RENDERED: DECEMBER 11, 2020; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2019-CA-0222-MR
ELAINE HUGHES APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v. HONORABLE JUDITH E. MCDONALD-BURKMAN, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 16-CI-002098
NORTON HEALTHCARE, INC. APPELLEE
OPINION
AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART, AND REMANDING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: COMBS, JONES, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.
JONES, JUDGE: Appellant, Elaine Hughes (“Hughes”), appeals the order of the
Jefferson Circuit Court, which granted summary judgment to Appellee, Norton
Healthcare, Inc. (“Norton”), on claims of retaliation under KRS1 216B.165,
1
Kentucky Revised Statutes.
wrongful discharge in violation of KRS 216B.165, and intentional infliction of
emotional distress following her termination.
Having reviewed the record in conjunction with all applicable legal
authority, we affirm the circuit court’s summary judgment on Hughes’s claims of
retaliation and intentional infliction of emotional distress. We reverse the circuit
court’s judgment with respect to Hughes’s claim for wrongful discharge in
violation of public policy and remand for additional analysis and factual findings.
I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Until the events giving rise to this litigation occurred, 55-year-old
Hughes was employed by Norton as an Assistant Nurse Manager (“ANM”).
Hughes began working at Norton in 1987 as a staff nurse in the obstetrics and
gynecology departments. Over the years, she did her job well and received several
promotions, culminating in her promotion to ANM for the hospital’s Operating
Room (“OR”) in 2010.
As an ANM in the OR, Hughes’s duties were largely managerial, and
she rarely scrubbed in on cases. Instead, Hughes ran the Surgery Scheduling
Board, meaning she organized the flow of cases in the OR, scheduling nurses and
coordinating with surgeons, anesthesiologists, and other hospital professionals to
do so. Hughes’s additional responsibilities included scheduling staff, handling
some payroll duties, meeting with other ANMs weekly, and working an on-call
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shift one weekend approximately every five weeks. As an ANM, Hughes was an
at-will employee, and she understood that Norton could terminate her employment
at any time, with or without cause.
In March of 2015, Kimberly Ransdell was hired by Norton as the
Surgery Manager. This made Ransdell Hughes’s direct supervisor. Ransdell
reported to Pam Photiadis, the Director of Surgical Services. Both Ransdell and
Photiadis agreed that Hughes was a good nurse and well-qualified for her position.
According to Photiadis, Hughes was a “fine woman” but had at times exhibited
poor judgment in her employment. Hughes received a disciplinary corrective
action in 2010 prior to Ransdell’s becoming her direct supervisor and several
“coachings” from Ransdell regarding scheduling in the OR in the spring and
summer of 2015.
In May of 2015, just months after Ransdell became Surgery Manager,
Ransdell recorded notes of several “coaching” meetings she conducted with
Hughes. According to Ransdell, keeping coaching notes was common practice for
supervisors, and she did so for all the ANMs under her supervision. In May,
Ransdell documented that she met with Hughes to discuss improving Hughes’s
working relationship with anesthesia with regard to scheduling cases in the OR.
The two met again in June to address comments Hughes made to a Norton surgeon
about getting her hands “slapped” during the May coaching. In October, Ransdell
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met with Hughes twice more to discuss an incident in which Hughes “bumped” a
patient’s OR time for a non-emergency case, causing the patient’s surgery to be
cancelled for a second time and postponed until the second day. Ransdell did not
take any written corrective action related to these notes, nor did she provide
Hughes with a copy of the notes. Hughes claims in her post-deposition affidavit
that these meetings did not take place.
Hughes was known by her supervisors and coworkers to voice her
opinions, which she did in spring of 2015 when she became aware that Norton’s
OR was unprepared to deal with an increasing rate of obstetrical issues. Hughes
was particularly alarmed by an increase in cases involving placenta accreta, a
serious and often sudden pregnancy complication that can result in severe blood
loss following delivery. Hughes had observed a growing trend in accreta patients
being transferred from the Labor and Delivery section of the hospital to the OR
without notice and believed that the OR needed a plan in place for handling these
emergency cases. Other Norton employees shared the same patient safety
concerns, including Ransdell and Photiadis; Hughes was not alone.
In particular, Hughes was involved in two incidents in which patients
with severe obstetric complications arrived in the Norton OR without warning.
The first occurred in late spring or early summer of 2015, when Labor and
Delivery called Hughes in the OR to tell her that they were bringing an accreta
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patient into the OR immediately, without ensuring that there was a clean room
available before doing so. The second incident also occurred that summer when
Labor and Delivery sent a patient to the OR for monitoring and testing, neither of
which were ordinary functions of the OR.
After the second incident, Hughes was asked to meet with Risk
Management in a nondisciplinary capacity to address what had happened. To her
knowledge, Hughes was the only employee to meet with Risk Management about
obstetric issues. During that meeting, Risk Management acknowledged that there
was a “disconnect” in communication between Gynecology and the OR. Although
that particular event had not involved an accreta patient, Hughes also voluntarily
brought up her concerns regarding the accreta issue.
Hughes testified that she also reported one or both of the incidents to a
number of Norton employees: Ransdell, Photiadis, the Gynecology ANM Theresa
Vincent, Norton Anesthesia, Risk Management, and several other ANMs. The
other Norton employees all agreed that the OR needed a specific plan for dealing
with accreta patients to ensure patient safety. Both Ransdell and Photiadis testified
that they encouraged Hughes to raise the issue. According to Photiadis, not only
was Hughes not in trouble for reporting the accreta issue, she was a part of the
solution to the problem. It was Norton’s policy to encourage reporting patient care
and safety issues, and employees commonly did so.
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Later that summer, Hughes, Ransdell, anesthesia, Labor and Delivery,
and other employees met to discuss a plan for handling accreta patients. Hughes
testified that she was aware that Vincent created a designated “accreta cart”
containing all of the necessary instrumentation and supplies for handling accreta
cases. The parties dispute whether Hughes’s concerns were addressed by fall of
2015, when Hughes was terminated. Hughes claims to have continued her
complaints until then; Photiadis, however, testified that a plan had been formulated
to address the accreta issue by 2016.2 However, Photiadis admitted that a written
plan was not established until 2017.
On Friday, October 30, 2015, Hughes was scheduled to be the on-call
ANM for the weekend shift ending the morning of Monday, November 2, 2015.3
Hughes said that being on-call as an ANM required “answer[ing] questions, phone
calls, [and] trouble-shoot[ing] if there was an issue in surgery.” Appellant’s Br.
Exhibit 1, Hughes Dep. at 20. According to Ransdell, Hughes was to support the
staff in whatever way was needed, whether that be coming into the hospital to help
2
Norton’s new policy called for the OR to be notified any time that a potential accreta patient
was in the building so that the OR staff could “huddle” to determine who would be in charge of
the patient if the patient’s condition became exigent.
3
It is unclear what time Hughes’s shift actually began. Ransdell and Photiadis report that
Hughes’s shift began around 4:00 or 4:30 p.m. because she was serving as the back-up for a new
ANM still in orientation at the hospital. Hughes contends that her shift did not begin until 10
p.m., although she was still to answer any questions from the new ANM until then. Norton’s
payroll system shows that Hughes worked her regularly scheduled shift from 5:35 a.m. to 4:02
p.m. and was paid for 12.58 on-call hours on October 30, 2015.
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in the OR or making phone calls from home. Norton’s On-Call Policy requires
employees to “be available” for emergencies and “to return to work or respond to
telephone inquiries, as needed.” Ransdell Dep. Ex. 5.
That night, Hughes went to a Halloween party. Hughes testified that
she had a “vodka diet cherry 7-Up” around 6:30 p.m. while getting ready for the
party. Appellant’s Br. Exhibit 1, Hughes Dep. at 44. Hughes testified that her
behavior was not unusual – she would routinely have a glass of wine or a cocktail
while on-call.4 She and her then-boyfriend/now-husband, Luke Howard, arrived at
the party between 8:30 and 8:45 p.m. While at the party, Hughes had a vodka
mixed drink at approximately 9 p.m. and half a shot of tequila around 9:15 p.m.
Hughes and Howard left the party sometime between 11 p.m. and
midnight and went to Howard’s home for the night. There, Hughes became ill,
which she later attributed to food she ate at the party. Hughes took half a
Phenergan, a prescription medication known for its sedative and antiemetic effects,
to alleviate her nausea. Hughes was aware that Phenergan can have a sedative
effect. Hughes then went to bed. At no point did Hughes ask someone to cover
her on-call shift.5
4
Hughes has alleged that many other Norton employees also drank alcohol while on-call, but she
presented no evidence other than her own subjective belief to support this allegation.
5
On appeal, the parties both agree to this sequence of events. However, both parties’ accounts
regarding the amount and types of alcohol Hughes consumed varied throughout the course of
Norton’s investigation.
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At 1:05 a.m., Marsha Sharp, the House Supervisor at Norton, called
Hughes for help dealing with a hospital emergency. A female patient, bleeding
profusely after having recently given birth to twins, had just arrived in the OR for
emergency intervention while Sharp was already dealing with a patient in cardiac
arrest. Sharp had tried to contact the on-call team to handle the emergency but
could not locate the surgical tech on-call, Erica Webb.6 Sharp called Hughes
regarding her inability to contact Webb, but Hughes told Sharp to keep trying to
reach Webb. Hughes testified that, during that brief two-minute phone call, she
gave Sharp the names of several techs who typically took night calls or worked
emergencies to call for help. However, Sharp wrote in her notes from that night
that Hughes only told her to “call ST [surgical tech] again.”
Sharp called Hughes two more times at 1:25 and 1:33 a.m. regarding
the emergency situation. These phone calls lasted a combined total of three
minutes. According to Sharp’s notes, Sharp called Hughes at 1:33 a.m. to inform
her that they had no surgical tech or anesthesiologist in the OR; they had had to
borrow staff from obstetrics until the situation was resolved and their own staff
6
Webb was suspended pending an investigation into why she did not respond when she was on-
call. The investigation revealed that Sharp had repeatedly dialed the incorrect phone number for
Webb. The investigation concluded with a determination that Webb had not failed to respond as
she had never been contacted; she was not disciplined.
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could come in. Hughes did not ask if the situation was resolved or check back in
with Sharp at any time.
Around 2:00 a.m., Sharp called Photiadis for assistance. Photiadis
instructed Sharp to call Ransdell, Hughes’s immediate supervisor, to come in and
assist. Sharp did so, and Ransdell promptly reported to the hospital. On her way,
Ransdell called Hughes to ask for help. According to Ransdell, Hughes’s voice
sounded very groggy when she answered the phone. Ransdell testified that she
asked if Hughes was on her way in to assist with the emergency situation or was
trying to get someone to come in, but Hughes was unresponsive and the “phone
went dead.” Appellant’s Br. Exhibit D, Ransdell Dep. at 154. Ransdell stated, “I
was trying to ask for her assistance. I needed some assistance. I couldn’t drive,
make calls. I couldn’t – I didn’t know who was in there. I needed her help to fill
in with the patient.” Id. at 158-59. Once Ransdell arrived at the hospital, she
scrubbed into the case and replaced the obstetrics technician who had helped start
the case. According to Ransdell, Hughes “could have scrubbed in and got[ten] the
case started,” although Hughes later clarified that she did not have the requisite
training to scrub in on such a case. Id. at 94-95.
Hughes was never asked to come into the hospital to assist, nor did
she offer to do so; she did not follow up on the emergency situation or volunteer
her services in any other way. Both Hughes and Ransdell agree that if Hughes had
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come into the hospital, she could have been tested for possible intoxication or
impairment. However, Ransdell was not aware that Hughes had consumed alcohol
and Phenergan until Sunday, November 1, when Hughes called Ransdell regarding
the events of October 30-31, 2015. Hughes admitted to not having been on her “A
game” when Sharp and Ransdell called her and that she had consumed “a couple of
drinks” and had “[taken] a Phenergan for nausea.” Exhibit 9; Appellant’s Br.
Exhibit A, at 62. Ransdell testified that she was stunned by Hughes’s admissions
and told Hughes that she would have to talk to Photiadis. However, Hughes
contradicts this testimony, alleging that Ransdell said that they would use the
previous night’s events as a “learning opportunity.” Appellant’s Br. Exhibit A, at
68.
On the morning of Monday, November 2, 2015, Ransdell informed
Photiadis about Hughes’s admissions to drinking alcohol and taking Phenergan
while on-call. Ransdell told Photiadis that she was uncomfortable with what she
had learned because Hughes knew she was on-call and “had drank enough to get
sick while a patient was bleeding badly and had to wait for over an hour for a team
to come in for the surgery.” Appellant’s Br. Exhibit D, at 68. Photiadis spoke
with Hughes, who admitted she had been at a party, had been drinking, and became
ill. Ransdell and Photiadis agreed that it was a serious event and called Norton’s
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Chief Nursing Officer (“CNO”), Steven Brockman-Weber, as well as Norton’s HR
Representative, Allison Goatley.
Hughes was placed on administrative leave that day so that Goatley
could conduct an independent investigation. Goatley spoke with Ransdell,
Photiadis, and Hughes throughout her investigation process but did not consult any
of the other Norton employees involved in the incident. Both Hughes and Ransdell
gave inconsistent accounts of the weekend’s events.
Goatley testified that Ransdell reported to her that Hughes had
consumed several drinks, several shots, and a full Phenergan and that Hughes was
“unable to perform the duties of her job” the night of October 30-31, 2015.7
Appellant’s Br. Exhibit E, at 31. Ransdell told Goatley that “Hughes seemed to
have been woken up by [Ransdell’s] call, that she was extremely groggy, and that
she could hardly articulate what she had done or what she had said to Marsha
Sharp over the phone.” Id. at 52. Goatley also interviewed Hughes over the
phone. Hughes did not dispute that she was on-call when the incidents occurred.
Goatley testified that Hughes admitted on the phone that she had attended a
Halloween party, had “several drinks” and “one shot of liquor,” and had then taken
7
In her coaching notes from October 31, Ransdell recorded a different account. She wrote:
“[Hughes] had went out with her friend and had had drinks and not eaten very much and then
went to another location and had shots and had gotten sick. Her boyfriend brought her home and
she took a ½ Phenergan to stop vomiting.” Appellant’s Br. Exhibit F.
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“half a Phenergan.” Appellant’s Br. Exhibit 6, at 35, 40. She also admitted that
she was drowsy when Sharp and Ransdell called her for assistance. However, later
that afternoon, Hughes emailed Goatley a different set of facts than Goatley
recalled from the phone conversation. In her email, Hughes wrote that she had
only had two drinks and a half a shot of tequila and for the first time claimed to
have eaten some food that had been sitting out for several hours, which allegedly
caused her sickness. Goatley asked clarifying questions of both Hughes and
Ransdell and considered the credibility of their reports to her. She found Ransdell
to be the more credible witness, noting Hughes’s inconsistent story.
To complete her investigation, Goatley reviewed Norton policies,
including Norton’s Drug and Alcohol and On-Call Policies. Norton’s Drug and
Alcohol Policy does not explicitly prohibit consuming drugs or alcohol while
working, but it does prohibit taking legally prescribed drugs while working if those
drugs impair an employee’s ability to perform the duties of their job. She also
reviewed Hughes’s personnel file but testified that the prior corrective actions only
played a “minor role” in the termination decision.
Goatley ultimately recommended to Photiadis that Hughes be
terminated, basing her decision largely upon Hughes’s own report. Exhibit 6 at
114-15. At the time of her decision, Goatley was not aware that Hughes had made
complaints regarding patient safety. Rather, Goatley determined that Hughes had
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violated Norton’s Drug and Alcohol Policy, “put[ting] patient safety in harm’s way
as a result of her behavior.” Goatley Dep. at 98. Goatley reasoned that “it is
widely known that medical professionals should not be partaking in alcohol use
while on-call,” characterizing Hughes’s conduct as “egregious,” and concluded
that Hughes had been impaired and unable to perform the duties of her job. Id. at
114-15. In their phone conversation, Hughes “seemed to acknowledge both that
she was impaired . . . and that she knew that she had failed to complete her duties
as an ANM on-call.” Id. Photiadis spoke with Brockman-Weber about the
decision to terminate Hughes but did not discuss it with Ransdell.
In a meeting on November 11, 2015, Hughes was terminated for
taking prescription medication and consuming alcoholic beverages. Hughes’s
corrective action record from the incident additionally noted that Hughes had failed
to ask for coverage when she became sick and took Phenergan. No one affiliated
with Norton told Hughes that she was being terminated for reporting any kind of
patient safety issue, nor did Hughes suggest at the time that she felt that that was
the reason.
According to Hughes, Norton’s decision to terminate her was out of
the ordinary compared to other Norton employees disciplined for similar behavior.
Hughes first points to Walter Hare, a former Norton employee who missed work
and was suspected to have been under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Hughes
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herself asked Hare to come into the hospital to be tested, but he refused. Although
Hughes believed that Hare was terminated later for unrelated reasons, Photiadis
testified that Hare was in fact terminated for refusing to take the drug test. Hughes
also claims to have been treated differently than another surgical technician named
Adam Green, who was disciplined but not terminated for missing his on-call shift.
Ransdell, however, clarified that Green was not terminated because there were two
contradictory on-call schedules posted, and he legitimately believed he was not on-
call. Hughes also alleges that other Norton employees have consumed alcohol
while on-call but were not disciplined.
On May 6, 2016, Hughes filed suit in Jefferson Circuit Court,
asserting retaliation pursuant to KRS 216B.165, wrongful discharge, and
intentional infliction of emotional distress.
After several years of written discovery and deposition testimony,
Norton filed its motion for summary judgment and supporting memorandum
seeking an order and judgment dismissing each of Hughes’s claims with prejudice.
Following a lengthy oral argument, the circuit court granted Norton
summary judgment:
Hughes has brought a claim for retaliation pursuant to
KRS 216B.165, the statute which requires employees to
report patient care issues. In order to prevail on such a
claim, she must show that 1) she engaged in a protected
activity; 2) Norton knew that she had engaged in a
protected activity [sic] and 3) Norton terminated her
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because of it. In order to prove the latter[,] there must be
evidence that engaging in the protected activity was “the
likely reason for the adverse action.” Kentucky Dep’t of
Corr. v. McCullough, 123 S.W.3d 130 (Ky. 2003). No
witness other than Hughes has testified that her reports
regarding the accrete situation had anything to do with
her termination.
In order to show causation, Hughes relies on two
grounds. First, it is her belief that the fact that she was
vocal about the accrete dispute resulted in her
termination. Second, she contends that both events took
place in 2015. However, an employer cannot be liable
for retaliation when it “acted upon an honest belief in its
non-discriminatory reason and made a reasonably
informed and considered decision.” Ladd v. Grant Trunk
Western R. R., Inc., 552 F.3d 495 (6th Cir. 2009).
Photiadis testified that the accreta dispute was not the
reason for the termination (internal citation omitted).
Further, Grzyb v. Evans, 700 S.W.2d 399 (Ky. 1985), is
fatal to Hughes’s claim of public policy discharge. This
case holds that the tort is preempted. The Court found
that, “[w]here the statute both declares the unlawful act
and specifies the civil remedy available to the aggrieved
party, the aggrieved party is limited to the remedy
provided by the statute.” In this case, Hughes pleads the
alternative claims of retaliation and public policy
wrongful discharge, relying on the same facts for each
claim.
In order to prevail on her claim for intentional infliction
of emotional distress, Hughes must show that Norton’s
conduct was outrageous, that it was sufficiently
outrageous to offend generally accepted standards, that
her damages were caused by the conduct and that her
emotional distress was severe. However, the case of
Benningfield v. Pettit Environmental, Inc., 183 S.W.3d
567 (Ky. App. 2005) holds that mere termination is
insufficient to establish such a claim. Indeed, Hughes
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testified in her deposition that the purpose of the
termination was not to cause her emotional distress
(internal citation omitted). Further, she indicated that she
never felt “down, depressed or hopeless” (internal
citation omitted). As there are no genuine issues of
material fact, Norton is entitled to Judgment as a matter
of law.
16-CI-002098 Opinion and Order at 3-4.
Hughes filed this appeal after the circuit court denied her motion to
alter, amend, or vacate.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“[S]ummary judgment is to be cautiously applied and should not be
used as a substitute for trial.” Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Serv. Ctr., Inc., 807
S.W.2d 476, 483 (Ky. 1991). A motion for summary judgment should only be
granted “when it appears impossible for the nonmoving party to produce evidence
at trial warranting a judgment in his favor” even when the evidence is viewed in
the light most favorable to him. Id. at 482; Shelton v. Kentucky Easter Seals Soc’y,
Inc., 413 S.W.3d 901, 905 (Ky. 2013). “‘Belief’ is not evidence and does not
create an issue of material fact. A plaintiff must present affirmative evidence in
order to defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment.” Humana of
Kentucky, Inc. v. Seitz, 796 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Ky. 1990) (citing Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)).
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The standard of review on appeal from summary judgment is
“whether the trial court correctly found that there were no genuine issues as to any
material fact and that the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Lewis v. B & R Corp., 56 S.W.3d 432, 436 (Ky. App. 2001) (citing Scifres v.
Kraft, 916 S.W.2d 779, 781 (Ky. App. 1996); Palmer v. International Ass’n of
Machinists & Aerospace Workers, 882 S.W.2d 117, 120 (Ky. 1994); CR8 56.03).
“A trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment for insufficient evidence is to
be reviewed de novo on appeal.” Ashland Hospital Corporation v. Lewis, 581
S.W.3d 572, 577 (Ky. 2019). On appeal, the record must be viewed in a light most
favorable to the party who opposed the motion for summary judgment, and all
doubts are to be resolved in his favor. Malone v. Kentucky Farm Bureau Mut. Ins.
Co., 287 S.W.3d 656, 658 (Ky. 2009).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Wrongful Discharge Claim
Hughes relies upon KRS 216B.165 as the basis for both her common
law public policy wrongful discharge claim and statutory retaliation claim. She
maintains that she was terminated for her patient safety complaints in violation of
KRS 216B.165. The circuit court concluded that because Hughes’s claims of
retaliation under KRS 216B.165 and wrongful discharge under common law
8
Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
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depended on the same facts, her common law wrongful discharge claim was
statutorily preempted as a matter of law. We disagree.
“Under Kentucky law, an employer may ordinarily ‘discharge his at-
will employee for good cause, for no cause, or for a cause that some might view as
morally indefensible.’” Follett v. Gateway Reg’l Health Sys., Inc., 229 S.W.3d
925, 927 (Ky. App. 2007) (quoting Firestone Textile Co. Div., Firestone Tire and
Rubber Co. v. Meadows, 666 S.W.2d 730, 731 (Ky. 1983)). Kentucky law also
provides for a narrow public policy exception: “[an] employee has a cause of
action for wrongful discharge when the discharge is contrary to a fundamental and
well-defined public policy as evidenced by existing law.” Firestone, 666 S.W.2d
at 731 (quoting Brockmeyer v. Dun & Bradstreet, 113 Wis.2d 561, 335 N.W.2d
834, 840 (1983)). “In the context of a wrongful discharge case, preemption occurs
when the statutes that establish the ‘well-defined public policy’ violation which
supports the wrongful discharge pleading are the same statutes that establish a
statutory cause of action for, and structure the remedy for, violations of that public
policy.” Hill v. Ky. Lottery Corp., 327 S.W.3d 412, 421 (Ky. 2010). Accordingly,
we must examine the statute in question to determine whether it sets forth the
remedy for any statutory violation.
KRS 216B.165 is Kentucky’s healthcare whistleblower law. It reads:
(1) Any agent or employee of a health care facility or
service licensed under this chapter who knows or has
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reasonable cause to believe that the quality of care of a
patient, patient safety, or the health care facility’s or
service’s safety is in jeopardy shall make an oral or
written report of the problem to the health care facility or
service, and may make it to any appropriate private,
public, state, or federal agency.
(2) Any individual in an administrative or supervisory
capacity at the health care facility or service who receives
a report under subsection (1) of this section shall
investigate the problem, take appropriate action, and
provide a response to the individual reporting the
problem within seven (7) working days.
(3) No health care facility or service licensed under this
chapter shall by policy, contract, procedure, or other
formal or informal means subject to reprisal, or directly
or indirectly use, or threaten to use, any authority or
influence, in any manner whatsoever, which tends to
discourage, restrain, suppress, dissuade, deter, prevent,
interfere with, coerce, or discriminate against any agent
or employee who in good faith reports, discloses,
divulges, or otherwise brings to the attention of the health
care facility or service the circumstances or facts to form
the basis of a report under subsections (1) or (2) of this
section. No health care facility or service shall require
any agent or employee to give notice prior to making a
report, disclosure, or divulgence under subsections (1) or
(2) of this section . . . .
KRS 216B.165(1)-(3).
KRS 216B.165(1) imposes a duty upon any employee or agent of a
healthcare facility to report concerns regarding patient care and safety to the
healthcare facility. KRS 216B.165(1). KRS 216B.165(3) further dictates that
healthcare facilities are prohibited from retaliating against any employee or agent
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who makes such a report in good faith. KRS 216B.165(3). The statute does not,
however, provide a remedy. Rather, Hughes is able to maintain a retaliation suit
pursuant to KRS 216B.165(3) because of KRS 446.070. KRS 446.070 provides
that “[a] person injured by the violation of any statute may recover from the
offender such damages as he sustained by reason of the violation, although a
penalty or forfeiture is imposed for such violation.” KRS 446.070; MacGlashan v.
ABS Lincs KY, Inc., 84 F. Supp. 3d 595, 601-02 (W.D. Ky. 2015). The Kentucky
Supreme Court has further clarified:
[Recovery under KRS 446.070] is limited to where the
statute is penal in nature, or where by its terms the statute
does not prescribe the remedy for its violation. Hackney
v. Fordson Coal Co., 230 Ky. 362, 19 S.W.2d 989
(1929). Where the statute both declares the unlawful act
and specifies the civil remedy available to the aggrieved
party, the aggrieved party is limited to the remedy
provided by the statute. See Trembath v. St. Regis Paper
Co., 753 F.2d 603 (7th Cir. 1985); Wolk v. Saks Fifth
Avenue, Inc., 728 F.2d 221 (3d Cir. 1984); Zywicki v.
Moxness Products, Inc., Div. of Versa Tech., 610 F.
Supp. 50 (D.C. Wis. 1985); McCluney v. Jos. Schlitz
Brewing Co., 489 F. Supp. 24 (E.D. Wis. 1980).
Grzyb, 700 S.W.2d at 401.
Norton argues that Hughes’s cause of action pursuant to KRS
216B.165 has a statutory remedy via KRS 446.070, thus preempting her common
law claim. In support of this position, Norton cites to Grzyb v. Evans, 700 S.W.2d
399, a 1985 case in which the Kentucky Supreme Court determined that the
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statutory structure of KRS 344.040, Kentucky’s employment discrimination
statute, preempts any corresponding common law claim for wrongful discharge.
Id. at 401. In Grzyb, Evans alleged that he had been wrongfully discharged from
his employment contrary to public policy for fraternizing with another employee.
Id. at 399. Our Supreme Court held that Evans’s claim failed because KRS
344.040, the same statute creating the public policy Evans claimed his termination
violated, already “prescribe[s] the remedy for its violation.” Id. at 401. KRS
Chapter 344 explicitly provides for the adjudication of complaints of
discrimination by the Kentucky Commission on Human Rights. Pucke v. J.A.
Stevens Mower Co., 237 S.W.3d 564, 566 (Ky. App. 2007).
In 2010, the Kentucky Supreme Court rendered Hill v. Kentucky
Lottery Corp., clarifying what it deemed a fundamental “misunderstanding of
Grzyb as it relates to the doctrine of preemption.” Hill, 327 S.W.3d at 420.
“Grzyb does not hold that preemption is triggered when the same set of facts that
establishes a common law wrongful discharge claim also constitutes a claim under
KRS Chapter 344.” Id. (emphasis added). Rather, “[p]reemption was based on the
fact that his sex discrimination claim was based on the same law as his wrongful
discharge claim.” Id. at 421 (citing Grzyb, 700 S.W.2d at 401-02). In other words,
preemption is not caused exclusively by the similarity of the facts that underlie the
respective causes of action.
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In the context of a wrongful discharge case, preemption
occurs when the statutes that establish the “well-defined
public policy” violation which supports the wrongful
discharge pleading are the same statutes that establish a
statutory cause of action for, and structure the remedy
for, violations of that public policy.
Id.
With specific regard to whether a plaintiff may rely upon the same
law to support simultaneous claims for retaliation in violation of statute and
common law wrongful discharge in violation of public policy, we find
MacGlashan, 84 F. Supp. 3d at 602, to be persuasive.9 In MacGlashan, the federal
district court for the Western District of Kentucky dealt with the exact issue before
us today: whether a common law public policy wrongful discharge claim is
preempted by a retaliation claim brought concurrently under KRS 216B.165. Id. at
601. In that case, a former nurse manager brought suit under both KRS 216B.165
and common law, claiming that she had been terminated by a hospital for reporting
a patient safety concern. Id. at 598. The hospital argued that the nurse’s common
law claim for public policy wrongful discharge was preempted by her statutory
claim. The court determined that the public policy wrongful discharge claim was
9
State courts are not bound by decisions from lower federal courts; rather, “the approach taken
by federal courts may be viewed as persuasive but it is not binding.” U.S., ex rel. U.S. Attorneys
ex rel. Eastern, Western Districts of Kentucky v. Kentucky Bar Ass’n, 439 S.W.3d 136, 147 (Ky.
2014).
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not preempted, because KRS 216B depends on KRS 446.070 for recovery rather
than its own terms. Id. at 601-02.
After a careful examination of KRS 216B, we agree with the
MacGlashan court and are satisfied that there is no preemption – the chapter
provides neither a cause of action nor remedy for its violation. Id. at 601; see also
Foster v. Jennie Stuart Med. Ctr., Inc., 435 S.W.3d 629 (Ky. App. 2013) (holding
that a nurse’s sole claim for wrongful termination based on violation of public
policy under KRS 216B.165 was not preempted); Tygrett v. Baptist Healthcare
Sys., Inc., No. 2018-CA-001275-MR, 2019 WL 4565231, at *4 (Ky. App. Sept. 20,
2019) (“[KRS 216B.165] does not provide a cause of action or remedy. Rather, we
agree with the rationale in MacGlashan . . . that Tygrett is able to maintain a
retaliation suit pursuant to KRS 216B.165(3) because KRS 446.070 provides [a
remedy].”). As a matter of law, the circuit court erred in dismissing this claim as
preempted. As such, we reverse and remand for further proceedings on the issue
of wrongful discharge before the circuit court.
B. Retaliation Claim
KRS 216B.165 prohibits retaliation against healthcare workers who
report patient safety concerns. “A claim for unlawful retaliation requires the
plaintiff to first establish a prima facie case of retaliation, which consists of
showing that ‘(1) she engaged in a protected activity, (2) she was disadvantaged by
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an act of her employer, and (3) there was a causal connection between the activity
engaged in and the [defendant] employer’s act.’” McCullough, 123 S.W.3d at 133-
34 (quoting Kentucky Center for the Arts v. Handley, 827 S.W.2d 697, 701 (Ky.
App. 1991) (internal citation omitted)).
In cases lacking direct evidence of retaliation, like the present case,
the burden of production and persuasion follows the McDonnell Douglas
framework. Id. at 134 (citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792,
93 S. Ct. 1817, 36 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1973)). In order to demonstrate a prima facie
case of retaliation, Hughes bears the initial burden of showing (1) that she engaged
in protected activity; (2) that her exercise of her rights was known by Norton; (3)
that, thereafter, Norton took adverse action against her; and (4) that there was a
causal connection between her protected activity and the adverse employment
action. Brooks v. Lexington-Fayette Urban County Housing Authority, 132
S.W.3d 790, 803 (Ky. 2004); McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802, 93 S. Ct. at
1824. If a prima facie case is established, the burden then shifts to the employer to
articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its adverse action. Handley,
827 S.W.2d at 699. “[O]nce such a reason is given, it is incumbent on the
employee to demonstrate that the stated reason is merely a pretext to cover the
actual discrimination.” Id.
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The parties dispute only the fourth element of Hughes’s prima facie
case: whether Hughes provided sufficient evidence of a causal connection between
her patient safety complaints and her termination. In order to show a “causal
connection,” Hughes must produce evidence that her protected activity was the
“likely reason for the adverse action.” McCullough, 123 S.W.3d at 135 (quoting
Nguyen v. City of Cleveland, 229 F.3d 559, 566 (6th Cir. 2000)). Causal
connection may be established through either direct or circumstantial evidence. Id.
Here, Hughes relies on circumstantial evidence, so she must offer proof to
establish that “(1) the decision-maker responsible for making the adverse decision
was aware of the protected activity at the time that the adverse decision was made,
and (2) there is a close temporal relationship between the protected activity and the
adverse action.” Id. Hughes argues that the record demonstrates a causal
connection due to close temporal proximity, increased job performance scrutiny by
Ransdell, and her disparate treatment compared to other employees.
In “rare cases, temporal proximity alone may suffice to show a causal
connection.” Mickey v. Zeidler Tool & Die Co., 516 F.3d 516, 525 (6th Cir. 2008).
Generally, there is no bright-line rule as to how close in time an adverse
employment action must be to an employee’s protected activity to show causal
connection by temporal proximity alone. See, e.g., Asbury Univ. v. Powell, 486
S.W.3d 246, 259 (Ky. 2016) (holding that temporal proximity exists when an
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employer first took adverse action against a plaintiff the month after her last
complaints); McCullough, 123 S.W.3d at 136 (holding that temporal proximity
exists when just three days passed between the plaintiff’s protected activity and her
employer’s first refusal to promote her); MacGlashan, 84 F. Supp. 3d at 601
(holding that when an employee was suspended the same day as her protected
activity and terminated six days later, the adverse action was “immediate” enough
to establish causal connection without additional evidence). “The Sixth Circuit has
held that a three-month period between the protected activity and employee’s
termination is sufficient to create a causal connection for the purposes of
establishing a prima facie case.” Goller v. Ohio Dep’t of Rehab. & Correction,
285 F. App’x 250, 257 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing Singfield v. Akron Metro. Hous.
Auth., 389 F.3d 555, 563 (6th Cir. 2004)). Conversely, this court has previously
held that a five-month lapse of time between protected activity and adverse action
requires “the court to view the time between the two events in the context of the
entire circumstances” in order to establish a “close temporal relationship.” Dollar
Gen. Partners v. Upchurch, 214 S.W.3d 910, 916 (Ky. App. 2006).
Hughes asserts that she continued her complaints up until the fall that
she was terminated, contending that her meeting with Risk Management regarding
the June obstetrical incident occurred “shortly before her termination.”
Appellant’s Br. at 18. However, Hughes did not provide any evidence as to whom
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or how she continued her complaints. Furthermore, the record suggests that
Hughes’s Risk Management meeting occurred in the late summer, meaning that
this meeting and her termination were likely around three months apart.10 We
submit that this ambiguity necessitates “view[ing] the time between the two events
in the context of the entire circumstances.” Upchurch, 214 S.W.3d at 916.
“[W]here some time elapses between when the employer learns of a
protected activity and the subsequent adverse employment action, the employee
must couple temporal proximity with other evidence of retaliatory conduct to
establish causality.” Mickey, 516 F.3d at 525. When temporal proximity alone is
not enough to create a genuine question of material fact, a plaintiff can create
sufficient inference of causal connection by showing close temporal proximity and
that she was treated differently than other employees.11 Id. (“Where an adverse
employment action occurs very close in time after an employer learns of a
protected activity, such temporal proximity between the events is significant
10
Hughes cites to Wilson v. City of Central City, No. 2008-CA-001547-MR, 2010 WL 135105
(Ky. App. Jan. 15, 2010), aff’d, 372 S.W.3d 863 (Ky. 2012), an unpublished case in which causal
connection was established when an employer retaliated one year after the plaintiff filed a
complaint. Wilson involved a whistleblower complaint under KRS 61.103(2), not a claim of
retaliation under KRS 216B.165. Significantly, KRS 61.103(1)(b) provides that an employee is
entitled to a presumption that disclosure was a “contributing factor” when adverse action
occurred “within a limited period of time so that a reasonable person would conclude the
disclosure was a factor in the personnel action.” KRS 61.103(1)(b). KRS 216B.165 provides for
no such presumption, and the standard for causal connection is that of “close proximity” as
outlined by case law, rather than a “limited period of time.”
11
Hughes has acknowledged that other Norton employees voiced the same concerns as she did
and they were not terminated.
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enough to constitute evidence of a causal connection for the purposes of satisfying
a prima facie case of retaliation.”); Moore v. KUKA Welding Sys. & Robot Corp.,
171 F.3d 1073, 1080 (6th Cir. 1999) (holding that the plaintiff established
causation by providing evidence that he began to be isolated by his coworkers and
garnered frequent and unwarranted job performance criticism a couple of weeks
after filing a race discrimination complaint).
“In order to show that a plaintiff is ‘similarly situated’ to another, the
plaintiff is required to prove that all of the relevant aspects of their employment
situation were ‘nearly identical’ to those of the ‘similarly situated’ employee.”
McBrearty v. Kentucky Cmty. & Tech. Coll. Sys., 262 S.W.3d 205, 214 (Ky. App.
2008). Hughes has offered evidence of one Norton employee who refused to take
a drug test and two employees who did not report to their on-call shifts due to
scheduling and contacting errors. None of these employees was similarly situated,
as they held different positions than Hughes and were suspected of different
misconduct.
Temporal proximity may also be paired with increased scrutiny to
show the causal connection necessary to establish a prima facie case. See
Hamilton v. Gen. Elec. Co., 556 F.3d 428, 436 (6th Cir. 2009). Ransdell was first
hired by Norton in March of 2015 but did not record any notes regarding Hughes’s
job performance until May, the same month Hughes began her patient safety
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complaints.12 While these coaching notes were warranted and unrelated to
Hughes’s patient safety complaints, the proximity with which they first occurred to
Hughes’s first complaints could suggest increased scrutiny. Accepting this
evidence in the light most favorable to Hughes, we conclude that Hughes
established her prima facie case shifting the burden to Norton to “articulate with
clarity and reasonable specificity, a reason unrelated to a discriminatory motive[.]”
Handley, 827 S.W.2d at 700.
Norton has consistently maintained from the time of Hughes’s
discharge that she was terminated for drinking alcohol and taking Phenergan while
on-call and for failing to respond appropriately when there was an emergency at
the hospital during her on-call shift. This is sufficient evidence to shift the burden
back to Hughes. Therefore, to prevent summary judgment, Hughes must
demonstrate some genuine issue of material fact as to whether Norton’s stated
rationale for termination was merely pretextual. See Blair v Henry Filters, Inc.,
505 F.3d 517, 531 (6th Cir. 2007).
Courts generally recognize three methods by which a plaintiff may
establish pretext: “(1) that the proffered reasons had no basis in fact, (2) that the
proffered reasons did not actually motivate his [or her] discharge, or (3) that they
12
Although Ransdell testified that she kept coaching notes for all of the staff she supervised, we
have no evidence of the frequency of those coachings for other employees.
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were insufficient to motivate discharge.” Niswander v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 529
F.3d 714, 728 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Manzer v. Diamond Shamrock Chems. Co.,
29 F.3d 1078, 1084 (6th Cir. 1994)). “[A] reason cannot . . . be a pretext for
discrimination unless it is shown both that the reason was false, and that
discrimination was the real reason.” St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502,
515, 113 S. Ct. 2742, 2752, 125 L. Ed. 2d 407 (1993) (emphases and quotation
marks omitted). Regardless of which method the plaintiff employs to demonstrate
pretext, she “bears the burden of producing sufficient evidence from which the jury
could reasonably reject [the defendant’s] explanation and infer that the [defendant]
intentionally discriminated against [her].” Clark v. Walgreen Co., 424 F. App’x
467, 474 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Johnson v. Kroger Co., 319 F.3d 858, 866 (6th
Cir. 2003)); Seeger v. Cincinnati Bell Tel. Co., LLC, 681 F.3d 274, 285 (6th Cir.
2012). Hughes asserts that she has shown that her termination had no basis in fact
and was not actually motivated by the events of October 30-31, 2015.
“The first method is essentially an attack on the credibility of the
employer’s proffered reason.” Joostberns v. United Parcel Servs., Inc., 166 F.
App’x 783, 791 (6th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted). However, under the “honest
belief rule” as adopted by the Sixth Circuit and as referenced by the Jefferson
Circuit Court, an employer cannot be held liable “if it acted upon an honest belief
in its non-discriminatory reason and made a reasonably informed and considered
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decision.” Ladd, 552 F.3d at 503 (citing Allen v. Highlands Hosp. Corp., 545 F.3d
387, 398 (6th Cir. 2008)). An employer may invoke the honest belief rule if it can
show that it “reasonably rel[ied] on particularized facts before it at the time the
decision was made.” Joostberns, 166 F. App’x at 795 (quoting Smith v. Chrysler
Corp., 155 F.3d 799, 806-07 (6th Cir. 1998)). It is not enough for a plaintiff to
show that the employer was mistaken or there is dispute “over the facts upon
which the discharge was based.” Braithwaite v. Timken Co., 258 F.3d 488, 493-94
(6th Cir. 2001); Seeger, 681 F.3d at 285. “An employer’s invocation of the honest
belief rule does not automatically shield it, because the employee must be afforded
the opportunity to produce evidence to the contrary, such as an error on the part of
the employer that is ‘too obvious to be unintentional.’” Seeger, 681 F.3d at 286
(quoting Smith, 155 F.3d at 807).
Hughes contends that Norton’s stated reason is not based in fact,
because she believes she was not in fact impaired on the night of October 31 and
performed her job duties adequately. According to Hughes, Norton should have
asked her to submit to a drug and alcohol test during the investigation, days after
the event. However, it was not until over a day later that Hughes herself brought
her misconduct and lackluster job performance to her supervisor’s attention.
Given that delay, it is reasonable that Norton did not request a drug test, especially
because Norton’s proffered rationale for termination is based upon Hughes’s own
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repeated admissions during the independent investigation. Hughes also asserts that
Norton should have conducted interviews with other employees involved in the
events of October 30-31. However, an employer is not required to conduct an
“optimal” investigation and interview all possible witnesses. Smith, 155 F.3d at
807. Norton gave Hughes the opportunity to speak on her own behalf and placed
great credence upon her personal account of the events in question.
It is undisputed that Hughes drank alcohol and took a known sedative
while on-call on the night of October 31, 2015. Hughes herself admitted that she
had consumed alcohol and Phenergan while on call and had “not been on her A-
game” to Ransdell, Photiadis, and Goatley in the days following as well as under
sworn oath. Goatley had no reason to disbelieve Hughes’s own account of the
events in question when she recommended termination, even though Hughes now
claims she was not impaired. Although Norton’s Drug and Alcohol Policy does
not explicitly prohibit ANMs like Hughes from drinking alcohol while on-call,
Norton’s Corrective Action policy provides that an employee can be discharged
“for work performance issues” and “[r]eckless, intentional acts or conduct
detrimental to patient care . . . or hospital operations.” Appellee’s Br., Exhibit 1.
Norton determined that Hughes’s conduct was “egregious” in light of an ongoing
hospital emergency and jeopardized patient safety and hospital operations.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Hughes, we conclude that
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Norton made a “reasonably informed and considered decision before taking an
adverse employment action[,]” and, thus, Norton’s honest belief defense stands.
Smith, 155 F.3d at 807.
Hughes further asserts that Norton’s reasons for terminating her
employment were insufficient to justify termination because other employees in
similar situations were not likewise disciplined. Not only must similarly situated
employees share “nearly identical” employment situations, “[b]eing similarly
situated also requires that the employees have engaged in the same conduct
without such differentiating or mitigating circumstances that would distinguish
their conduct or the employer’s treatment of them for it.” Commonwealth v. Solly,
253 S.W.3d 537, 542 (Ky. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted);
see Klepsky v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 489 F.3d 264 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that
even though two employees had broken rules regarding employee honesty, their
circumstances were not sufficiently similar to infer pretext where one employee
forged his employer’s signature and the other lied about his job qualifications). As
previously discussed, Hughes has not offered any evidence of any other Norton
employees who admitted to drinking and taking prescription sedatives while on-
call or were proven to have done so.
Although Hughes made numerous complaints regarding Norton’s lack
of preparedness for accreta cases, she has presented no evidence that she was
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terminated for anything but Norton’s proffered reasons. Indeed, when Hughes was
asked if she had anything, other than her own belief that she was terminated for her
complaints, she could only say, “It’s what I believe,” and, “It just makes sense.”
Hughes’s Dep. at 108. Subjective belief is not evidence and cannot be used to
overcome summary judgment. Seitz, 796 S.W.2d at 3. Hughes cannot simply rely
upon her prima facie case to create a genuine issue of material fact; she must offer
additional evidence of causal connection that would cause a reasonable jury to
doubt Norton’s explanation for termination. See Joostberns, 166 F. App’x at 796.
She has failed to do so. Accordingly, we affirm the Jefferson Circuit Court’s
judgment.
C. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
The Kentucky Supreme Court first recognized the tort of intentional
infliction of emotional distress in Craft v. Rice, 671 S.W.2d 247 (Ky. 1984),
wherein it adopted the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46(1): “[o]ne who by
extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe
emotional distress to another is subject to liability for such emotional distress, and
if bodily harm to the other results from it, for such bodily harm[.]” Craft, 671
S.W.2d at 251.
In order to recover under Kentucky tort law, a plaintiff must provide
prima facie evidence that (1) the defendant’s conduct was intentional or reckless;
-34-
(2) the conduct was so outrageous and intolerable so as to offend generally
accepted standards of morality and decency; (3) a causal connection exists between
the conduct complained of and the distress suffered; and (4) the resulting
emotional stress was severe. Brewer v. Hillard, 15 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Ky. App. 1999)
(citing Seitz, 796 S.W.2d at 2-3). Because the absence of sufficient evidence of
just one element is fatal to Hughes’s claim, we limit our analysis to the element at
issue: extreme and outrageous conduct.
“An action for outrage will not lie for ‘petty insults, unkind words and
minor indignities’; the action only lies for conduct which is truly ‘outrageous and
intolerable.’” Id. (quoting Kroger Co. v. Willgruber, 920 S.W.2d 61, 65 (Ky.
1996)). “Rather, it is intended to redress behavior that is truly outrageous,
intolerable and which results in bringing one to his knees.” Osborne v. Payne, 31
S.W.3d 911, 914 (Ky. 2000). Mere termination, even termination based in
discrimination, does not rise to the level of outrageous conduct required to support
an intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. Benningfield, 183 S.W.3d at
572.13
13
Hughes additionally claims that the employer-employee relationship between Norton and
herself renders her termination outrageous. It is true that “[t]he existence of a special
relationship between the parties can make conduct outrageous.” Osborne, 31 S.W.3d at 914
(holding that the special, confidential relationship between a priest and his parishioner in
combination with the priest’s sexual affair with the parishioner’s wife rose to the level of
outrageous because the breach of the priest’s independent duty of care); Arlinghaus v.
Gallenstein, 115 S.W.3d 351, 353 (Ky. App. 2003) (“Several courts have found such a duty in
the counseling relationship.”). However, there is no Kentucky case law to suggest that an at-will
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Although Hughes contends that Norton’s action was not “mere
termination” but “an effort to destroy a significant and distinguished career,” there
is no evidence to support such allegations. Appellant’s Br. at 24. In fact, upon her
discharge, Hughes was told that she was eligible for re-hire, and two Norton
doctors gave her references that enabled her to obtain employment as a nurse by
January 4, 2016. Norton’s decision to terminate Hughes, regardless of whether its
reasoning was pretextual, does not qualify as “extreme and outrageous conduct” as
required to sustain a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. We
agree with the circuit court’s holding and affirm summary judgment on this claim.
IV. CONCLUSION
In light of the foregoing, we AFFIRM IN PART, REVERSE IN
PART, and REMAND for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Callie Walton Jared Cox
Louisville, Kentucky Aaron Marcus
Louisville, Kentucky
employer-employee relationship creates a “special relationship” for the purpose of an intentional
infliction of emotional distress claim.
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