Tonya Bauer, Individually and as Guardian of the Person and Estate of Emily Bauer, an Incapacitated Person, and William Bryant v. Gulshan Enterprises, Inc., Bin Enterprises, Inc., Khalid Khan and Phillips 66 Company

Opinion issued December 31, 2020

In The

Court of Appeals
For The

First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-18-00136-CV
———————————
TONYA BAUER, AS GUARDIAN OF THE PERSON AND ESTATE OF
EMILY BAUER, AN INCAPACITATED PERSON, Appellant

V.

GULSHAN ENTERPRISES, INC, Appellee

On Appeal from the 190th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2014-71024-B

OPINION ON REHEARING

Appellant, Tonya Bauer, as guardian of the person and the estate of Emily

Bauer, an incapacitated person (“Bauer”), filed a motion for rehearing and for en

banc reconsideration of our opinion issued on February 27, 2020. We deny the
motion for rehearing, but withdraw our opinion and judgment, and substitute this

opinion and judgment in their stead. Because we issue a new opinion in connection

with the denial of rehearing, the motion for en banc reconsideration of our prior

opinion is moot.1

The term “synthetic cannabinoid,” commonly called “synthetic marihuana,”

refers to a class of chemical compounds created to mimic the effects of

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive constituent of the marihuana plant.2

Synthetic cannabinoids are man-made, unregulated chemicals produced in

underground labs, often overseas, and then shipped to the United States in powdered

or crystal form.3 The chemicals are then mixed with acetone and manually sprayed

onto plant material before packaging. As laws are enacted making it illegal to sell,

1
See In re Wagner, 560 S.W.3d 309, 312 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, orig.
proceeding [mand. denied]); Richardson–Eagle, Inc. v. William M. Mercer, Inc.,
213 S.W.3d 469, 472 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied);
Brookshire Bros., Inc. v. Smith, 176 S.W.3d 30, 33, 40 n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2004, pet. denied); see also Gulf Coast Ctr. v. Curry, No. 01-18-00665-
CV, 2020 WL 5414983, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 10, 2020, no
pet.) (mem. op. on reh’g); State v. Gleannloch Commercial Dev., LP, No. 14-16-
00037-CV, 2018 WL 1189123, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 8,
2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.).
2
NAT’L INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, DRUG FACTS: WHAT ARE SYNTHETIC
CANNABINOIDS? (Feb. 2018), https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/
synthetic-cannabinoids-k2spice.
3
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GEN. OF TEX., AGENCY INITIATIVES, SYNTHETIC DRUGS,
https://www2.texasattorneygeneral.gov/initiatives/synthetics/.

2
buy, or possess certain chemicals, manufacturers simply alter their formulas.4 As a

result, the composition of many of these products, some of which contain lethal

contaminants, is largely unknown, making it difficult for healthcare professionals to

diagnose and treat patients in emergency cases involving these substances.5

For several years, synthetic cannabinoids have been sold in convenience

stores, novelty stores, and over the internet.6 They are marketed in colorful packages

to attract young consumers.7 Currently, sixty percent of individuals admitted to

Texas emergency rooms for treatment related to synthetic-cannabinoid use are

between the ages of 12 and 20.8 This is such a case.

Here, a teenage girl suffered debilitating, permanent injuries after using

synthetic marihuana that a friend obtained from a convenience store. Appellant,

Tonya Bauer, as guardian of the person and the estate of Emily Bauer, an

incapacitated person (“Bauer”), brought negligence claims against the convenience-

4
NAT’L INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, DRUG FACTS: WHAT ARE SYNTHETIC
CANNABINOIDS? (Feb. 2018), https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/
synthetic-cannabinoids-k2spice.
5
Id.; OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GEN. OF TEX., AGENCY INITIATIVES, SYNTHETIC
DRUGS, https://www2.texasattorneygeneral.gov/initiatives/synthetics/.
6
U.S. DEP’T OF JUSTICE, DRUG ENF’T AGENCY, DRUGS OF ABUSE, at 88–89 (2017
ed.), https://www.dea.gov/documents/2017/06/15/drugs-abuse.
7
NAT’L INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, DRUG FACTS: WHAT ARE SYNTHETIC
CANNABINOIDS? (Feb. 2018), https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/
synthetic-cannabinoids-k2spice.
8
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GEN. OF TEX., AGENCY INITIATIVES, SYNTHETIC DRUGS,
https://www2.texasattorneygeneral.gov/initiatives/synthetics/.

3
store owner, the lessee, and the entities that supplied the convenience store gas

pumps with gasoline. In this appeal, Bauer challenges the trial court’s summary

judgment in favor of the gasoline distributor, appellee, Gulshan Enterprises, Inc.

(“Gulshan”). In her sole issue, Bauer contends that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment for Gulshan, and denying her motion for reconsideration,

because she presented evidence raising genuine issues of material fact. Because we

conclude that there is simply no evidence to support the duty element of Bauer’s

negligence claim against the gasoline distributor, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

Background

ConocoPhillips Company (“ConocoPhillips”)9 is engaged in the production,

refining, and marketing of petroleum products under various brands. Gulshan is a

wholesale distributor of motor vehicle fuels to independent dealers (“dealers”) and

to retail outlets, i.e., gas stations. On March 1, 2010, ConocoPhillips and Gulshan

entered into a supply agreement, the “Branded Marketer Agreement” (“BMA”).

Under its terms, ConocoPhillips agreed to sell gasoline to Gulshan, as “Marketer,”

for resale to Gulshan’s customers. The BMA authorized Gulshan to sell

ConocoPhillips-branded gasoline through stations it owns or operates and to sell

gasoline to independent dealers who own or operate such stations.

9
ConocoPhillips is not a party to this appeal.
4
 In the BMA, ConocoPhillips also granted Gulshan a license to use certain

ConocoPhillips brand names in the advertising, distribution, and sale of gasoline and

to display ConocoPhillips brand identification and signage at the stations Gulshan

supplied. Noting that ConocoPhillips had a protectable business interest in ensuring

that Gulshan’s sales and distributions would be accomplished in a manner respecting

the standards, reputation, and integrity of the ConocoPhillips brands, the BMA set

out certain “Brand and Image Standards,” discussed below, with which Gulshan was

required to comply. Gulshan was also required to ensure to ConocoPhillips that each

of the dealers and gas stations that it supplied also complied. The parties agreed that

the BMA was “personal to [Gulshan]” and for the sole use and benefit of Gulshan

and ConocoPhillips. The parties agreed that, in the event that Gulshan failed to

comply, or to ensure compliance, with the Brand and Image Standards,

ConocoPhillips could assess fees against Gulshan, “debrand” the gas station, or

terminate the BMA.

On January 31, 2012, Gulshan executed a Marketing Contract with an

independent dealer, Bin Enterprises Inc. (“Bin”).10 Also on that day, Bin purchased

from Global New Millennium Partners, Ltd.11 a convenience store and gas station

located at 11150 Huffmeister Road in Houston, known as Handi-Stop #79 (“Handi-

10
Bin is not a party to this appeal.
11
Global New Millenium Partners, Ltd. is not a party to this appeal.
5
Stop”). Under the terms of the Marketing Contract, Gulshan agreed to supply Bin

with ConocoPhillips gasoline, branded as “Phillips 66,” at Bin’s locations, including

Handi-Stop. And, Bin agreed to operate in accordance with the standards of Gulshan

and its supplier. In the Marketing Contract, the parties expressly agreed that Gulshan

was to have no right of control over Bin’s operation of its businesses, including

Handi-Stop. In October 2012, Bin leased Handi-Stop to Khalid Khan.

During the fall of 2012, Shawn Kettlewell and Emily Bauer were sophomores

in high school. According to Shawn, he and Emily frequently smoked marihuana

together and, on occasion, they used cocaine, Xanax, and ecstasy. On December 7,

2012, they skipped school and smoked marihuana periodically throughout the day.

Late that afternoon, a friend, Anserra Dupree, Jr., went to Handi-Stop and purchased

synthetic marihuana, specifically, one bag of “Kush”12 and one bag of “Klimax.”

Shawn, Emily, and Anserra then gathered with friends and smoked approximately

half of the contents of each bag. According to Anserra, Emily generally “added

other things when she smoked.”

12
See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 481.1031 (designating certain synthetic
chemical cannabinoids as controlled substances); see also In re T.B.V.J., No. 01-17-
00892-CV, 2018 WL 1747264, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 12,
2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.); A.R. v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., No.
03-15-00185-CV, 2015 WL 4909908, at *1 n.4 (Tex. App.—Austin 2015, no pet.)
(mem. op.) (noting that kush is a mixture of herbs and spices “sprayed with synthetic
compounds that mimic the effects of controlled substances like ecstasy and meth”).
6
 After smoking synthetic marihuana at around 7:00 p.m., Emily began feeling

dizzy and had a headache. She took prescribed medication and went to sleep. When

she awoke 15 minutes later, she began mumbling, screaming, and throwing things.

After she bit Shawn, he called for emergency assistance. Emily was taken by

ambulance to North Cypress Medical Center. Shawn discarded the remaining

portions of the synthetic marihuana that he and Emily had smoked.

At the hospital, Emily was disoriented, screamed for people who were not

there, thrashed violently, and bit the siderails of her bed. According to the medical

evidence, Emily exhibited clinical signs and symptoms consistent with synthetic

cannabinoid toxicity. She was placed in a medically-induced coma and on a

ventilator. She suffered multiple ischemic strokes and was diagnosed with primary

central nervous system vasculitis. She developed quadriparesis, cortical visual

impairment, and a seizure disorder. Emily spent months in the hospital and

underwent therapy before returning home. Emily’s medical issues are ongoing. She

requires near constant supervision and requires assistance to perform basic tasks.

The cost of caring for Emily for the rest of her life is estimated to be between

$10,822.665.99 and $12,262,949.30.

Bauer, Emily’s mother, brought claims against “Phillips 66 Company,”13

Gulshan, Bin, and Khan for products liability, negligence, fraud, breach of implied

13
In 2012, Phillips 66 Company became an independent company.

7
warranty of merchantability, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The

trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Phillips 66 Company, dismissing

Bauer’s claims against it. The trial court also granted summary judgment in favor

of Gulshan on Bauer’s products-liability claims. Bauer non-suited all of her other

claims, except her negligence claim. The trial court severed Bauer’s negligence

claim against Gulshan from her claims against Bin and Khan. This appeal concerns

only Bauer’s negligence claim against Gulshan.

In her negligence claim against Gulshan, Bauer alleged that Gulshan owed

Emily a duty of reasonable care not to create an unreasonable risk of harm. She

asserted that the BMA assigned contractual duties to Gulshan to monitor and inspect

the activities at Handi-Stop to ensure that the “sale or use of illegal drugs or drug

paraphernalia [did] not occur.” And, Gulshan breached these duties by failing to

perform its duties of monitoring and inspecting the store. She asserted that, although

Gulshan apparently conducted some type of inspections of Handi-Stop, Gulshan did

not perform inspections inside the retail store after January 31, 2012, and such failure

to exercise reasonable care proximately caused Emily’s harm. Bauer further asserted

that Gulshan’s conduct constituted a “negligent undertaking” giving rise to a duty to

Emily because it performed services that it knew, or should have known, were

necessary for her protection. Bauer asserted that Gulshan failed to exercise

reasonable care in performing those services, that Emily suffered harm based on her

8
reliance on Gulshan’s performance, and that Gulshan’s performance increased

Emily’s risk of harm.

Bauer also alleged that Gulshan was vicariously liable for the negligence of

Bin and Khan. She asserted that “Gulshan was the owner/operator of Handi-Stop,”

that Bin and Khan acted as Gulshan’s agents, and that Bin and Khan negligently

performed their duties to monitor and inspect the store. Bauer further alleged that

Gulshan was grossly negligent.

Gulshan filed a combined motion for traditional and no-evidence summary

judgment on Bauer’s negligence claim. Gulshan argued that it was entitled to

judgment as a matter of law because the trial court had previously granted summary

judgment in favor of Gulshan on Bauer’s products-liability claims, and Bauer had

simply recast her products-liability claims as an artfully plead negligence claim.

Gulshan further argued, as pertinent here, that there was no evidence that it

“breached any duty allegedly owed to Emily or that its conduct caused [her] harm.”

Gulshan did not own or operate Handi-Stop, had no contractual right to control

Handi-Stop, and did not exercise any control over it. In addition, there was no

evidence that it undertook to perform any services, failed to exercise reasonable care

in performing any services, that Emily suffered harm based on her reliance on

Gulshan, or that Gulshan’s performance increased Emily’s risk of harm.

9
 In her summary-judgment response, Bauer argued that Gulshan owed Emily

a duty of reasonable care based on its contractual duties under the BMA. She

asserted that, “[u]nder the BMA, Gulshan held the right to (1) control activities

taking place on the premises where Emily’s injuries arose, (2) inspect the premises

for offensive and illegal activities, and (3) direct the conduct of those working on or

around the premises.” Bauer asserted that the BMA “alerted Gulshan and put them

on notice to criminal risks that were attendant to this type of business.” And, “[t]o

that end, the BMA assigned Gulshan a duty—and Gulshan undertook that duty—to

prevent the ‘sale or use of illegal drugs or drug paraphernalia’ at any of the Phillips

66-branded fuel stations it serviced including Handi-Stop.” Bauer asserted that there

was substantial evidence that Gulshan “controlled the activities on the premises,

failed to exercise reasonable care in the exercise of that control, and, as a direct

result,” Emily was injured.

As her summary-judgment evidence, discussed below, Bauer presented the

BMA, the Marketing Contract, a photograph of packages of synthetic marihuana,

and various letters. She also attached excerpts of her deposition, the transcript of a

recorded statement of Anserra, and the depositions of Shawn, Shoukat Dhanani

(president of Gulshan), and Salman Bin Hameed (president of Bin). Bauer also

attached medical records, medical expert reports, and excerpts of the depositions of

Drs. Greg Andres and Jeff Lapoint.

10
 After a hearing, trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Gulshan

without specifying the grounds and dismissed Bauer’s claim against it. Bauer filed

a motion for reconsideration, again arguing that the summary-judgment evidence

presented issues of fact. The trial court denied Bauer’s motion for reconsideration.

Summary Judgment

In her sole issue, Bauer argues that the trial court erred in granting Gulshan’s

motion for no-evidence summary judgment on her negligence claim, under both

simple-negligence and negligent-undertaking theories, because she presented more

than a scintilla of evidence on each of the challenged elements of her claim. See

TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). Bauer argues that the trial court erred in granting Gulshan’s

motion for traditional summary judgment on her negligence claim because Gulshan

did not conclusively establish that she simply recast her products-liability claim as a

negligence claim. See TEX. R. APP. P. 166a(c). She further asserts that the trial court

erred in denying her motion for reconsideration on the same grounds.

A. Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s summary judgment de novo. Valence Operating Co.

v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). In conducting our review, we take as

true all evidence favorable to the non-movant, and we indulge every reasonable

inference and resolve any doubts in the non-movant’s favor. Id. If a trial court

grants summary judgment without specifying the grounds for granting the motion,

11
we must uphold the trial court’s judgment if any of the asserted grounds are

meritorious. Beverick v. Koch Power, Inc., 186 S.W.3d 145, 148 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied).

A party seeking summary judgment may combine in a single motion a request

for summary judgment under both the traditional and no-evidence standards. Binur

v. Jacobo, 135 S.W.3d 646, 650–51 (Tex. 2004). When a party seeks summary

judgment on both grounds in the trial court and the trial court’s order does not specify

its reasons for granting summary judgment, we first review the propriety of the

summary judgment under the no-evidence standard. See Ford Motor Co. v.

Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). If we

conclude that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment under the no-

evidence standard, we need not reach the issue of whether the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment under the traditional standard. See Ford Motor Co.,

135 S.W.3d at 600; see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

To prevail on a no-evidence summary-judgment motion, the movant must

establish that there is no evidence to support an essential element of the non-

movant’s claim on which the non-movant would have the burden of proof at trial.

See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Hahn v. Love, 321 S.W.3d 517, 523–24 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied). The burden then shifts to the non-movant to

present evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact as to each of the elements

12
challenged in the motion. Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex.

2006). A no-evidence summary judgment may not be granted if the non-movant

brings forth more than a scintilla of evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact

on the challenged elements. See Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d at 600. More than a scintilla

of evidence exists when the evidence “rises to a level that would enable reasonable

and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.” Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc.

v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997).

In a traditional motion for summary judgment, the movant has the burden to

establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); KPMG Peat Marwick v.

Harrison Cty. Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746, 748 (Tex. 1999). When a

defendant moves for a traditional summary judgment, it must either: (1) disprove at

least one essential element of the plaintiff’s cause of action or (2) plead and

conclusively establish each essential element of an affirmative defense, thereby

defeating the plaintiff’s cause of action. See Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341

(Tex. 1995). Once the movant meets its burden, the burden shifts to the non-movant

to raise a genuine issue of material fact precluding summary judgment. Centeq

Realty, Inc. v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995). The evidence raises a

genuine issue of fact if reasonable and fair-minded jurors could differ in their

13
conclusions in light of all of the summary-judgment evidence. Goodyear Tire &

Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex. 2007).

Generally, we restrict the scope of our review of a trial court’s ruling on a

motion for summary judgment to that evidence that was before the trial court at the

time that it ruled on the motion. Neely v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 302

S.W.3d 331, 347 n.16 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. denied); see also

TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(d). “When a motion [to reconsider] is filed after the rendition

of summary judgment, a trial court has the discretion to consider the grounds in [the]

post-judgment motion and supporting proof[,] and reaffirm its summary judgment

based on the entire record.” Charbonnet v. Shami, No. 04-12-00711-CV, 2013 WL

2645720, at *5 (Tex. App.—San Antonio June 12, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(internal quotations omitted). “The trial court also has the discretion to simply deny

a motion filed after the entry of summary judgment without considering its

substance.” Id. “In the latter situation, an appellate court need only consider

arguments and evidence presented prior to the summary-judgment hearing.” Id.

When, as here, however, the trial court’s order affirmatively states that it

considered the evidence attached to a motion to reconsider, we review the summary

judgment based on the grounds and proof in both the prejudgment and post-judgment

filings. Timothy Patton, Summary Judgments in Texas § 7.06[1] (3d ed. 2013); see

also Circle X Land & Cattle Co., Ltd. v. Mumford Ind. Sch. Dist., 325 S.W.3d 859,

14
863 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied) (reviewing evidence

attached to motion to reconsider because order reflected that trial court considered

such evidence); Stephens v. Dolcefino, 126 S.W.3d 120, 134 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (considering evidence offered at hearing on motion to

reconsider because trial court ruled that it would consider such evidence); cf.

McMahan v. Greenwood, 108 S.W.3d 467, 500 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2003, pet. denied) (declining to consider evidence attached to motion for new trial

because trial court’s order did not state that it considered such evidence).

B. Legal Principles

The common-law doctrine of negligence consists of: (1) a legal duty owed by

one person to another, (2) a breach of that duty, and (3) damages proximately

resulting from the breach. Praesel v. Johnson, 967 S.W.2d 391, 394 (Tex. 1998).

The threshold inquiry is the existence of a duty. Id. A duty is a “legally enforceable

obligation to comply with a certain standard of conduct.” Hand v. Dean Witter

Reynolds, Inc., 889 S.W.2d 483, 491 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ

denied). “Texas law generally imposes no duty to take action to prevent harm to

others absent certain special relationships or circumstances.” Torrington Co. v.

Stutzman, 46 S.W.3d 829, 837 (Tex. 2000) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts

§ 314 (1965) (“The fact that [an] actor realizes or should realize that action on his

15
part is necessary for another’s aid or protection does not of itself impose upon him

a duty to take such action.”)).

Special relationships include those existing between employer and employee,

parent and child, and independent contractor and contractee. Greater Hous. Transp.

Co. v. Phillips, 801 S.W.2d 523, 525 (Tex. 1990); see also Golden Spread Council,

Inc. v. Akins, 926 S.W.2d 287, 289–90, 292 (Tex. 1996) (“There are some cases in

which a duty exists as a matter of law because a special relationship exists between

the parties. In such cases, the duty analysis ends there.”).

“It is firmly established in Texas that the existence and elements of a common

law duty are ordinarily legal issues for the court to decide. . . .” Humble Sand &

Gravel, Inc. v. Gomez, 146 S.W.3d 170, 181 (Tex. 2004). Because the existence of

a legal duty is a question of law, we apply a de novo standard of review. Alcoa, Inc.

v. Behringer, 235 S.W.3d 456, 460 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, pet. denied). In

deciding whether to impose a duty, a court must balance the risk, foreseeability, and

likelihood of injury against the social utility of the actor’s conduct, the magnitude of

the burden of guarding against the injury, and the consequences of placing the

burden on the defendant. Humble Sand & Gravel, 146 S.W.3d at 182. Courts also

consider whether one party “would generally have superior knowledge of the risk or

a right to control the actor who caused the harm.” Id.

16
 “The critical inquiry concerning the duty element of a negligent-undertaking

theory is whether a defendant acted in a way that requires the imposition of a duty

where one otherwise would not exist.” Nall v. Plunkett, 404 S.W.3d 552, 555 (Tex.

2013) (emphasis added). “[O]ne who voluntarily undertakes an affirmative course

of action for the benefit of another has a duty to exercise reasonable care that the

other’s person or property will not be injured thereby.” Fort Bend Cty. Drainage

Dist. v. Sbrusch, 818 S.W.2d 392, 395 (Tex. 1991) (quoting Colonial Sav. Ass’n v.

Taylor, 544 S.W.2d 116, 119–20 (Tex. 1976)). With respect to liability to a third

person, the Restatement (Second) of Torts section 324A, “Liability to Third Person

for Negligent Performance of Undertaking,” provides:

One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render
services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the
protection of a third person or his things, is subject to liability to the
third person for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise
reasonable care to [perform] his undertaking, if
(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such
harm, or
(b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the
third person, or
(c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third
person upon the undertaking.

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 324A (1965) (emphasis added).

In its most recent case discussing section 324A, the Texas Supreme Court

stated that “an undertaking claim requires the trial court to instruct the jury that a

defendant is negligent only if: (1) the defendant undertook to perform services that

17
it knew or should have known were necessary for the plaintiff’s protection; (2) the

defendant failed to exercise reasonable care in performing those services; and either

(a) the plaintiff relied upon the defendant’s performance, or (b) the defendant’s

performance increased the plaintiff's risk of harm.” Nall, 404 S.W.3d at 555–56

(emphasis added) (citing Torrington Co., 46 S.W.3d at 838–39 and RESTATEMENT

(SECOND) OF TORTS § 324A (providing rule for liability to third person for negligent

performance of undertaking)).

Thus, a duty arises if the defendant affirmatively undertakes to perform

services upon which reliance can be based. See id. (citing Osuna v. S. Pac. R.R.,

641 S.W.2d 229, 230 (Tex. 1982) (“Having undertaken to place a flashing light at

the crossing for the purpose of warning travelers, the railroad was under a duty to

keep the signal in good repair, even though the signal was not legally required.”)).

“A mere promise to render a service coupled with neither performance nor reliance

imposes no tort obligation upon the promisor.” Fort Bend Cty. Drainage Dist., 818

S.W.2d at 396.

C. Analysis

Here, Gulshan, in its summary-judgment motion, argued that there is no

evidence that it “breached any duty allegedly owed to Emily or that its conduct

caused [her] harm.” See TEX. R. APP. P. 166a(i). Thus, Gulshan challenged each of

the elements of Bauer’s negligence claim. See Lampasas v. Spring Ctr., Inc., 988

18
S.W.2d 428, 436 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.); see also TEX. R.

CIV. P. 71 (providing that courts are to give effect to substance of motion rather than

title or form); In re J.Z.P., 484 S.W.3d 924, 925 (Tex. 2016).

Gulshan further argued that there is no evidence that it undertook any action

that caused Emily’s harm. Specifically, there is no evidence that Gulshan performed

services that it knew or should have known were necessary for Emily’s protection;

that it failed to exercise reasonable care in performing any such services; or either

that Emily’s reliance upon Gulshan’s performance caused her injury or that

Gulshan’s alleged performance increased Emily’s harm. See TEX. R. APP. P. 166a(i);

Nall, 404 S.W.3d at 555–56.

Bauer, in her summary-judgment response, with respect to the duty element

of her claim, argued that Gulshan owed Emily a duty of reasonable care based on

(1) Gulshan’s contractual duties under the BMA and control over Handi-Stop

(simple-negligence theory) and (2) having affirmatively undertaken to inspect and

monitor Handi-Stop (negligent-undertaking theory).

1. Simple Negligence

Bauer first argued that the BMA assigned a contractual duty to Gulshan to

“prevent the ‘sale or use of illegal drugs or drug paraphernalia’ at any of the Phillips

66-branded outlets it serviced including Handi-Stop.” And, Gulshan agreed to

maintain “extensive control” over Handi-Stop. Thus, Gulshan assumed a duty to

19
Emily, arising in tort, to exercise reasonable care in inspecting and monitoring the

store.

The BMA provides that ConocoPhillips had a protectable business interest in

ensuring that Gulshan’s distribution of branded products was accomplished in a

manner consistent with ConocoPhillips’ standards, reputation, and integrity. Thus,

section 5 of the BMA, “Brand and Image Standards,” requires that Marketers, i.e.,

Gulshan, and its Marketer Supplied Outlets, i.e., Handi-Stop, uphold certain

standards reflecting on the reputation of ConocoPhillips. These include treating all

persons fairly, honestly, and courteously; providing efficient service to consumers;

properly addressing consumer complaints; keeping the building and grounds clean;

operating with well-groomed personnel; and operating during certain business

hours. In addition, section 5(D), on which Bauer relies, provides:

Consistent with the principles herein set forth, . . . Marketer [Gulshan]
shall conduct its independent business operations in compliance with
the standards set forth below, which will promote the continuing good
reputation of ConocoPhillips and all other branded ConocoPhillips
marketers. [Gulshan] shall ensure to ConocoPhillips that all Marketer
Supplied Outlets [such as Handi-Stop] and the Marketer Supplied
Dealers [Bin] shall also comply with these standards.
....
(D) Each Marketer Supplied Outlet [Handi-Stop] must complement
the community and the environment. Furthermore, [Handi-Stop]
must not engage, permit, or cooperate in any conduct that reflects
unfavorably on the reputation of ConocoPhillips in the
community served by [Gulshan], or in ConocoPhillips’ opinion
impairs the goodwill associated with the ConocoPhillips . . . .
[Gulshan] shall cooperate, and shall take reasonable steps to

20
 ensure that the operators of [Handi-Stop] . . . its employees,
vendors, contractors, and agents cooperate fully with the
performance of [Gulshan’s] obligations under this [BMA] . . . .
[Gulshan] shall not permit on, in[,] or from [Handi-Stop]:
i. price gouging . . . ;
ii. any illegal consumption of intoxicating beverages;
iii. the sale or use of illegal drugs or drug paraphernalia;
iv. the sale of tobacco . . . or alcoholic beverages to
minors . . . ;
v. any offensive merchandise . . . .

(Emphasis added.) Thus, under the BMA, in order to protect the reputation and

goodwill of ConocoPhillips, Gulshan had a duty to ensure ConocoPhillips that the

gas stations it serviced, such as Handi-Stop, cooperated and complied with

ConocoPhillips’s standards, such as prohibiting the sale of illegal drugs or drug

paraphernalia.

Bauer argued that Gulshan owed these duties to Emily based on the following

language in section 5: “Marketer specifically understands and agrees that the Brand

and Image Standards are reasonable and of material significance to this Agreement

and to the consumers who patronize Marketer Supplied Outlets. . . .” The BMA

reflects, however, that it constitutes an agreement between ConocoPhillips and

Gulshan, and section 36 expressly provides: “This agreement is personal to

[Gulshan] and is intended for the sole use and benefit of [Gulshan] and

ConocoPhillips. No Marketer Supplied Dealer or any other third party is a third

party beneficiary under this Agreement.”

21
 To ensure compliance with the “Brand and Image Standards,” section 5

requires that Handi-Stop participate, at Gulshan’s expense, in the ConocoPhillips

“Brand and Image Standards Program.” Section 5 provides that evaluations of

Handi-Stop’s compliance with the Brand and Image Standards “shall be

communicated through an evaluation form completed by ConocoPhillips or its

designee.” (Emphasis added.) Section 5 provides that, in the event that Handi-Stop

failed an evaluation, ConocoPhillips was to give written notice to Gulshan. Then,

Gulshan was required to contact the gas station and ensure that the deficiency was

corrected. The remedy for any failure to uphold the Brand and Image Standards was

for ConocoPhillips to assess fees against Gulshan, to “debrand” Handi-Stop of its

Phillips 66 affiliation, or to terminate the BMA.

Thus, the BMA assigns the duty to inspect Handi-Stop for compliance with

the Brand and Image Standards to ConocoPhillips, not to Gulshan. Importantly,

Bauer expressly states in her appellate brief that “Gulshan was not obligated to

inspect stores under the BMA.”

Bauer further asserted that Gulshan assumed a duty to Emily, arising in tort,

to exercise reasonable care in inspecting and monitoring Handi-Stop because

Gulshan agreed to maintain “extensive control” over the store. See Golden Spread

Council, Inc., 926 S.W.2d at 289–90.

22
 It is undisputed, however, that Gulshan did not own or operate Handi-Stop.

Rather, as Bauer states in her brief, “[a]t the time of Emily’s injury, Bin was the

owner and dealer of the [Handi-Stop].” And, the undisputed summary-judgment

evidence shows that, at such time, Handi-Stop was leased to and operated by Khan.

Importantly, under the terms of the Marketing Contract between Gulshan and

Bin, the parties expressly agreed that Gulshan would have no right of control over

Bin’s operation of Handi-Stop:

Nothing in this Agreement is intended to make [Bin] and [Gulshan]
joint venturers or partners, or otherwise to create a master-servant or
principal-agent relationship between [Bin] and [Gulshan]. Neither
party shall have the authority to make any commitments whatsoever in
the name or on the behalf of the other. . . .
In the performance of this Agreement, Dealer [sic] acknowledges that
[Bin] is engaged as an independent business entity and is familiar with
the operation and management of the convenience store and service
station business, and nothing herein shall be construed as granting
[Gulshan] any right to control or direct [Bin] with respect to [Bin’s]
conduct of such business(es). . . .

(Emphasis added.) We further note that Bauer expressly states in her brief that her

claim is “not based on theories of agency.”

We conclude that Bauer did not present evidence to raise a genuine issue of

material fact regarding the duty element of her negligence claim, based on a simple

negligence theory. See Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d at 600; Havner, 953 S.W.2d at 711.

23
 2. Negligent Undertaking

Bauer asserted, in her summary-judgment response, that Gulshan “undertook

duties” to “inspect and monitor the activities” at Handi-Stop. And, “Gulshan was

responsible for ‘taking action to correct or improve any deficiencies’ identified

during an evaluation.” In doing so, Gulshan entered into a contractual agreement to

render services at Handi-Stop. Thus, she asserts, Gulshan had a common-law duty

to Emily to exercise reasonable care in undertaking its contractual obligations.

With respect to the duty element of her negligent-undertaking claim, Bauer

was first required to present evidence that Gulshan “undertook to perform services

that it knew or should have known were necessary for [Emily’s] protection.” See

Nall, 404 S.W.3d at 555–56 (emphasis added).

In Fort Bend County Drainage District, the supreme court held that a “mere

promise to render a service coupled with neither performance nor reliance imposes

no tort obligation upon the promisor.” 818 S.W.2d at 396 (emphasis added). There,

the District promised a landowner that it would repair any damage caused by the

District’s use of a bridge on the owner’s land. Id. at 393–94. Later, a second party,

an easement holder, notified the District that the bridge had become unsafe. Id. at

394. The District promised the easement holder that it would repair the bridge. Id.

After months passed without repairs, a third party (member of the public) crossed

the bridge in a truck, the bridge collapsed, and the truck fell into the drainage

24
channel. Id. The driver sued the District, arguing that the District, having promised

repairs (to the easement holder), had undertaken a duty to repair the bridge. Id. at

395. The supreme court disagreed, concluding that the District’s promises alone did

not constitute an undertaking of an affirmative course of action and that there was

no evidence that the District had taken any affirmative action thereafter. Id. at

396–97. Further, because the District’s promises were not communicated to the

injured plaintiff, he could not have relied upon them. Id. at 397. And, even though

the District had repaired other area bridges in the past, such conduct did not give rise

to a duty to act on the occasion at hand. Id. The supreme court held that, “[w]ithout

some affirmative course of action beyond the making of a mere promise or without

reliance on that promise,” the District did not have a duty to the driver with respect

to repairs. Id. (emphasis added) (applying Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 324A).

Similarly, this Court, in Knife River Corporation v. Hinojosa, held that the

plaintiff presented no evidence to support her negligent-undertaking claim. 438

S.W.3d 625, 637 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. denied.). There, the

Texas Department of Transportation (“Department”) contracted with a contractor to

resurface a section of highway. Id. at 628. The contract incorporated the

Department’s standards and required the contractor to give the Department written

notice of any latent conditions. Id. at 628–29. During the project, the contractor

noted a safety condition in a section of road involving a culvert and a steep drop-off

25
but did not send notice. Id. at 629. Once the project was complete, a Department

engineer inspected the work, but the safety issue remained. Id. Subsequently, a

motorist was killed when his truck hit the culvert. Id. at 627–29. The driver’s spouse

sued the contractor for negligent-undertaking, asserting that the contractor had

undertaken certain duties under the construction contract for the benefit of third

parties, such as the driver. Id. at 629 (“On entering a contract which it should have

recognized as necessary to the protection of the public, Knife River [] had a duty to

exercise reasonable care in the performance of that contract.”). Specifically, she

alleged, the contractor undertook duties to remedy such road conditions and to make

the roadway safe. Id. at 630, 634. This Court, in reviewing the contract, noted that

rectifying the road condition was outside the scope of work and that there was no

affirmative undertaking. Id. at 630, 637. We held that, because the law imposes a

duty to perform without negligence only those tasks that the actor has undertaken to

accomplish, the defendant owed no duty to the driver as a matter of law. Id. at 637

(applying Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 324A).

Here, in her summary-judgment response, Bauer asserts that Gulshan, who is

a gasoline supplier, undertook duties to “prevent the sale of drugs and drug

paraphernalia at Handi-Stop[] which Gulshan did not do.” (Emphasis added.) And,

she stated, “Gulshan admits ‘no inspections were conducted as to inside sales inside

26
the retail store from the applicable time period of January 31, 2012 to December 31,

2012.’”14

Thus, Bauer seeks to impose a duty on Gulshan for failing to act, not for the

manner in which it affirmatively acted. Again, “[t]he critical inquiry concerning the

duty element of a negligent-undertaking theory is whether a defendant acted in a

way that requires the imposition of a duty where one otherwise would not exist.”

Nall, 404 S.W.3d at 555 (emphasis added).

Bauer’s evidence includes eight Brand and Image Inspection reports

conducted by a representative of Market Force Information, Inc., on behalf of

ConocoPhillips/Phillips 66. These include inspections of the Handi-Stop

convenience store in February, April, August, and October 2012 (Emily’s injury

occurred in December 2012). Thus, in accordance with section 5 of the BMA,

ConocoPhillips was in fact inspecting Handi-Stop for compliance with the Brand

and Image Standards. And, Bauer speculated in her summary-judgment response

14
In her motion for rehearing, Bauer asserts that the majority erred in stating that she
had argued that Gulshan did not perform inspections inside the retail store after
January 31, 2012. However, the record shows that she asserted in her live petition
that “Gulshan did not do inspections inside the retail store after January 31, 2012.”
In her summary-judgment response, she argued: “Gulshan admits ‘no inspections
were conducted as to inside sales inside the retail store from the applicable time
period of January 31, 2012 to December 31, 2012.’” And, in her brief on appeal,
she stated: “On July 22, 2016 Gulshan admitted that it failed to conduct inspections
of the interior of the Huffmeister store. (14CR3634, 3635, 3639, 3641) (“no
inspections [by Gulshan] were conducted as to inside sales inside the [Huffmeister
store] from the applicable time period of January 31, 2012 to December 31, 2012.”).
27
that “[t]hrough Phillips 66 [ConocoPhillips] inspection reports” it was “more likely

than not that Gulshan learned [that] pipes were being sold at the counter.” Bauer

asserted that “Gulshan was responsible for ‘taking action to correct or improve any

deficiencies’ identified during an evaluation.” However, no such material is

mentioned in any of the ConocoPhillips inspection reports. More importantly,

however, this evidence goes to what Gulshan knew or should have known, and not

to whether it undertook to perform services. See Nall, 404 S.W.3d at 555–56

(providing, in pertinent part, that, to establish “negligent undertaking,” plaintiff must

first show that “the defendant undertook to perform services that it knew or should

have known were necessary for the [third person’s] protection”) (citing

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 324A (“One who undertakes, gratuitously or

for consideration, to render services to another. . . .”)); Fort Bend Cty. Drainage

Dist., 818 S.W.2d at 397; Knife River, 438 S.W.3d at 637.

Bauer also points to a photograph of trash outside the Handi-Stop store and a

photograph attached to an inspection report dated March 21, 2014, some 15 months

after Emily’s injury. Bauer also points to deposition testimony and statements that

synthetic marihuana was in fact purchased at Handi-Stop in the months leading up

to, and on the day of, Emily’s injury. Again, this evidence goes to what Gulshan

knew or should have known, and not to whether it affirmatively undertook to

28
perform services. See Nall, 404 S.W.3d at 555–56; Fort Bend Cty. Drainage Dist.,

818 S.W.2d at 397; Knife River, 438 S.W.3d at 637.

Bauer further asserted that Dhanani’s deposition testimony reflects that

Gulshan undertook to inspect and “safeguard” the Handi-Stop. The record shows

that Dhanani testified that Zafar Tahir inspected stores that Gulshan and its

subsidiary “operated,” not stores that were leased out. Dhanani testified that,

hypothetically, if he were to become aware that any of Gulshan’s stores were selling

synthetic marihuana, he would have “immediately stopped it.” It is undisputed that

Gulshan did not own or operate Handi-Stop. Rather, Bin owned the Handi-Stop and

leased it to Khan. Dhanani testified that Gulshan generally did inspect stores for

which it was “just a supplier of fuel,” and he discussed how he “assum[ed]” such

inspection might work in “a hypothetical case.” With respect to whether Gulshan

ever inspected Handi-Stop, however, Dhanani testified:

Q. Do you know specifically if Gulshan ever inspected
[Handi-Stop]?
A. Specifically, I don’t know.

Like in Fort Bend County Drainage District, evidence that Gulshan had

performed other inspections of other stores in the past does not constitute evidence

of an affirmative undertaking at Handi-Stop. 818 S.W.2d at 397 (holding evidence

that District had repaired other area bridges in past did not alone give rise to duty to

repair on occasion at issue). The summary-judgment record further shows that

29
Hameed testified that ConocoPhillips performed inspections of the store and sent the

reports to Gulshan and to him. Hameed then met with the tenant, Khan, as necessary.

In support of her argument, Bauer relies on EnGlobal U.S., Inc. v. Gatlin, 449

S.W.3d 269 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2014, no pet.). There, Phillips 66 contracted

with Clean Harbors, an industrial service contractor, to clean oil storage tanks at a

refinery. Id. at 272. Gatlin, an employee of Clean Harbors, was injured while

working at the refinery. Id. At the time of the accident, ENGlobal was a contractor

performing engineering and construction management services for Phillips 66 at the

refinery. Id. at 272–73. The relationship between ENGlobal and Phillips 66 was

governed by a master service agreement (“MSA”). Id. at 273. Gatlin sued ENGlobal

for negligence, asserting a negligent-undertaking theory. Id. The court concluded

that, to the extent that the MSA required ENGlobal to provide “safety over the work

site,” then ENGlobal had a contractual duty under the MSA to make the work site

safe in the manner, if any, specified by the MSA. Id. at 282. And, to the extent

ENGlobal undertook to perform its contractual promise to provide safety, and to the

extent it should have recognized that its actions were necessary for the protection of

Gatlin, then ENGlobal also had a duty in tort to exercise reasonable care in

performing its undertaking so as not to injure Gatlin. Id. Here, unlike in ENGlobal,

there is no evidence that Gulshan had a duty under the BMA to inspect Handi-Stop

or that Gulshan affirmatively performed any services.

30
 Bauer and the dissenting opinion rely on Seay v. Travelers Indemnity Co., 730

S.W.2d 774, 777–78 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, no writ). There, a hospital

maintenance employee died from injuries he suffered when a safety-relief valve on

a boiler discharged scalding water onto him. Id. at 775. The plaintiff-spouse sued

the hospital’s insurer, asserting that it was negligent in inspecting the boilers. Id. It

was undisputed that, for several years, employees of the insurer had conducted

statutorily-required inspections of the boilers and had reported favorably. Id. The

court stated that, when “performing inspections,” the insurer “was performing acts

which directly promoted the interests of [the hospital] in the safety of its boilers and

thereby was undertaking to render services to [the hospital].” Id. at 779. Thus, in

performing its inspections, the insurer had a duty to the hospital’s employee to

perform them properly. See id. at 780. Here, unlike in Seay, Bauer presented no

evidence that Gulshan affirmatively performed inspections of the Handi-Stop

convenience store.

Bauer’s and the dissenting opinion’s reliance on Fox v. Dallas Hotel Co., 240

S.W. 517, 520–21 (Tex. 1922), overruled on other grounds, Burk Royalty v. Walls,

616 S.W.2d 911 (Tex. 1981), is also misplaced. In Fox, a night-watchman died from

injuries he sustained when an elevator fell. Id. at 517. There, “the uncontradicted

evidence established that the defendant in error had, prior to the injuries received by

[the decedent], to subserve its own interests, placed engineers in active and actual

31
charge and control of the elevators” at issue. Id. at 518. The court held that the

defendant, by “taking over the control and repair of the elevators, to promote its own

interests, it became charged with the duty . . . to exercise ordinary care to maintain

the elevators in a condition of reasonable safety for use.” Id. at 520. No such

evidence is presented in the instant case.

Having viewed all the evidence in the light most favorable to Bauer, we

conclude that she did not present more than a scintilla of probative evidence to raise

a genuine issue of material fact regarding the duty element of her negligence claim

against Gulshan. See Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d at 600; Havner, 953 S.W.2d at 711.

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment

in favor of Gulshan on Bauer’s negligence claim. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); KPMG

Peat Marwick, 988 S.W.2d at 748.

Because Bauer did not establish the breach of a legal duty, we do not reach

her assertions that the summary-judgment evidence established the existence of

genuine issues of material fact regarding proximate cause. See Van Horn v.

Chambers, 970 S.W.2d 542, 544 (Tex. 1998) (“The nonexistence of a duty ends the

inquiry into whether negligence liability may be imposed.”).

We overrule Bauer’s sole issue.

32
 Conclusion

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Sherry Radack
Chief Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Keyes and Countiss.

Keyes, J., dissenting.

33