MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Dec 21 2020, 11:08 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
R. Brian Woodward Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Appellate Public Defender Attorney General
Crown Point, Indiana
Tina L. Mann
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Eric Johnson, December 21, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
20A-CR-1096
v. Appeal from the
Lake Superior Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable
Appellee-Plaintiff Samuel L. Cappas, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
45G04-1901-F5-18
Vaidik, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-1096 | December 21, 2020 Page 1 of 9
Case Summary
[1] Eric Johnson appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress a
handgun found on his person, arguing the police did not have reasonable
suspicion to stop him and pat him down. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Around 12:30 a.m. on January 9, 2019, Hammond Police Department Officers
Simon Siba and Joseph Drzich were patrolling an area known for “burglaries,
auto thefts, [and] thefts from vehicles” when they observed Johnson “showing
interest” in a car parked in an alley near Hohman Avenue. Tr. p. 7. The
officers, who could not see Johnson’s hands or what he was doing with them,
continued driving toward Johnson. When Johnson noticed the officers, he “all
of a sudden changed his behavior” and “suddenly walk[ed] away from” the
parked car. Id. at 14. As Johnson “stumbl[ed]” toward the officers, he had his
“right hand around his waist area holding something,” and “his left hand was
freely swinging.” Id. at 15, 17; see also id. at 47 (describing Johnson’s right hand
as “grabbing toward[] his waist area”). Officer Siba parked his patrol car, and
both officers got out of the car. Officer Siba asked Johnson, who was walking
past him with his hands in the air, how he was doing and said he wanted to talk
to him. Ex. 2.1 Johnson said “why” and continued walking past him. Id. Officer
1
The officers wore body cams. The recording from Officer Siba’s body cam starts when he exited his patrol
car.
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Siba asked Johnson where he was going, and Johnson, who smelled of alcohol
and slurred his words, said he was going to his girlfriend’s house. Officer Siba
told Johnson to “stop” and “come here,” but Johnson kept walking away. Id.
At this point, Officer Siba grabbed Johnson’s right arm, and Officer Drzich
grabbed his left. Concerned Johnson was armed, Officer Siba patted him down
and felt a handgun in the right pocket of his hooded sweatshirt. Johnson, who
did not have a license for the gun, was arrested.
[3] The State charged Johnson with Level 5 felony carrying a handgun without a
license, Class A misdemeanor resisting law enforcement, and Class B
misdemeanor public intoxication. Thereafter, Johnson filed a motion to
suppress, arguing the search and seizure were conducted in violation of the
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 11
of the Indiana Constitution. Johnson asked the trial court to suppress “all
property seized by the arresting officers, all observations made by the arresting
officers, and all statements made by the Defendant.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p.
26.
[4] At the suppression hearing, Officer Siba testified that although he tried to have
a consensual encounter with Johnson, he “already had made up [his] mind” to
stop him based on him standing by the parked car in an area known for car
break-ins and quickly walking away from the car when he saw the officers. Tr.
p. 33. Following a hearing, the trial court denied Johnson’s motion to suppress.
The court found the “initial encounter” between the officers and Johnson was
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“consensual” and the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop Johnson and pat
him down for weapons. Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 61.
[5] This interlocutory appeal now ensues.
Discussion and Decision
[6] Johnson contends the trial court should have suppressed the handgun found on
his person. Ordinarily, we review evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion
and reverse only when the admission is clearly against the logic and effect of the
facts and circumstances. Johnson v. State, No. 20S-CR-655, 2020 WL 7038290
(Ind. Dec. 1, 2020). But when a challenge to an evidentiary ruling is based on
the constitutionality of a search or seizure of evidence, it raises a question of
law we review de novo. Id.
A. Fourth Amendment
[7] Johnson first argues the officers did not have reasonable suspicion to stop him.
See Appellant’s Br. p. 15. The Fourth Amendment guarantees “[t]he right of the
people to be secure in their persons . . . against unreasonable searches and
seizures.” Generally, to be reasonable, a search must be conducted under a
properly issued warrant supported by probable cause. Pinner v. State, 74 N.E.3d
226, 229 (Ind. 2017). However, an officer “can stop a person if the officer
‘observes unusual conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of
his experience that criminal activity may be afoot.’” Johnson, 2020 WL
7038290, *2 (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968)). “While this stop
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requires less than probable cause, an officer’s reasonable suspicion demands
more than just a hunch: ‘the police officer must be able to point to specific and
articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts,
reasonably warrant [the] intrusion.’” Id. (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 21).
[8] As an initial matter, Johnson claims the trial court’s finding that the initial
encounter between the officers and Johnson was consensual “repudiat[es] any
claim of reasonable suspicion prior to the time Johnson was seized.”
Appellant’s Br. p. 17; see also Appellant’s Reply Br. pp. 6-7. We disagree. Given
our de novo standard of review, we are not bound by the trial court’s rationale.
See Johnson, 2020 WL 7038290, *2 (in applying the de novo standard of review,
the Indiana Supreme Court affirmed the trial court on a different ground than
“the parties and the courts below” focused on—reasonable suspicion instead of
probable cause). Moreover, Johnson cites no authority that says if an officer
attempts a consensual encounter, anything the officer observed before that point
can’t be used to establish reasonable suspicion. Accordingly, we consider all of
the circumstances known to the officers, not just what happened after they
exited the patrol car.
[9] A review of those circumstances shows the officers had reasonable suspicion
that Johnson was involved in criminal activity that had occurred or was about
to occur, namely, breaking into a car. The officers were on patrol shortly after
midnight in an area known for car thefts and break-ins when they spotted
Johnson “showing interest” in a parked car. See Crabtree v. State, 762 N.E.2d
241, 246 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (stating although a defendant’s presence in a
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high-crime area alone does not constitute reasonable suspicion, it is a factor to
be considered); Wilson v. State, 670 N.E.2d 27, 31 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (stating
the time of day a stop occurs is a factor to be considered). When Johnson
noticed the officers, he “all of a sudden changed his behavior” and “suddenly
walk[ed] away from” the parked car. See Gaddie v. State, 10 N.E.3d 1249, 1256
(Ind. 2014) (“[N]ervous, evasive behavior is a pertinent factor in determining
reasonable suspicion.” (quotation omitted)). The officers had reasonable
suspicion to stop Johnson under Terry.2
[10] Johnson next argues that even if the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop
him, “they did not have an articuably [sic] objective reasonable belief that
Johnson was armed and dangerous which warranted the immediate search of
his person.” Appellant’s Br. p. 17. After making a Terry stop, an officer may, if
he has a reasonable fear that a suspect is armed and dangerous, frisk the outer
clothing of that suspect to find weapons. Johnson, 2020 WL 7038290, *3. “The
purpose of this protective search ‘is not to discover evidence of crime, but to
allow the officer to pursue his investigation without fear of violence.’” Id.
(quoting Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 373 (1993)). “The officer need not
be absolutely certain that the individual is armed; the issue is whether a
reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief
that his safety or that of others was in danger.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 27. To
2
Johnson notes Officer Siba incorrectly told him he was in violation of Hammond’s sidewalk ordinance. See
Ex. 2. However, the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop Johnson even without an ordinance violation.
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determine whether an officer acted reasonably, we consider the specific,
reasonable inferences that the officer, given his experience, can draw from the
facts. Johnson, 2020 WL 7038290, *3.
[11] Here, the officers testified that after Johnson quickly walked away from the
parked car and stumbled toward them, his left hand swung freely but his right
hand was “holding” or “grabbing” something at his waist. According to the
officers, they feared Johnson was armed. Given it was after midnight in a high-
crime area, the officers suspected Johnson was breaking into a car, and Johnson
was holding or grabbing something at his waist as he approached the officers, a
reasonably prudent officer in their position would believe their safety was in
danger. There is no Fourth Amendment violation.3
II. Article 1, Section 11
[12] Although Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution largely tracks the
Fourth Amendment, we interpret and apply it independently. Mitchell v. State,
745 N.E.2d 775, 786 (Ind. 2001). The reasonableness of a search or seizure
under the Indiana Constitution “turns on an evaluation of the reasonableness of
3
Johnson claims this case is like United States v. Howell, 958 F.3d 589 (7th Cir. 2020). It is not. In Howell, the
police were responding to an anonymous 911 call about a man climbing under a fence at a warehouse when
they spotted the defendant, who only partially matched the description given by the caller, walking near the
warehouse. The police called out to the defendant, who looked panicked and put his hands in his pockets.
The police immediately patted him down and found a gun in his pocket. The Seventh Circuit explained,
“Terry teaches that frisks need to account for the totality of circumstances—they cannot be rote or reflexive—
and here the circumstances required more before [the officer’s] encounter with [the defendant] would permit
a frisk.” Id. at 601. In this case, there was no anonymous tip. Based on the officers’ own observations, they
suspected Johnson was engaged in criminal activity. In addition, Johnson did not put his hands in his
pockets; rather, he held or grabbed something at his waist.
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the police conduct under the totality of the circumstances.” Litchfield v. State,
824 N.E.2d 356, 359 (Ind. 2005). Those circumstances include a balance of: (1)
the degree of concern, suspicion, or knowledge that a violation has occurred, (2)
the degree of intrusion the method of the search or seizure imposes on the
citizen’s ordinary activities, and (3) the extent of law-enforcement needs. Id. at
361.
[13] Here, the concern and suspicion of the officers was high. Johnson was in a
high-crime area known for car thefts and break-ins. Also, Johnson was in this
area after midnight. Unknown to Johnson, the officers observed him “showing
interest” in a parked car. The officers could not see his hands or what he was
doing with them. When Johnson looked up and noticed the officers, he “all of a
sudden changed his behavior” and “suddenly walk[ed] away from” the parked
car. Johnson’s behavior continued to be suspicious as he walked toward the
officers with his right hand “holding” or “grabbing” something at his waist.
This factor weighs in favor of the State.4
[14] The degree of intrusion was not high. When Johnson walked away from the
officers, they grabbed his arms. Officer Siba then patted him down, finding a
handgun in the right pocket of his sweatshirt. See Bell v. State, 81 N.E.3d 233,
4
Contrary to Johnson’s claim, this case is not like Jacobs v. State, 76 N.E.3d 846 (Ind. 2017). In that case, our
Supreme Court held that while the police had sufficient cause to be suspicious of the defendant in general,
“that suspicion was not sufficiently linked to any articulable criminal activity.” Id. at 852. Accordingly, the
Court found the first Litchfield factor weighed against the State. Here, in contrast, the officers believed
Johnson was trying to break into a car in an area known for break-ins.
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238 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (“The intrusion into Bell’s privacy was minimal as it
was merely ‘an outer clothes pat-down.’”), trans. denied; Johnson v. State, 38
N.E.3d 658, 664 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (finding the degree of intrusion was “not
high” as the officer “took [the defendant’s] left arm, ordered him to place his
hands behind his back, and continued to do a pat down search of him for
weapons at 2:00 a.m. in the bus station”), trans. denied. This factor also weighs
in favor of the State.
[15] Finally, the extent of law-enforcement needs was high. Not only did the officers
suspect that Johnson was breaking into a car, they also suspected he was armed.
As Johnson walked toward the officers, his right hand was “holding” or
“grabbing” something at his waist. This factor also weighs in favor of the State.
Accordingly, we conclude the officers’ search and seizure of Johnson was
reasonable under Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. We
therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of Johnson’s motion to suppress the
handgun.
[16] Affirmed.
Brown, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
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Eric Johnson v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion