[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as In
re Estate of Shaffer, Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-6672.]
NOTICE
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
the opinion is published.
SLIP OPINION NO. 2020-OHIO-6672
IN RE ESTATE OF SHAFFER.
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
may be cited as In re Estate of Shaffer, Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-6672.]
Probate—Competency of witnesses to a noncompliant will—Ohio’s voiding statute
applies to both wills executed in compliance with formal requirements and
those that fail to adhere to them—Judgment reversed.
(No. 2019-0364—Submitted March 11, 2020—Decided December 16, 2020.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Lucas County, No. L-17-1128,
2019-Ohio-234.
_________________
DONNELLY, J.
{¶ 1} We accepted this discretionary appeal to address the relationships
among three statutes that govern Ohio wills: R.C. 2107.03, which governs the
formal requirements for the execution of a written will; R.C. 2107.24, which
provides a process for admitting a purported will to probate despite its failure to
fully adhere to those formal requirements; and R.C. 2107.15, which voids a will’s
devise to a witness if that witness was essential to establishing the validity of the
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will. Noting that R.C. 2107.03 and 2107.15 mention “competent” witnesses but
R.C. 2107.24 does not, the Sixth District Court of Appeals concluded that R.C.
2107.24 eliminates the requirement of witness competency and that therefore, the
voiding provision of R.C. 2107.15 does not apply to essential witnesses to a
remediated will.
{¶ 2} We hold that R.C. 2107.15 controls the testamentary dispositions to
essential witnesses as a matter of law after a will is admitted to probate regardless
of whether it is admitted pursuant to R.C. 2107.03 or 2107.24. Further, the plain
language of R.C. 2107.24 neither refers to nor provides alternatives to R.C. 2107.15
or to any statutes that govern the competency of witnesses. The voiding provision
of R.C. 2107.15 therefore applies equally to essential witnesses to both formally
compliant and remediated wills. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Sixth
District Court of Appeals.
BACKGROUND
{¶ 3} On August 11, 1967, Joseph Shaffer—a psychologist and later, a part
owner of sleep clinics—executed a formal will instructing that if his wife
predeceased him, his estate would pass through trust to his two sons, Mark and
appellant, Theodore (Terry) Shaffer. Joseph’s wife predeceased him. Joseph died
on July 20, 2015, and the Lucas County Probate Court admitted his will to probate
on September 15, 2015. In January 2016, appellee Juley Norman filed a claim
against the estate as a creditor for the care and services that she had provided to
Joseph. Juley attached a copy of a note handwritten and signed by Joseph Shaffer
in 2006 on a three-by-five-inch notecard. The notecard read:
Dec 22, 2006
My estate is not
completely settled
all of my sleep network
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stock is to go to
Terry Shaffer
Juley Norman for
her care of me is to
receive ¼ of my estate
Terry is to be the
executor.
This is my will.
The card had no other signatures.
{¶ 4} Terry, the administrator of his father’s estate, rejected this claim. In
July 2016, appellee Zachary Norman, Juley’s son, to whom Joseph had given the
notecard for safekeeping, filed an application in the probate court to treat the
notecard as a will subject to probate. He also filed an amendment to the list of
Joseph Shaffer’s devisees, adding Juley as a beneficiary.
{¶ 5} A magistrate held the hearing required by R.C. 2107.24 to consider
whether the handwritten notecard that did not conform to the requirements of
formal will-making in R.C. 2107.03 should be admitted to probate. Juley testified
to her close relationship with Joseph and the circumstances of his writing the
document. She further testified that Joseph had referred to the document several
times thereafter and had sought assurance from Zachary that he had put it in a safe
place.
{¶ 6} The probate-court magistrate held that Zachary had not established by
clear and convincing evidence that the document was intended to be Joseph’s will.
The magistrate further held that R.C. 2107.24, which allows nonconforming
documents to be treated as wills in certain circumstances, does not eliminate the
competent-witness-attestation requirement of R.C. 2107.03 and is intended to
remediate wills whose nonconformity results from an inadvertent mistake in
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execution rather than from ignorance of the law. The magistrate therefore
recommended that the probate court deny Zachary’s application to probate the 2006
document and strike the proposed amended list of Joseph’s devisees. The probate
court overruled Zachary’s subsequent objections to the magistrate’s decision and
adopted the decision in full.
{¶ 7} In his appeal from the judgment of the probate court, Zachary asserted
that unlike R.C. 2107.03, R.C. 2107.24 does not require the witnesses to a
noncompliant will to be “competent witnesses,” and therefore, the voiding
provision of R.C. 2107.15 does not apply to a purported will that may be remediated
pursuant to R.C. 2107.24. He argued that the General Assembly deliberately
omitted the word “competent” in R.C. 2107.24 to elevate a testator’s intent over
statutory formalities. Rather, the General Assembly sought to ensure the same
protections provided by such formalities through a required hearing at which the
proponent of a purported will must establish all the necessary elements by clear and
convincing evidence. The Sixth District Court of Appeals agreed and reversed the
probate court’s judgment.
{¶ 8} The Sixth District determined that the probate court had erred by
concluding that the 2006 document did not meet the requirements for admission to
probate under Ohio law and by concluding that the bequest to Juley must be voided.
2019-Ohio-234, ¶ 44-45. The appellate court held that “the purpose of the purging
statute, R.C. 2107.15, has been eliminated by the grant of authority to the probate
court to evaluate the credibility of the interested witness and weigh the evidence”
pursuant to R.C. 2107.24. Id. at ¶ 44. The court concluded that “if the probate
court finds the testator truly intended to make a will, despite the failure to comply
with the requirements of R.C. 2107.03 or the fact that a witness was also named as
a beneficiary under the will, the court must admit the document to probate as a
will.” Id.
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January Term, 2020
{¶ 9} Terry Shaffer sought our discretionary review of the Sixth District’s
decision. We accepted the appeal on the following proposition of law:
Ohio’s Voiding Statute applies equally to wills executed in
compliance with R.C. 2107.03 and wills submitted pursuant to R.C.
2107.24. If the will is witnessed by a devisee, either by the devisee’s
signature or by the devisee’s testimony, the bequest to the interested
witness is void.
See 156 Ohio St.3d 1442, 2019-Ohio-2496, 125 N.E.3d 913.
ANALYSIS
{¶ 10} The issue raised in this appeal—and the context in which it has been
raised—requires us to examine the role that witnesses play in the execution of a
valid will, the laws that apply to witnesses under Ohio law, and the laws that apply
to the document itself under Ohio law. The interplay among the relevant statutes
reveals that a witness’s status as a devisee does not control whether a document is
a valid will. The particular method used to recognize a document as a valid will
does not control whether the will’s devise or bequest to an essential interested
witness is void. Irrespective of whether R.C. 2107.24 allows incompetent
witnesses to establish that a document is a will, the voiding provision of R.C.
2107.15 applies to devises contained in any will. Accordingly, Shaffer’s
proposition of law is well taken.
General Requirements for an Admissible Will under Ohio Law
{¶ 11} Generally speaking, admitting a written will to probate requires a
court to determine, from the face of the document itself, that it was executed in
compliance with the law. R.C. 2107.18. R.C. 2107.03 governs the method of
creating a written will in Ohio. The statute provides:
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Except oral wills, every will shall be in writing, but may be
handwritten or typewritten. The will shall be signed at the end by
the testator or by some other person in the testator’s conscious
presence and at the testator’s express direction. The will shall be
attested and subscribed in the conscious presence of the testator, by
two or more competent witnesses, who saw the testator subscribe,
or heard the testator acknowledge the testator’s signature.
{¶ 12} If a will bears all the signatures indicating due execution and
attestation, the court must admit the will to probate irrespective of whether the
will’s validity could be challenged on other grounds. In re Elvin’s Will, 146 Ohio
St. 448, 451-452, 66 N.E.2d 629 (1946). If the face of a purported will does not
exhibit compliance with all of R.C. 2107.03, a court may still admit the document
to probate but only if the proponent of the document satisfies the requirements of
R.C. 2107.24. That statute provides:
(A) If a document that is executed that purports to be a will
is not executed in compliance with the requirements of section
2107.03 of the Revised Code, that document shall be treated as if it
had been executed as a will in compliance with the requirements of
that section if a probate court, after holding a hearing, finds that the
proponent of the document as a purported will has established, by
clear and convincing evidence, all of the following:
(1) The decedent prepared the document or caused
the document to be prepared.
(2) The decedent signed the document and intended
the document to constitute the decedent’s will.
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January Term, 2020
(3) The decedent signed the document under division
(A)(2) of this section in the conscious presence of two or
more witnesses.
{¶ 13} The standards of R.C. 2107.24 provide a narrow exception to the
formalities required in R.C. 2107.03, primarily by excusing a witness’s failure to
sign the will. Frank, Harmless Error, or Not? Applying R.C. 2107.24, 17 Ohio
Prob.L.J. 38 (2006). If the document submitted to probate does not satisfy the
requirements described in R.C. 2107.03, subject to the narrow exception in R.C.
2107.24, then the document is simply not a will. See Bloechle v. Davis, 132 Ohio
St. 415, 418, 8 N.E.2d 247 (1937). The court’s role at the point of admission to
probate is not to examine the validity of the will’s contents but to verify that the
document was validly executed. In re Hathaway’s Will, 4 Ohio St. 383, 386 (1854).
Accordingly, the validity of the contents of the will, including devises or bequests
to any particular person, does not dictate whether a will may be admitted to probate.
Witness Requirements for an Admissible Will
{¶ 14} The language of R.C. 2107.03 most pertinent to this appeal is the
language requiring the involvement of “two or more competent witnesses” and
requiring that the written will be “attested and subscribed” by those witnesses.
{¶ 15} The term “competent witness” is not expressly defined in R.C.
Chapter 2107, but the general definition of “competency” is found in R.C. 2317.01:
All persons are competent witnesses except those of unsound
mind and children under ten years of age who appear incapable of
receiving just impressions of the facts and transactions respecting
which they are examined, or of relating them truly.
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{¶ 16} We have previously held that a witness is competent as required by
R.C. 2107.03 if the witness satisfies the elements of R.C. 2317.01. Rogers v.
Helmes, 69 Ohio St.2d 323, 432 N.E.2d 186 (1982), paragraph one of the syllabus.
We have also observed that a person’s competence to witness the execution of a
will is not affected by the fact that the person will gain an interest from the will; the
General Assembly has separately specified when “disinterested,” rather than
merely competent, witnesses are required. Id. at 327, citing R.C. 2107.60 (the
execution of oral wills requires “two competent disinterested witnesses”). Looking
to a witness’s general competence rather than any potential interest in the will is
consistent with the notion that the specific contents of the will do not dictate
whether the document constitutes a will that may be admitted to probate.
{¶ 17} Although “competent” describes what a witness must be, the
requirement that the will be “attested and subscribed” controls what a witness must
do. Attestation and subscription connote two acts: (1) an “act of the senses” by
personally observing the signing or acknowledgement of signature by the testator
and (2) a physical act of signing the document, under the observation of the testator,
to prove that the attestation occurred. Tims v. Tims, 22 Ohio C.D. 506, 14 Ohio
C.C.(N.S.) 273 (1911), quoting Schouler, A Treatise on the Law of Wills, Section
330 (2d Ed.1892).
{¶ 18} The purpose of requiring the two acts of attestation and
subscription—and of requiring witnesses at all — “is to prevent the diversion of a
decedent’s estate from those who would take it under the statutes of descent and
distribution except in instances where the decedent has clearly and deliberately
expressed an intention to so divert it.” Sherman v. Johnson, 159 Ohio St. 209, 222,
112 N.E.2d 326 (1953). The ultimate goal of will-formality requirements is to
protect the testator’s intent given that “the succession process suffers from what is
known as the ‘worst evidence’ problem: decedents cannot speak up to correct the
record, clarify their wishes, or protect their interests.” Weisbord and
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January Term, 2020
Horton, Inheritance Forgery, 69 Duke L.J. 855, 861 (2020). But despite the intent
underlying the witness formalities required in the law of wills, the historically harsh
repercussions for even the smallest deviations from formal requirements led many
to believe that the formalities themselves did more to undermine testamentary intent
than nefarious would-be devisees. Id. Ohio’s R.C. 2107.24 is a remedial measure
against certain harsh results, as it excuses the requirement that the will be
“subscribed” by the witness and allows a witness’s attestation to be proved by other
means.
{¶ 19} As stated above, if the will submitted to probate appears to comply
with all the required formalities of R.C. 2107.03 and bears the signatures of the
testator and two witnesses, the court must admit the will to probate. Elvin’s Will,
146 Ohio St. at 451-452, 66 N.E.2d 629; R.C. 2107.18. Thus, in the case of a
facially valid will, a trial court need not scrutinize the competency of witnesses and
the fact of their attestation when the will is admitted to probate. Id. Such scrutiny
may be required, however, at a hearing pursuant to R.C. 2107.24 to determine the
validity of a facially noncompliant will when the probate court has the discretion to
weigh evidence for or against the validity of the document as a will. See, e.g., In
re Jordan, 4th Dist. Pike No. 08CA773, 2008-Ohio-4385, ¶ 5; In re Estate of
Pittson, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2008 CA 00014, 2009-Ohio-1862, ¶ 4-5; Estate of
Hand, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2016-02-034, 2016-Ohio-7437, 73 N.E.3d 880,
¶ 23. No matter the process, the consideration of an application to admit a will to
probate remains focused on whether the submitted document is a will; it is not a
proceeding that allows parties to address or contest the contents of the will. See
Hathaway’s Will, 4 Ohio St. at 385. Accordingly, a will’s contents, including
devises or bequests to any particular person, are outside the scope of a hearing
conducted pursuant to R.C. 2107.24 and are not relevant to the process of admitting
a will to probate.
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Limitations on Dispositions in a Will
{¶ 20} Even after a document is recognized as a valid will and admitted into
probate, the dispositions contained in Ohio wills are controlled by statute. In re
Miller’s Estate, 160 Ohio St. 529, 117 N.E.2d 598 (1954), paragraph three of the
syllabus. Ohio’s statutes “contain many provisions which limit the right of
testamentary disposition and annul provisions in a will which are contrary to such
statutes.” Id. at 538. For example, a “convicted murderer [cannot] take under the
will of the person whom he murdered.” Id. at 539; R.C. 2105.19. R.C. 2107.15,
which Terry terms the “voiding statute,” provides another limitation:
If a devise or bequest is made to a person who is one of only
two witnesses to a will, the devise or bequest is void. The witness
shall then be competent to testify to the execution of the will, as if
the devise or bequest had not been made. If the witness would have
been entitled to a share of the testator’s estate in case the will was
not established, the witness takes so much of that share that does not
exceed the bequest or devise to the witness.
{¶ 21} In essence, if a person stands to gain an interest from a will and if
the validity of the will hinges on that person’s acting as one of two essential
witnesses to the execution of the will, that person’s interest under the will is
eliminated as a matter of law. Rogers, 69 Ohio St.2d at 330, 432 N.E.2d 186.
Interested-witness laws like R.C. 2107.15 serve the purpose of preventing fraud
while also protecting a testator’s intentions and innocent beneficiaries by
invalidating only the portion of the will related to the witness’s devise rather than
the entire will. See Fowler v. Stagner, 55 Tex. 393, 398 (1881); In re Klein’s Estate,
35 Mont. 185, 88 P. 798, 804 (1907); In re Estate of Pye, 325 F.Supp. 321, 322
(D.D.C.1971), citing 2 Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 376-377
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January Term, 2020
(1854); Hairelson v. Estate of Franks, 130 Ohio App.3d 671, 675, 720 N.E.2d 989
(10th Dist.1998).
{¶ 22} Although the phrasing of R.C. 2107.15 might lead some to infer that
all interested witnesses are incompetent subject to subsequent restoration by the
provisions of R.C. 2107.15, we came to a different conclusion in Rogers. In that
case, we noted that the common-law rule that interested witnesses were
incompetent per se was abrogated by Ohio’s statutory scheme governing wills,
“subject to the safeguards built into R.C. 2107.15.” Rogers at 327. Rather than
directly controlling the issue of witness competency when a will is executed, R.C.
2107.15 protects against the potential dangers posed by an interested witness by
eliminating the interest as a matter of law at the time of probate. Id. at 330.
Accordingly, R.C. 2107.15 does not control whether a witness is competent to
establish that a document is a will that should be admitted to probate; it controls
whether a disposition contained in an already admitted will must be annulled.
R.C. 2107.24 Does Not Affect the Applicability of R.C. 2107.15
{¶ 23} Because a probate court is able to assess the credibility of an
interested witness during the evidentiary-hearing process of R.C. 2107.24, the court
of appeals concluded that the purpose behind R.C. 2107.15 was eliminated and that
the voiding provision of R.C. 2107.15 therefore did not apply. 2019-Ohio-234 at
¶ 44. Appellees additionally contend that the legislature’s failure to use the term
“competent” in R.C. 2107.24 signals a clear departure from strict will formalities
in favor of allowing a decedent’s “full intent to be carried out.” They assert that
this omission is in line with a national trend led by the National Conference of
Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in proposing the Uniform Probate Code
(“UPC”), which allows interested witnesses to take under wills. The plain language
of the statutes does not support either assertion.
{¶ 24} When analyzing statutory provisions, our paramount concern is to
ascertain and give effect to the intention of the General Assembly. Henry v. Cent.
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Natl. Bank, 16 Ohio St.2d 16, 242 N.E.2d 342 (1968), paragraph two of the
syllabus. We determine legislative intent primarily from the plain language of a
statute. Summerville v. Forest Park, 128 Ohio St.3d 221, 2010-Ohio-6280, 943
N.E.2d 522, ¶ 18. By its plain language, R.C. 2317.01 governs the specific subject
of witness competency, whereas R.C. 2107.03 and 2107.24 govern the formalities
required for a document to constitute a will, and R.C. 2107.15 governs devises or
bequests under a will to a certain class of people. The plain language of R.C.
2107.24 does not govern competency, and so its failure to use the word “competent”
is of little import. Similarly, R.C. 2107.24 fails to specify that the decedent must
have testamentary capacity pursuant to R.C. 2107.02, but no one disputes that R.C.
2107.021 applies to all wills.
{¶ 25} Although a probate court might gain a better view into the
circumstances behind a particular will and the credibility of the parties through the
evidentiary hearing required for formally noncompliant wills, the court is limited
to determining whether the decedent (1) prepared the document, (2) signed the
document and intended it to be his will, and (3) signed the document in the
conscious presence of two or more witnesses. R.C. 2107.24(A). Nothing in R.C.
2107.24(A) authorizes the court at a hearing to determine that an interested witness
poses no risk of perjury or malfeasance and that R.C. 2107.15 should therefore not
apply to any devises or bequests to the witness once the document is admitted to
probate as a will. An application to admit a will to probate is not a process in which
parties can address or contest the contents of a will, Hathaway’s Will, 4 Ohio St. at
385, and it is inappropriate for the probate court to rule on the contents of a
purported will before determining that the document is a will.
{¶ 26} R.C. 2107.24 also does not indicate that the purpose of relaxing the
strict formalities related to witness attestation and subscription is to allow a
1. R.C. 2107.02 states, “A person who is eighteen years of age or older, of sound mind and memory,
and not under restraint may make a will.”
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January Term, 2020
decedent’s “full intent to be carried out,” including the intent to make specific
devises or bequests to a particular party. The probate court’s only inquiry regarding
a testator’s intent when executing a purported, formally noncompliant will is
whether the decedent “intended the document to constitute the decedent’s will.”
R.C. 2107.24(A)(2). The testamentary intent that must be proved to establish that
a document is a will is distinct from the decedent’s intent that certain provisions
within the will be construed or applied a certain way. Estate of Hand, 2016-Ohio-
7437, 73 N.E.3d 880, ¶ 16 (12th Dist.), quoting In re Estate of McIntosh, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-75556, 1976 WL 189970, *2 (June 7, 1976).
{¶ 27} Finally, the language of neither R.C. 2107.24 nor 2107.15 indicates
that Ohio has joined the movement, reflected in the UPC, to enforce all devises or
bequests specified in a will irrespective of the status of the beneficiaries. A crucial
difference between Ohio law and the UPC is that the UPC explicitly abolishes
“voiding” or “purging” statutes by providing that “[t]he signing of a will by an
interested witness does not invalidate the will or any provision of it.” (Emphasis
added.) UPC 2-505(b). By contrast, the voiding provision of R.C. 2107.15 is still
in effect in Ohio.
{¶ 28} Our conclusion that R.C. 2107.24 does not affect the applicability of
R.C. 2107.15 is consistent with a reading of the statutory scheme as a whole. If we
were to accept appellees’ argument, the alleged exception to the voiding provision
of R.C. 2107.15 would subsume the entire law, because any essential interested
witness could defeat the voiding statute by simply refusing to sign an otherwise
conforming will.
{¶ 29} While the General Assembly in enacting R.C. 2107.24 removed
some of the formal barriers to creating a will, it did not remove the substantive
barrier in R.C. 2107.15 that annuls dispositions to interested witnesses that were
essential to establishing the validity of any will, whether through subscription or
through testimony at an evidentiary hearing. Therefore, if a devise or bequest is
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made to a person who is one of only two witnesses to a will, the devise or bequest
to that witness is void whether the will is executed in compliance with R.C. 2107.03
or submitted pursuant to R.C. 2107.24.
CONCLUSION
{¶ 30} We conclude that Zachary Norman’s claim fails because Ohio’s
voiding statute, R.C. 2107.15, applies both to wills executed in compliance with
R.C. 2107.03 and those submitted pursuant to R.C. 2107.24. The probate court
correctly applied R.C. 2107.15 and determined that Juley Norman could not be
included in the list of beneficiaries of Joseph Shaffer’s estate. Accordingly, we
reverse the judgment of the Sixth District Court of Appeals and reinstate the
judgment of the probate court.
Judgment reversed.
O’CONNOR, C.J., and KENNEDY, FRENCH, FISCHER, DEWINE, and
STEWART, JJ., concur.
_________________
Zachary Norman and Juley Norman, pro se.
Robison, Curphey and O’Connell, Corey L. Tomlinson, Paul E. Croy, Sarah
J. Corney, and Kayla L. Henderson, for appellant.
_________________
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