing decision for abuse of discretion.
(Sandoval, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 847.) A trial court abuses its discretion if
it “relies upon circumstances that are not relevant to the decision or that
otherwise constitute an improper basis for decision. [Citations.] A failure to
exercise discretion may also constitute an abuse of discretion.” (Id. at pp.
847-848.)
If a trial court gives proper and improper reasons for its choice of
sentence, we will set aside the sentence “ ‘only if it is reasonably probable
that the trial court would have chosen a lesser sentence had it known that
some of its reasons were improper.’ ” (People v. Cruz, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 433-434.)
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C. Analysis
Defendant was convicted under section 273.5, subdivision (a), which
makes it a felony to “willfully inflict[] corporal injury resulting in a traumatic
condition” upon a spouse or cohabitant. “Traumatic condition” is defined as
“a condition of the body, such as a wound, or external or internal injury,
including, but not limited to, injury as a result of strangulation or suffocation,
whether of a minor or serious nature, caused by physical force.” (§ 273.5,
subds. (a), (d), italics added.)
Section 273.5, subdivision (a), does not require that the injury be
aggravated. Soreness and redness on the victim’s face and nose can be a
“traumatic condition” under the statute. (People v. Wilkins (1993) 14
Cal.App.4th 761, 767 [finding probable cause to believe defendant had
violated section 273.5 where officers observed victim crying, she stated
husband had hit her a few times in the face and that her neck and nose were
sore, and officers observed redness].) Bruising, too, can constitute a
traumatic condition under this statute. (People v. Beasley (2003) 105
Cal.App.4th 1078, 1085.)
The record in this case showed that when Deputy Sanders contacted
April, he “immediately noticed her right cheek was red and swollen” and the
“left side of her face was covered in sand,” which was consistent with P.G.’s
report that defendant had “punched” April and then “wrestled her to the
ground” and April’s statement that defendant wrestled with her and he
“struck her right cheek with his left elbow and hit her other places as well.”
The trial court could have determined this was evidence enough of “corporal
injury resulting in a traumatic injury” under the statute.
But there was more. Once April was on the ground, defendant began
strangling her. In sentencing defendant to the upper term, the trial court
10
could have taken into account the seriousness of what defendant’s son
described: seeing defendant with two hands across April’s neck when she was
lying on her back, seeing her stop struggling or even moving any more,
believing she had been killed by defendant. The trial court could have
reasonably concluded that beyond punching her, strangling a victim to the
point that she appears dead was a sufficient basis to find a threat of great
bodily harm or a high degree of callousness and thus a circumstance in
aggravation under rule 4.421(a)(1), as the trial court indicated at the
sentencing.
We thus conclude that substantial evidence supports the trial court’s
finding of a circumstance in aggravation. And because only one valid
circumstance in aggravation is sufficient to impose an upper term, we do not
address defendant’s other argument that the trial court erred in finding
defendant’s past performance on probation was a circumstance in
aggravation. Even if his prior performance on probation in Trinity County
had been satisfactory (a point barely mentioned in the sentencing hearing), it
is clear from the record that the trial court would not have selected a
different sentence.
Finally, we reject defendant’s alternative argument that the trial court
did not exercise its discretion at all. Defendant relies on snippets of the trial
court’s statements out of context.7 The hearing transcripts as a whole,
7 Defendant relies on the statement by the trial court that it was
“stick[ing] with” the determination it had initially made. This remark,
described fully and in context above, does not indicate the court failed to
exercise its discretion. Defendant also cites the court’s comment “I don’t
remember exactly why” as evidence of the trial court’s “complete failure to
carefully consider the appropriate term.” This comment was made as the
trial court pronounced sentence, addressing defendant’s belated request for
11
however, demonstrate the trial court knew it had discretion and exercised it.
Although the trial court stated an indicated sentence of four years in August
2019, when probation was revoked and defendant was later sentenced in
April 2020, the trial court was fully aware of its sentencing alternatives. As
we have described, the court confirmed that it was not bound to the original
indicated sentence, expressed interest in reading defense counsel’s mitigation
statement, and postponed the sentencing a week so all parties and the court
could do so. The court exercised its discretion.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
drug court, which the court characterized as “just a little late in the game.”
The court recalled defendant had “dirty test after dirty test.” In the same
vein, the court continued on to recall when it first placed defendant on
probation. (“And, hopefully, you know, with four years hanging over your
head, I don’t remember exactly why, but my thought, I’ll bet, was, wow, with
that hanging over his head, that’s some motivation. That’s a kick in the butt
early on that’s going to tell him, I don’t want to screw up. [¶] But it started
off—right off with not complying. And so I regret having to do it. But . . . I
do think that the aggravated term is appropriate so that you are . . .
sentenced to the aggravated term of four years.”) (Italics added.) We need
say no more.
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_________________________
Miller, J.
WE CONCUR:
_________________________
Richman, Acting P.J.
_________________________
Stewart, J.
A160082, People v. Gruell
13