Adrian Prouty v. State

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-19-00073-CR

Adrian Prouty, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE 22ND DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY
NO. CR-18-0636, THE HONORABLE R. BRUCE BOYER, JUDGE PRESIDING

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Adrian Prouty appeals his conviction for the third-degree felony offense of failure

to comply with sex offender registration requirements. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc.

art. 62.102(b)(2). In three points of error, appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient

to support his conviction, the trial court abused its discretion by failing to provide an interpreter

at trial, and he was denied effective assistance of counsel. For the following reasons, we affirm

the judgment of conviction.

Background

The bench trial occurred in January 2019. Appellant stipulated that he was placed

on deferred adjudication community supervision for the felony offense of indecency with a child

by sexual contact in December 1998 and that “since said disposition [he was] required pursuant

to Chapter 62 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to register as a sex offender.” See id.
art. 62.101(a); see also id. art. 62.051(a) (requiring registration or verification of registration with

local law enforcement authority in municipality where sex offender resides).

The State’s witness was a deputy with the Hays County Sheriff’s Office. The

deputy testified that registered sex offenders are required to update their registration information

and that part of his job duties was to collect this information. He described his office’s “Sex

Offender Registration Update Information” form that registered sex offenders fill out “anytime

they come in for—to verify registration or update registration.” The form requires the sex

offender to provide “online identifier(s),” which the deputy explained is defined as “any online

account that can be used to interact with another person.” See id. arts. 62.001(12) (defining

“Online identifier”), .051(c)(7) (stating that “registration form shall require . . . identification of

any online identifier established or used by the person”). The form provides examples of online

identifiers: “Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, Tumblr, Angie’s List or any other social

media.” The exhibits included two of these forms that appellant had filled out and signed on

September 14, 2016, and October 3, 2017, respectively. Appellant did not list any online

identifiers on either form. The deputy testified that when appellant “came in to verify” in early

October, the deputy explained to him what an “online identifier” was, giving the example of

Facebook, and appellant responded that he “understood” but did not have an online identifier.

The deputy testified that another part of his duties was to check various

online platforms to determine whether sex offenders have registered accounts and that, on

October 25, 2017, he found a Facebook profile belonging to appellant. After the deputy found

appellant’s profile, he contacted appellant by phone and explained to him that Facebook was an

example of an online identifier. Appellant responded that he “understood” what an online

identifier was but denied that he had one. The deputy then obtained a warrant, and appellant was

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arrested. In an interview at the jail, appellant admitted to the deputy that the Facebook account

belonged to him. The exhibits included screenshots from appellant’s Facebook account and a

bodycam recording of the interview between the deputy and appellant.

Appellant testified on his own behalf. He admitted that the Facebook account

belonged to him, that he had uploaded his photo to his Facebook account in July 2017, and that

he had filled out and signed the Sheriff’s Office’s form in October 2017. He explained that he

was not “computer literate,” that he did not have a “clear understanding” of the meaning of

“online identifier” when he filled out the form, and that he “forgot” that he had a Facebook

account. He explained that he created the Facebook account “whenever [Facebook] came out,”

used the account to register for college classes, and “stopped completely” using the account after

speaking with the deputy. He testified that he had a 3.2 GPA and was studying biological

pharmacology and majoring in biology. He also denied that he intentionally deceived the

deputy, confirmed that he answered the questions to the “best of [his] ability,” and testified that

he is “deaf” and has to “read lips.” As an example, he testified that he did not hear “the Miranda

rights[1] being read to [him]” during the interview at the jail in October 2017 because the

deputy’s lips were covered. He further testified that, at the time of the interview, he “was

delusional what [he] was responding to, seems like it,” “in jail for three days for not knowing

why,” and “in a lot of pain at that point.”

The trial court found appellant guilty, assessed punishment at confinement for

two years and a fine of $1,000, but suspended imposition of the sentence and placed him on

community supervision for two years. This appeal followed.

1
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 478–79 (1966) (requiring demonstration of use
of procedural safeguards to protect privilege against self-incrimination before evidence obtained
as result of custodial interrogation may be used against defendant).
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 Analysis

Sufficiency of the Evidence

In his first point of error, appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient “to

prove [he] voluntarily failed to report an online identifier.”

Standard of Review

Under the legal sufficiency standard of review, we consider the evidence in the

light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether “any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Johnson v. State, 560 S.W.3d 224, 226 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).

Under this standard, we defer to the trier of fact’s resolution of conflicts in testimony, weighing

of the evidence, and drawing of reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Zuniga

v. State, 551 S.W.3d 729, 732–33 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010); see Ramsey v. State, 473 S.W.3d 805, 809 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015)

(“The trier of fact is the exclusive judge of the credibility and weight of the evidence and is

permitted to draw any reasonable inference from the evidence so long as it is supported by the

record.”). “Furthermore, the trier of fact may use common sense and apply common knowledge,

observation, and experience gained in ordinary affairs when drawing inferences from the

evidence.” Acosta v. State, 429 S.W.3d 621, 625 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

Offense of Failure to Comply with Registration Requirements

“Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Chapter 62 defines the scope of Texas’s sex

offender registration program and delineates the legal duties of those who administer it and those

subject to its requirements.” Crabtree v. State, 389 S.W.3d 820, 825 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

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Pursuant to this chapter, a person commits the offense of failure to comply with registration

requirements “if the person is required to register and fails to comply with any requirement of

[Chapter 62].” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 62.102(a); see Crabtree, 389 S.W.3d at 825 (stating

elements of offense of failure to comply with registration requirements). This offense is a

“circumstances of the conduct” type of offense. Febus v. State, 542 S.W.3d 568, 573 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2018) (citing Robinson v. State, 466 S.W.3d 166, 170–71 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015)).

“The ‘circumstance’ at issue is the duty to register and the culpable mental state of ‘knowledge

and recklessness’ applies only to the duty-to-register element, rather than the failure-to-comply

element.” Id. (citing Robinson, 466 S.W.3d at 172).

Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support a

determination that he knew that he had a duty to register. He challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence as to the failure-to-comply element based on the defensive theory of involuntariness.

See Tex. Penal Code § 6.01(a) (“A person commits an offense only if he voluntarily engages in

conduct, including an act, an omission, or possession.”). Arguing that the evidence was

insufficient to prove that he “voluntarily failed to report an online identifier,” appellant cites his

testimony that he did not understand the term “online identifier” when he filled out the form, that

he “forgot” that he had a Facebook account, and that he did not intend to deceive the deputy

about his Facebook account.

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has explained that the defensive claim that

the failure to comply with sex offender registration requirements was due to an “accident” or

“mistake” is analyzed under the rubric of an “involuntary act.” Febus, 542 S.W.3d at 576 & n.33

(citing Williams v. State, 630 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982)); see id. at 574

(explaining that “voluntariness” within meaning of section 6.01(a) of Texas Penal Code “refers

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only to one’s physical movements” and that “issue of voluntariness of one’s conduct is separate

from the issue of one’s mental state”); Farmer v. State, 411 S.W.3d 901, 905 (Tex. Crim. App.

2013) (comparing defense of “involuntary act” with defense that “focuses on the defendant’s

state of mind at the time of the incident”). Examples of possible involuntary acts in the context

of the offense of failure to comply with registration requirements include “when

authorities rebuff attempts to register” or where the failure to register or comply was the result

of law enforcement’s clerical error. Febus, 542 S.W.3d at 573–75; see Acker v. State,

No. 01-09-01130-CR, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 2432, at *19 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

Mar. 31, 2011, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (explaining that to absolve

himself of criminal responsibility based on involuntary act, “the defendant must produce

‘evidence of an independent event, such as the conduct of a third party, that could have

precipitated the incident’” (quoting Rhodes v. State, 997 S.W.2d 692, 694 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 1999, pet. ref’d))).

According to appellant, his failure to disclose his Facebook account was not

voluntary but the result of the deputy’s “failure to adequate[ly] explain an ‘online identifier’ to

[him] which would include the Facebook account.” The trial court, however, reasonably could

have believed the deputy’s testimony that he explained to appellant what an online identifier

was, including specifically providing Facebook as an example, and disbelieved appellant’s

testimony that he did not understand what an online identifier was and that he forgot about his

Facebook account. See Febus, 542 S.W.3d at 572, 575 (explaining that factfinder is free to

choose which witness to believe and may reject any part of witness’s testimony). The deputy

testified that he specifically mentioned Facebook as an example of an online identifier to

appellant both when appellant “came in to verify” in early October and when the deputy spoke to

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appellant on the phone later in October and that both times, appellant responded that he

understood what an “online identifier” was but denied that he had one. Furthermore, consistent

with the deputy’s testimony, the one-page form that appellant filled out and signed expressly

identifies “Facebook” as an example of an “online identifier.” Appellant’s testimony also

showed that he actively maintained his Facebook account. Appellant admitted that he posted a

photo to his Facebook account a few months before he filled out the form in October 2017 and

testified that he created the account “whenever [Facebook] came out.” Appellant testified that he

was pursuing a college degree, used the Facebook account to register for college classes, and

posted the photo in July 2017 because the class registration process required him to do so.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that

a rational trier of fact could have found that appellant failed to comply with the sex offender

registration requirements by failing to report an online identifier and that his failure to comply

was voluntary. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Febus, 542 S.W.3d at 576 & n.33; see also Acosta,

429 S.W.3d at 625 (allowing trier of fact to use common sense and apply common knowledge,

observation, and experience gained in ordinary affairs when drawing inferences from evidence).

We overrule appellant’s first point of error.

Interpreter

In his second point of error, appellant contends that the trial court abused its

discretion by failing to provide an interpreter for him at trial “due to [his] deafness.” Appellant

concedes that he did not raise this issue with the trial court but argues that the trial court was on

notice of his deafness and, therefore, of his need for an interpreter; that an interpreter was

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constitutionally required to protect his confrontation rights; and that the error was not harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt.

Article 38.31(a) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure requires a court to

“appoint a qualified interpreter to interpret the proceedings in any language that the deaf person

can understand” if the court is notified by a party that the defendant is deaf. See Tex. Code

Crim. Proc. art. 38.31(a). In this context, a “‘[d]eaf person’ means a person who has a hearing

impairment . . . that inhibits the person’s comprehension of the proceedings or communication

with others.” Id. art. 38.31(g)(1). “This statute implements the constitutional right of

confrontation, which includes the right to have trial proceedings presented in a way that the

accused can understand.” Linton v. State, 275 S.W.3d 493, 501 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Once a

trial court is on notice that a defendant is deaf, “the trial court is responsible for taking whatever

steps are necessary to ensure minimum understanding.” Id. at 503–04; see Ex parte Cockrell,

424 S.W.3d 543, 551 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (noting that “whether the trial court should have

realized that applicant had a hearing impairment . . . is pertinent when the complaint relates to

whether the trial court committed error by failing to appoint an interpreter”); Lincoln v. State,

999 S.W.2d 806, 809 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, no pet.) (explaining that defendant’s failure to

object or request relief does not waive his confrontation right “if it is otherwise apparent that he

cannot hear or understand the proceedings”).

Appellant testified that he was “deaf” and that he “can’t hear properly.”

Specifically, he explained that he has “partial hearing loss in one ear and complete hearing loss”

in the other ear and has to “read lips.” Throughout the course of the trial court proceedings,

however, appellant responded appropriately to questions, including providing contextual

responses during his testimony that evinced his understanding of the questions that he was being

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asked. For example, at the outset of cross-examination, the prosecutor explained to appellant

that he would be asking appellant some questions and then instructed him: “If any of them don’t

make sense or you would like them repeated, just let me know, and I’m happy to do that.

Okay?” Appellant responded, “Okay,” and then did not ask the prosecutor to repeat any

questions. The exhibits also included the video recording of the interview between appellant and

the deputy that shows appellant effectively communicating with the deputy and providing

contextual responses to the deputy’s questions without any indication that he was unable to hear

or understand the questions being asked of him.2

Because the record reflects that appellant communicated effectively with others

and provided contextually appropriate responses to questions throughout the trial court

proceedings, it does not support appellant’s position that the trial court should have been aware

that appellant required an interpreter “due to [appellant’s] deafness.” See Tex. Code Crim. Proc.

art. 38.31(g)(1); Linton, 275 S.W.3d at 503–04; Lincoln, 999 S.W.2d at 809. Thus, we conclude

that the trial court did not err by not appointing an interpreter sua sponte for appellant. We

overrule appellant’s second point of error.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In his third point of error, appellant contends that he was denied effective

assistance of counsel because his counsel failed to: (i) object to the absence of an interpreter,

2
The trial court made the following comment about appellant’s claimed communication
issues during his interview with the deputy:

And quite frankly, Mr. Prouty, I believe that the video does not support what
you’re telling us about the communication issues that you were having at the time
and your state of mind at the time as well.

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(ii) object to the admissibility of appellant’s statements to the deputy in the recorded interview,

or (iii) “present argument at the punishment stage before the court assessed punishment.”

Standard of Review

To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must demonstrate by a

preponderance of the evidence both deficient performance by counsel and prejudice suffered by

the defendant. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289,

307 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The appellant must first demonstrate that counsel’s performance

fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88; Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307. The appellant must then show the

existence of a reasonable probability—one sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome—

that the result of the proceeding would have been different absent counsel’s deficient

performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308. Failure to make the

required showing of either deficient performance or sufficient prejudice defeats the

ineffectiveness claim. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 700; see Perez v. State, 310 S.W.3d 890, 893 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2010).

Appellate review of counsel’s representation is highly deferential; we must

“indulge in a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct was not deficient.” Nava, 415 S.W.3d at

307–08; see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686. To rebut that presumption, a claim of ineffective

assistance must be “firmly founded in the record,” and “the record must affirmatively

demonstrate” the meritorious nature of the claim. See Menefield v. State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 592

(Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (quoting Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App.

2005)). Rarely will the trial record by itself be sufficient to demonstrate an ineffective-assistance

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claim. Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308. If trial counsel has not been afforded the opportunity to

explain the reasons for his conduct, we will not find him to be deficient unless the challenged

conduct was “so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.” Id. (quoting

Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at 593); Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392.

Failure to Object

Appellant’s first two complaints about his attorney’s performance are premised on

appellant’s testimony that he is deaf. He argues that his attorney should have objected to the

absence of an interpreter at trial and to the admissibility of appellant’s statements to the deputy in

the recorded October 2017 interview based on article 38.22, section 3(d) of the Texas Code of

Criminal Procedure. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.22, § 3(d) (stating that certain statements

by accused person who is deaf are inadmissible unless specified warnings are interpreted to deaf

person by qualified interpreter).

As detailed above, the record supports that appellant was able to communicate

with others and to understand the trial court proceedings. Appellant also did not advise the

deputy during the recorded interview that he was unable to understand or hear what the deputy

was saying, and the recording shows appellant providing contextually responsive answers to the

deputy’s questions. In this context, defense counsel could have decided that appellant did not

require an interpreter to understand and communicate and that requesting an interpreter for

appellant during the trial court proceedings or objecting to appellant’s statements in the recorded

interview would have been futile or useless. See Ex parte Chandler, 182 S.W.3d 350, 356 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005) (“[A] reasonably competent counsel need not perform a useless or futile act.”);

Holland v. State, 761 S.W.2d 307, 319 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (“[T]rial counsel was under no

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obligation to do what would amount to a futile act.”); Pryce v. State, No. 03-12-00797-CV,

2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 13725, at *9 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 23, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.,

not designated for publication) (same); see also Dorsey v. State, No. 01-14-00685-CR,

2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 7959, at *16 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 30, 2015, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication) (explaining that, to succeed on ineffective assistance

claim based on defense counsel’s failure to object, appellant must demonstrative that if trial

counsel had objected, trial court would have erred in overruling objection).

Because appellant’s trial counsel reasonably could have believed that appellant

did not require an interpreter to understand the trial court proceedings and to communicate with

others, we cannot conclude that counsel’s challenged conduct constituted deficient performance.

Failure to Present Argument

Appellant also argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because

his trial counsel did not present argument at the punishment stage. Both sides presented closing

arguments during the trial’s guilt-innocence phase but did not present further arguments before

the trial court assessed punishment.

The record is silent as to trial counsel’s strategy or reasoning for why he did not

present further argument on punishment. Absent record evidence regarding counsel’s strategy or

reasoning, we will presume he exercised reasonable professional judgment. See Hill v. State,

303 S.W.3d 863, 879 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. ref’d) (explaining that appellate courts

do not speculate about trial counsel’s strategy and will assume strategic motivation if one can be

imagined “[i]n the absence of direct evidence in the record of counsel’s reasons for the

challenged conduct”); Poole v. State, 974 S.W.2d 892, 902 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, pet. ref’d)

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(presuming that errors complained of are supported by trial strategy “unless they cannot be

attributed to any reasonable trial plan”); see also Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 143 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011).

We further observe that counsel’s decision not to present further argument on

punishment appears to have been a reasonable and successful trial strategy. See Allen v. State,

No. 14-08-00134-CR, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 2900, at *11 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

Apr. 28, 2009, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (explaining that “defense

counsel’s decision to waive final argument is generally considered a matter of trial strategy that

will not support a finding of deficient performance”); Salinas v. State, 773 S.W.2d 779, 783

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1989, pet. ref’d) (explaining “[i]t is the trial strategy of some attorneys

to waive final argument in an attempt to cut off the State’s rebuttal”).

The bench trial was brief with only two witnesses, a few exhibits, and appellant’s

stipulation of certain facts. In his questioning of appellant, trial counsel also elicited evidence

that supported mitigating the sentence. Appellant admitted that the Facebook account belonged

to him and testified that he did not intend to deceive the deputy but that he did not have a “clear

understanding” of what an online identifier was. In his closing arguments during the guilt-

innocence phase, trial counsel highlighted appellant’s testimony and the lack of evidence

that appellant was using the account for “some nefarious intent that he was trying to

contact anybody.”

Without further argument on punishment, the trial court assessed a moderate fine

of $1,000 and confinement of two years, which was the minimum prison sentence for a third-

degree felony. See Tex. Penal Code § 12.34 (stating punishment range for third-degree felony

and authorizing fine of up to $10,000). The trial court also suspended imposition of the sentence

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and placed appellant on community supervision. Because trial counsel’s decision not to present

further argument on punishment appears to have been a reasonable and successful strategy, we

conclude that it did not constitute deficient performance.

Because we have concluded that appellant has failed to demonstrate deficient

performance, we overrule his third point of error and do not consider the second prong of the

Strickland test regarding prejudice. See Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 144 (stating that, because

appellant failed to meet burden under first prong of Strickland, court “need not consider the

requirements of the second prong”); Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675, 687 (Tex. Crim. App.

2009) (“An appellant’s failure to satisfy one prong of the Strickland test negates a court’s need to

consider the other prong.”).

Conclusion

Having overruled appellant’s points of error, we affirm the judgment

of conviction.

__________________________________________
Melissa Goodwin, Justice

Before Justices Goodwin, Kelly, and Smith

Affirmed

Filed: December 11, 2020

Do Not Publish

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