Darrell Brown v. Commonwealth of Kentucky

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 RENDERED: DECEMBER 17, 2020
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Supreme Court of Kentucky
2019-SC-0268-MR

DARRELL BROWN APPELLANT

ON APPEAL FROM HARDIN CIRCUIT COURT
V. HONORABLE KEN M. HOWARD, JUDGE
NO. 18-CR-00623

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE

MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT

REVERSING IN PART AND AFFIRMING IN PART

A Hardin Circuit Court jury convicted Appellant, Darrell Brown, of first-

degree trafficking in a controlled substance (methamphetamine, less than two

grams), possession of marijuana, possession of drug paraphernalia, first-degree

bail jumping and found him to be a first-degree persistent felony offender

(PFO). The trial court sentenced Appellant to twenty-years’ imprisonment in

accordance with the jury’s recommendation. Appellant now appeals to this

Court as a matter of right. Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b).

On appeal, Appellant claims the trial court erred by: (1) denying his

motion to suppress evidence; (2) allowing the admission of unqualified,

prejudicial, and irrelevant testimony; and (3) allowing his conviction for first-

degree bail jumping. Because officers impermissibly extended the stop, we

reverse the trial court’s judgment in part as the trial court erred by denying
Appellant’s motion to suppress; therefore, we reverse all convictions relying on

that evidence (trafficking in a controlled substance, possession of marijuana,

and possession of drug paraphernalia). Otherwise, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

At almost midnight, grocery store employees called police asking officers

that they check on Appellant’s car in the public parking lot. In the call, the

store employees stated the lights were on in Appellant’s vehicle, and it had

been there a few hours. When police arrived, they knew the store was closed.

Officers observed Appellant’s car in the parking lot with the engine running.

Officers noticed loose tobacco, and saw Appellant leaning over the center

console, “with his arms wrapped up like he was laying on his arms.” Officers

knocked on the window, and after approximately six-seconds, Appellant rolled

the window down.

After speaking to Appellant, police took his driver’s license back to the

police cruiser to check his driver’s status and determine if he had any

outstanding warrants. Officers learned Appellant had a similar encounter with

officers approximately two weeks prior when he was also sitting in his car while

waiting on his girlfriend. After running Appellant’s license, police re-

approached Appellant’s car and ordered him to exit the vehicle pursuant to

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). Once out of the car, Appellant consented for

police to search his person.

Officers then ordered Appellant to the front of the police cruiser for

further questioning. Police testified they did not smell alcohol, marijuana, or

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meth during the interaction. Appellant told police he was waiting on a call

from his girlfriend so he could go to her house after work but had fallen asleep

in the car. When asked about the loose tobacco, Appellant told police he rolls

his own cigarettes, explaining it is cheaper.

After some time, police requested permission to search Appellant’s car,

but he refused. Police acknowledged the refusal, and ordered Appellant to wait

at the front of the police cruiser, away from his car, while officers looked

around the exterior of the car, peering inside at different angles with a

flashlight. Eventually, police noticed marijuana in the floorboard and called

Appellant over, who confirmed the identity of the substance in the baggie.

Police subsequently searched Appellant’s car, where they found drug

paraphernalia, methamphetamine, and marijuana. Officers arrested Appellant

after finding the drugs.

While on bond, Appellant failed to appear for his preliminary hearing and

the trial court issued a warrant. After officers arrested Appellant, a grand jury

indicted him for first-degree trafficking in a controlled substance

(methamphetamine, less than two grams), possession of drug paraphernalia,

possession of marijuana, first-degree bail jumping, and first-degree persistent

felony offender.

Appellant filed a motion to suppress evidence related to the police

search, arguing the search and seizure violated his rights pursuant to the

Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Section 10 of the

Kentucky Constitution. After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion. It

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found the police were performing a welfare check, and, alternatively, that the

officers had reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Further, the trial court

found police did not unlawfully extend the stop.

Before trial, Appellant filed a motion to exclude a detective’s testimony,

or alternatively, to have a hearing to determine whether the detective was

qualified to testify as an expert. The trial court found the detective was

qualified to testify. During trial, Appellant argues the Commonwealth elicited

testimony from its witnesses that implied the felony status of Appellant,

although Appellant did not testify. After the jury trial, Appellant was convicted

of all charges and sentenced to twenty years’ imprisonment. This appeal

followed.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Motion to suppress

“When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we utilize

a clear error standard of review for factual findings and a de novo standard of

review for conclusions of law.” Jackson v. Commonwealth, 187 S.W.3d 300,

305 (Ky. 2006) (citing Welch v. Commonwealth, 149 S.W.3d 407, 409 (Ky.

2004)).

With respect to the trial court’s factual findings, Appellant argues the

trial court erred in finding the officers had reasonable suspicion for the stop.

After reviewing the record, we conclude there was no clear error in these

factual findings of the trial court. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous only if it

is manifestly against the great weight of the evidence. Frances v. Frances, 266

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S.W.3d 754 (Ky. 2008). Appellant presents no argument that amounts to

findings that are manifestly against the weight of the evidence. Rather,

Appellant takes issue with de minimus wording used by the trial court, such as

its use of “several hours,” as opposed to “a couple hours,” and its finding

Appellant was “slumped over,” when an officer’s testimony was that he did not

“want to say [Appellant] was slumped over, but he was kind of laying over the

center console . . . .” Last, Appellant disagrees with the finding Appellant was

at first not responsive and “finally” responded, as opposed to what the

Appellant characterizes as that it only “took six seconds,” and that the loose

tobacco was found on the dashboard, as opposed to the window sill. After

review, we hold the factual findings are not clearly erroneous; thus, the trial

court’s factual findings are conclusive.

We next turn to whether the trial court erred when it applied the facts of

this case to the law of the Commonwealth. We make this determination de

novo—affording no weight to the trial court’s determinations. Jackson, 187

S.W.3d at 305. This issue turns on whether the Fourth Amendment of the

United States Constitution or Section 10 of the Kentucky Constitution were

violated. Both “protect the right of the people to be secure in their persons,

houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures.”

Adcock v. Commonwealth, 967 S.W.2d 6, 8 (Ky. 1998). These “protections

extend to brief investigatory stops of persons or vehicles that fall short of

traditional arrest.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002).

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 “It is fundamental that all searches without a warrant are unreasonable

unless it can be shown that they come within one of the exceptions to the rule

that a search must be made pursuant to a valid warrant.” Cook v.

Commonwealth, 826 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Ky. 1992) (citing Coolidge v. New

Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443 (1971)).

1. Initial Police Approach

As to the initial police approach, it is well-established that “[p]olice

officers are free to approach anyone in public areas for any reason. Officers are

entitled to the same freedom of movement that the rest of society enjoys.”

Commonwealth v. Banks, 68 S.W.3d 347, 350 (Ky. 2001). When a police officer

simply approaches someone, it is not a seizure. Id. at 350 (citing Baker v.

Commonwealth, 5 S.W.3d 142, 145 (Ky. 1999)). Therefore, when the police

approached Appellant in a public parking lot, it was not a seizure and did not

require the police to have reasonable suspicion.

As noted, the trial court found the police approached Appellant to

conduct a welfare check as community caretakers, which also does not require

reasonable suspicion. “[F]or the community caretaking function to apply there

must be some specific and articulable facts that would lead the officer to

reasonably believe the citizen is in need of assistance.” Poe v. Commonwealth,

169 S.W.3d 54, 58 (Ky. App. 2005). Here, the trial court found Appellant was

in a parking lot, slumped over and asleep at the wheel with the vehicle

running. Those facts, combined with the call from the store, make it clear

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police could approach and check on Appellant. As such, the initial police

approach and interactions with Appellant were constitutional.

2. Seizure

Following United States Supreme Court precedent, this Court has

reiterated “a person has been seized when, in view of the circumstances

surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was

not free to leave.” Baker, 5 S.W.3d at 145 (citing United States v. Mendenhall,

446 U.S. 544 (1980)). We further reiterated the factors from Mendenhall, “such

as the threatening presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an

officer, some physical touching of the person, or the use of language or tone of

voice indicating that compliance with the officer’s request might be compelled.”

Id. In Baker, we held a police officer’s “direct order for Appellant to remove his

hands from his pockets must be interpreted as a show of authority which, we

believe, would compel a reasonable person to believe he was not free to leave.”

Id. at 145.

After the initial interaction in this case, officers checked Appellant’s

driver’s license at the police cruiser, re-approached and ordered Appellant to

step out, turn around, and face the car. Appellant complied, and as soon as he

started getting out of the vehicle, an officer put his hands on Appellant’s body

and asked if Appellant had anything that would poke or stick him or if he had

any weapons. Appellant answered in the negative. The officer then asked

Appellant if he could search his person, and Appellant contemporaneously

started to put his arms down to his sides. The officer immediately told

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Appellant “no,” that he could not put his arms down. At this point, Appellant

agreed to the pat down, and the police did not find anything on Appellant’s

person.

The trial court held this whole interaction was part of the initial “welfare

check” on the Appellant. The trial court also found that, in the alternative,

officers had reasonable suspicion for the investigation, which precludes the

need for either Appellant’s consent or the welfare check justification. “Under

Terry, a law enforcement officer may briefly stop and detain an individual for

investigative purposes if he has a reasonable suspicion supported by

articulable facts that ‘criminal activity may be afoot,’ even if he lacks probable

cause.” United States v. Bailey, 302 F.3d 652, 658 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting

United States v. Erwin, 155 F.3d 818, 822 (6th Cir. 1998)).

The police had received a call from the store that Appellant had been out

in the parking lot for a while, and his vehicle was running with its headlights

on. During the call, store employees did not advise the officers that Appellant

was trespassing, as it was undisputedly a public parking lot. However, after

officers arrived, they noticed Appellant appeared to be asleep, he was possibly

slumped over, the vehicle was running, and that loose tobacco was present

(which police testified could be indicative of drug use). While any of these

factors alone may have not been enough to amount to reasonable suspicion,

the combination of them was sufficient. As such, officers had reasonable

suspicion supported by articulable facts to briefly investigate Appellant.

Officers briefly questioned Appellant and detained him while they checked his

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driver’s license. During that investigation, officers learned Appellant had

previously been investigated by police while sitting in his car approximately two

weeks earlier. Next, police re-approached Appellant’s vehicle, ordered him to

step out of the car, and performed a frisk, which the trial court found was

consensual.

At that time, the reasonable suspicions of the police should have been

satisfied, as one of the officers even testified they had no evidence Appellant

had broken any laws. Thus, Appellant should have been free to leave, and the

police had no authority to continue Appellant’s detention without something

more—which police conceded they did not have.

3. Extension of Stop

“[A] police stop exceeding the time needed to handle the matter for which

the stop was made violates the Constitution’s shield against unreasonable

seizures.” Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. 348, 350 (2015). Thus, the

“controlling rule is that a vehicle stop may last no longer than is required to

accomplish the purpose of the stop.” Turley v. Commonwealth, 399 S.W.3d

412, 423 (Ky. 2013).

As noted, after police briefly investigated Appellant—which involved

questioning, checking his driver’s information and criminal/warrant

background, removing him from the vehicle, and even consensually frisking his

person—he should have been free to leave. That was enough time to

accomplish the purpose of the stop, and officers could not constitutionally

prolong the seizure past the time necessary to complete their initial purpose.

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However, even if we agreed with the trial court that the “mission” of the police

was to perform a welfare check on Appellant to ensure he was okay, that

certainly should have been completed prior to performing the above-mentioned

tasks. Officers had gathered enough information to ensure Appellant was not

intoxicated, unconscious, in need of assistance, or otherwise suffering from a

medical emergency—all which satisfied the purpose for the initial interaction.

Further, officers testified Appellant had not broken any laws, and nothing

occurred to create new reasonable suspicion to extend Appellant’s seizure.

In spite of the fact officers had accomplished the purpose of the initial

stop, they ordered Appellant to the front of the police cruiser, continued

questioning him, and eventually asked to search his vehicle. Appellant refused

to consent to the search, and police acknowledged this lack of consent. An

officer then told Appellant to wait at the front of the cruiser while he searched

around the exterior of Appellant’s vehicle. The officer walked around

Appellant’s vehicle while holding his flashlight up to the windows and

maneuvering his body position to enable him to see from different angles inside

Appellant’s vehicle. Eventually, the officer spotted a bag of marijuana on the

floorboard and called Appellant over to confirm its presence. After

subsequently searching Appellant’s vehicle, police found more drugs and

contraband.

Appellant characterizes the officers’ search as “a fishing expedition,” and

we must agree. This was an unconstitutional extension beyond the initial

purpose of the interaction, as it was not supported by any new reasonable

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suspicion to support the extension. Once the police ordered Appellant to the

front of the police cruiser for additional questioning and further ordered

Appellant to wait there while he performed a walk-around search of Appellant’s

vehicle, it was no different than the police extending a stop to allow for a police

dog sniff. In Davis v. Commonwealth, this Court reiterated United States

Supreme Court precedent that a police dog sniff is not a normal part of a traffic

stop, and if a traffic stop is prolonged for that purpose, it is unlawful. 484

S.W.3d 288, 293 (Ky. 2016) (citing Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 354-55).

There are times when police can extend a stop for such a purpose. “In

order to extend a stop beyond the time required to complete its initial purpose,

something must occur during the stop to create a ‘reasonable and articulable

suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.’” Mitchell v. Commonwealth, No. 2019-

SC-0087-DG, 2020 WL 6390276, at *4 (Ky. Oct. 29, 2020) (quoting Turley, 399

S.W.3d at 421). However, “[i]f the traffic stop is prolonged beyond the time

required for the purpose of the stop, ‘the subsequent discovery of contraband is

the product of an unconstitutional seizure.’” Davis, 484 S.W.3d at 292

(quoting Epps v. Commonwealth, 295 S.W.3d 807, 811 (Ky. 2009)).

It was error for the trial court to rule otherwise. The contraband found

after the unlawful extension was the result of an unconstitutional search of

Appellant and should have been suppressed.

The Commonwealth argues that if we find the search and seizure

unconstitutional, the exclusionary rule should not apply to exclude the

evidence due to the independent source and attenuation doctrines. We

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disagree. The exclusionary rule “often requires trial courts to exclude

unlawfully seized evidence in a criminal trial,” but it has “several exceptions.”

Utah v. Strieff, 136 S.Ct. 2056, 2061 (2016).

“[T]he independent source doctrine allows trial courts to admit evidence

obtained in an unlawful search if officers independently acquired it from a

separate, independent source.” Id. The Commonwealth asserts this doctrine

should apply because officers discovered the marijuana in Appellant’s vehicle

“in plain view, independently from any constitutional violation.” However, the

independent source doctrine only applies if the discovery of the evidence was

“wholly independent of any constitutional violation.” Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S.

431, 443 (1984). As we have held, the police committed constitutional

violations while discovering the evidence; it was not found wholly independent

of those constitutional violations.

We also disagree with the Commonwealth that all requirements for the

plain view exception were satisfied. This instance fails the first prong, that

police “must not have violated the Fourteenth Amendment in arriving at the

place where the evidence could be plainly viewed.” Hazel v. Commonwealth,

833 S.W.2d 831, 833 (Ky. 1992). The police violated Appellant’s constitutional

rights by unlawfully extending Appellant’s seizure to hold him at the front of

the police cruiser. As such, the officer did not arrive in the place to discover

the evidence without the constitutional violation. Therefore, the independent

source doctrine does not apply to preclude the exclusionary rule.

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 “The attenuation doctrine evaluates the causal link between the

government’s unlawful act and the discovery of evidence, which often has

nothing to do with a defendant’s actions.” Strieff, 136 S.Ct. at 2061. It allows

evidence to be “admissible when the connection between unconstitutional

police conduct and the evidence is remote or has been interrupted by some

intervening circumstance.” Id. In Strieff, the Court held the evidence “was

admissible because the unlawful stop was sufficiently attenuated by the pre-

existing arrest warrant.” Id. at 2063.

The Strieff factors are: “temporal proximity between the unconstitutional

conduct and the discovery of evidence,” “presence of intervening

circumstances,” and “the purpose and flagrancy of the official misconduct.” Id.

at 2061-62. These weigh against the application of the attenuation doctrine in

this case. Also, the link between the officers’ unlawful seizure and discovery of

the evidence is strong and direct, without any intervening circumstances.

Therefore, the attenuation doctrine does not preclude the exclusionary rule.

As we have decided this case on constitutional grounds, we need not

address the remaining arguments about the testimony at trial, as they are not

likely to recur on remand.1 The only remaining issue to be resolved is whether

the trial court erred in entering a conviction for bail jumping.

1 Among these arguments is a contention the Commonwealth implied Appellant

was a convicted felon during the guilt-phase of trial by asking two officers if they
always found weapons during drug arrests and if there were some people who could
not legally carry guns. Both officers responded that they did not always find weapons
on drug dealers and that there were some individuals who could not carry guns.
Neither of them mentioned that felons could not carry firearms or that Appellant was a

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 B. Bail Jumping

Appellant argues this charge should be viewed as fruit of the poisonous

tree because “[h]ad he not been arrested, there would never have been a bail.”

Since bail jumping is a separate criminal offense, we disagree.

KRS 520.070(1), the first-degree bail jumping statute, reads as follows:

A person is guilty of bail jumping in the first degree when, having
been released from custody by court order, with or without bail,
upon condition that he will subsequently appear at a specified time
and place in connection with a charge of having committed a
felony, he intentionally fails to appear at that time and place.

(Emphasis added).

We agree with our Court of Appeals, which held the statute is “plain and

unambiguous,” and that “the nature of the charge(s) against a defendant at the

time he jumps” is the determining factor. Curley v. Commonwealth, 895

S.W.2d 10, 12 (Ky. App. 1995). In Curley, the defendant had originally been

charged with a felony, but, by the time he jumped bail, had been reduced to a

misdemeanor charge. Due to the “nature of the charge” at the time he jumped

bail being a misdemeanor rather than a felony, the defendant could not be

charged with first-degree bail jumping.

Adopting and applying the reasoning of Curley, here, Appellant was

charged with felony drug trafficking when he jumped bail—therefore, that is

the “nature of the charge” we consider. It is immaterial whether the evidence

used to support the underlying charge should have been suppressed. Bail

convicted felon. Not only did defense counsel not object to this line of questioning, it
had implied that Appellant was not dealing drugs, as he was unarmed.

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jumping is an independent charge. While Appellant may well ultimately be

acquitted of the drug charge, the fact still remains that he jumped bail.

Appellant had to comply with the trial court’s order to appear and should have

disputed his charges through the proper process. To hold otherwise would

encourage those defendants with a belief evidence against them is

unconstitutional to avoid appearing in court. It would be a slippery slope and

encourage defiance with trial courts’ bonding conditions. We decline

Appellant’s invitation to embark upon such a perilous journey in the present

case.

III. CONCLUSION

Because officers unconstitutionally extended Appellant’s stop, the fruits

of their subsequent search should have been suppressed at trial. Therefore, we

reverse Appellant’s convictions for first-degree trafficking in a controlled

substance (methamphetamine, less than two grams), possession of marijuana,

and possession of drug paraphernalia. We otherwise affirm. This matter is

remanded to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

All sitting. All concur.

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COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Jared Travis Bewley
Assistant Public Advocate

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Daniel Jay Cameron
Attorney General of Kentucky

Christopher Henry
Assistant Attorney General

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