Opinion issued December 15, 2020
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-19-00165-CV
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EUGENE M. SANCHEZ, Appellant
V.
DAVID LEIJA AND LINDALE WRECKER SERVICE, Appellees
On Appeal from the 190th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2016-14474
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Eugene M. Sanchez sued David Leija and his business, Lindale Wrecker
Services, alleging that Leija caused him medical injuries and property damage in a
motor vehicle accident. In two issues, Sanchez argues that the trial court erred in
granting partial summary judgment on medical causation in favor of Leija and that
the trial court erred in issuing a final take nothing judgment against him. We affirm.
Background
In September 2015, Sanchez and Leija were involved in a motor vehicle
accident in Houston. Sometime after the incident, Sanchez sought medical treatment
for neck and back pain. He also spoke with his existing mental health provider about
the accident’s effect on him.
In March 2016, Sanchez sued Leija and his business, Lindale Wrecker
Service, alleging that Leija’s negligence caused his medical injuries and property
damage. In December 2017, Leija filed a no-evidence motion for partial summary
judgment alleging that Sanchez had not raised evidence to establish a fact question
as to causation. Leija argued that there was no evidence that Sanchez suffered any
damages caused by Leija’s negligence and that Sanchez had failed to present
required expert testimony to prove his injuries. In response, Sanchez submitted
evidence including: (1) Department of Veteran’s Affairs (VA) Billing
Affidavit/Certification, (2) Sanchez’s deposition testimony, and (3) an Allied
Medical Centers billing record with three pages of medical records. After argument,
the court granted Leija’s no-evidence motion for partial summary judgment
regarding medical causation. The court also granted partial summary judgment in
favor of Leija regarding property damage. Sanchez moved for reconsideration of the
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partial summary judgment related to medical causation, and the court denied the
motion. In January 2019, Sanchez moved to retain the case. In response, Leija moved
to dismiss for want of prosecution or, in the alternative, requested entry of final
judgment. The court issued a final take nothing judgment in favor of Leija in
February 2019. Sanchez appeals.
No-Evidence Summary Judgment
In his first issue, Sanchez argues that the trial court erred in granting Leija’s
no-evidence summary judgment motion. Specifically, Sanchez contends that he
provided evidence—medical bills from the VA hospital, three pages of medical
records, and his own deposition testimony—to raise a genuine issue of material fact
as to medical causation and defeat summary judgment. Leija responds that the
evidence Sanchez presented was insufficient. We agree with Leija.
A. Standard of Review
A no-evidence motion for summary judgment under Rule 166a(i) is
essentially a motion for pretrial directed verdict. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Timpte
Indus., Inc. v. Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex. 2009). After an adequate time for
discovery, a party without the burden of proof may, without presenting evidence,
seek summary judgment on the ground that there is no evidence to support one or
more essential elements of the non-movant’s claim or defense. TEX. R. CIV. P.
166a(i). The motion must specifically state the elements for which there is no
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evidence. Id.; Timpte Indus., Inc., 286 S.W.3d at 310. The trial court is required to
grant the motion unless the nonmovant produces summary judgment evidence that
raises a genuine issue of material fact. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i).
We review no-evidence summary judgments under the same legal sufficiency
standard as directed verdicts. See Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244,
248 (Tex. 2013); King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. 2003).
Under that standard, evidence is considered in the light most favorable to the
nonmovant, crediting evidence a reasonable jury could credit and disregarding
contrary evidence and inferences unless a reasonable jury could not. Goodyear Tire
& Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 756 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam); City of
Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 823 (Tex. 2005). A no-evidence challenge will
be sustained when
(a) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (b) the court
is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only
evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (c) the evidence offered to prove
a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or (d) the evidence
conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact.
King Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at 751 (quoting Merrell Dow Pharm. v. Havner, 953
S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997)).
To defeat summary judgment, the nonmovant is required to produce more
than a scintilla of probative evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact on the
challenged elements. Forbes, Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc., 124 S.W.3d 167,
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172 (Tex. 2003). That burden is not met when the evidence is “so weak as to do no
more than create a mere surmise or suspicion” of a fact. King Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at
751 (quoting Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983)). In
determining whether the nonmovant has produced more than a scintilla of evidence,
we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting such
evidence if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless
reasonable jurors could not. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827.
B. Analysis
To prevail on a negligence cause of action, Sanchez must establish the
existence of a duty, a breach of that duty, and damages proximately caused by the
breach. W. Invs. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005). Establishing causation
in a personal injury case requires a plaintiff to “prove that the conduct of the
defendant caused an event and that this event caused the plaintiff to suffer
compensable injuries.” JLG Trucking, LLC v. Garza, 446 S.W.3d 157, 162 (Tex.
2015) (quoting Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1995)).
When an accident victim seeks to recover medical expenses, he must show “what all
the conditions were that generated the expenses and ‘that all the conditions were
caused by the accident.’” Id. (quoting Guevara v. Ferrer, 247 S.W.3d 662, 669 (Tex.
2007)).
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No evidence in the record before us raises a fact question to establish
causation and defeat summary judgment. In his deposition, Sanchez testified that he
first sought medical treatment at an emergency room days after the accident because
his low back was hurting. He saw another health care provider who recommended
physical therapy, Sanchez did not remember when. He received physical therapy for
his low back pain and also saw a chiropractor. He testified that he had a prior back
injury from years before the accident. Sanchez also stated that he received mental
health treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder prior to and after the accident. He
testified that he discussed the accident with this mental health provider because the
accident made him more cautious while driving.
In Guevara, the Texas Supreme Court concluded that “expert medical
evidence is required to prove causation unless competent evidence supports a finding
that the conditions in question, the causal relationship between the conditions and
the accident, and the necessity of the particular medical treatments for the conditions
are within the common knowledge and experience of laypersons.” 247 S.W.3d at
663. The court also observed that expert testimony on causation is not required in
limited circumstances when “both the occurrence and conditions complained of are
such that the general experience and common sense of laypersons are sufficient to
evaluate the conditions and whether they were probably caused by the
occurrence.” Id. at 667–68. When the exception applies, then “[g]enerally, lay
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testimony establishing a sequence of events which provides a strong, logically
traceable connection between the event and the condition is sufficient proof of
causation.” Morgan v. Compugraphic Corp., 675 S.W.2d 729, 733 (Tex. 1984).
Sanchez did not provide expert testimony to raise a fact question as to
causation, and his injuries are not the type of “basic” injuries identified in Guevara
in which expert testimony regarding the casual connection between an occurrence
and a physical condition is unnecessary. Guevara, 247 S.W.3d at 667. The type of
injuries for which Sanchez seeks compensation—ligament sprain of the thoracic
spine and lumbar spine, back spasms, lumbar radiculopathy, and increased
symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder—are neither common nor basic. See id.
at 669–70.
Not only are the medical conditions not within the common knowledge and
experience of layperson, but temporal proximity alone in this case, that is, the time
between the accident and Sanchez’s treatment, does not support an inference of
medical causation. See id. at 667. Sanchez sought treatment days after, and later
months after, the accident. Sanchez’s testimony that he experienced back pain
sometime after the accident merely raises a suspicion that the accident caused his
injury. See id. at 668. Sanchez acknowledged that he had preexisting back pain and
mental health issues. The Supreme Court has observed that suspicion is not legally
sufficient to support a finding of causation. See id.; Urena, 162 S.W.3d at 551
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(proximate causation cannot be shown through conjecture, guess or speculation);
IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr. of DeSoto, Tex., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 799
(Tex. 2004) (in negligence case, cause-in-fact not established where defendant’s
negligence did no more than furnish condition which made the injury possible). The
fact that Sanchez sought medical treatment at some point in time after the accident
is not sufficient evidence of causation to defeat summary judgment.
The medical records also do not raise a fact question with respect to causation.
Competent expert medical causation evidence, whether expressed in testimony or in
medical records, must be grounded in reasonable medical probability, not
speculation or conjecture. Burroughs Wellcome Co., 907 S.W.2d at 500; Plunkett v.
Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 285 S.W.3d 106, 119 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet.
denied). Mere recitations of medical history, such as those included in the VA
medical records, are not independent opinions on causation. Burroughs Wellcome
Co., 907 S.W.2d at 500. The fact that Sanchez visited a doctor seven months after
the incident and was diagnosed with various back conditions does not raise a fact
issue as to whether he experienced injuries related to the accident. See Guevara, 247
S.W.3d at 669.
Moreover, Sanchez did not properly designate the doctor mentioned in the
medical records as an expert. TEX. R. CIV. P. 194.2. While he submitted an expert
witness designation, it failed to state the subject matter, conclusion, and the materials
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reviewed by Dr. Syed. See id. The designation also fails to disclose the “general
substance of the expert’s mental impression and opinions and a brief summary of
the basis for them” in accordance with the rule. See id.
The billing affidavits do not raise a fact question with respect to causation.
The list of charges merely recites that Sanchez was treated at the VA hospital by
physical therapists, emergency medicine doctors, and a chiropractor. “Patients in
hospitals are often treated for more than one condition brought on by causes
independent of each other.” Guevara, 247 S.W.3d at 669. The bill is not evidence of
the underlying conditions for which Sanchez was treated nor does it provide
evidence to show that he was treated as a result of the accident. See id.
For the first time on appeal, Sanchez argues that he could not obtain testimony
from the medical doctors who treated him at the VA hospital because they are
prevented from testifying by federal statute. Pursuant to its authority under 5 U.S.C.
§ 301, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has promulgated regulations
restricting the circumstances in which VA employees may be called to testify and
the scope of their testimony in matters that do not involve the federal government as
a party. See 38 C.F.R. §§ 14.800–.810. A VA employee may provide testimony or
produce VA records in legal proceedings only as authorized in accordance with the
regulations and only as authorized by a determining official. See 38 C.F.R. § 14.803.
Such testimony or records must be sought through the process provided in the
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regulations. See 38 C.F.R. § 14.800, .806. This issue is not properly before the court
because Sanchez did not raise it in his summary judgment response or motion for
reconsideration. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166(a)(c) (“Issues not expressly presented to the
trial court by written motion, answer or other response shall not be considered on
appeal as grounds for reversal.”). And federal regulation does not prohibit VA
officials from testifying in court proceedings, it simply establishes a framework
through which testimony may be obtained. See 38 C.F.R. § 14.808. The code also
does not prevent Sanchez from retaining an outside expert to review VA records or
any other records he presents to address causation. Because Sanchez did not provide
expert evidence of the causation of his injuries, the trial court did not err by granting
Leija’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment.
Sanchez failed to produce more than a scintilla of competent evidence on the
element of causation of his medical injuries. The trial court did not err in granting
summary judgment in favor of Leija. Forbes, Inc., 124 S.W.3d at 172. We overrule
Sanchez’s first issue.
Final Judgment
In his second issue, Sanchez contends that the trial court erred in issuing a
final take nothing judgment against him and abused its discretion in denying his
motion to retain. In January 2019, Sanchez moved to retain the case, and in response,
Leija moved to dismiss for want of prosecution or, in the alternative, requested entry
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of final judgment. After reviewing the record, summary judgment order, and a Rule
11 agreement between the parties, the trial court issued a final judgment in favor of
Leija in February 2019. On appeal, Sanchez contends that he diligently pursued his
claims and that the trial court erred in entering final judgment because he had
“additional causes of action to prosecute.” Sanchez does not state specifically what
claims remained unresolved.
Sanchez has failed to adequately brief this argument. An appellant must
provide a brief containing “clear and concise argument[s] for the contentions made,
with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).
Sanchez alleged that Leija’s negligence caused his medical injuries and property
damage. Sanchez’s claims for past and future medical expenses, past and future pain
and mental anguish, past and future impairment, and future loss of wages resulting
from Leija’s negligence were disposed of when the court granted partial summary
judgment regarding medical causation. This order was never vacated. The trial court
also granted partial summary judgment as to property damage of a motorcycle. On
appeal, Sanchez does not contend that his property damage claim remained
outstanding.1 Therefore, Sanchez has failed to meet his burden to show how the trial
court erred in issuing a final judgment against him. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). Since
1
Leija’s brief states that the property damage claim was resolved by summary
judgment and a Rule 11 agreement between the parties.
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there were no remaining issues before the court, the court did not err in entering a
final judgment. We overrule Sanchez’s second issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Peter Kelly
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Kelly, Goodman, and Countiss.
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