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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-14374
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket Nos. 0:19-cv-62498-WPD,
0:09-cr-60245-WPD-6
RAFAEL FERNANDEZ GARCIA,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(January 8, 2021)
Before GRANT, LUCK, and ED CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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The opinion previously issued in this appeal, Garcia v. United States, No.
19-14374, 2020 WL 6789038 (11th Cir. Nov. 19, 2020), is vacated and this revised
opinion is substituted for it.
Rafael Fernandez Garcia, proceeding pro se, appeals the denial of his second
or successive 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion challenging his conviction for conspiring to
use a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime or a crime of
violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(o). The district court denied him a
certificate of appealability (COA), and we construe his timely notice of appeal as
an application for one. See 11th Cir. R. 22-1(b). We may issue a COA only if
Garcia “has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28
U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). He has not.
I.
In June 2009 an informant tipped off the police about a group of people who
were committing home invasion robberies and kidnappings in south Florida. The
informant introduced an undercover investigator to one of the robbers, Garcia’s
codefendant Amaury Hernandez. The ruse was that the investigator worked for
some drug traffickers in the area. The investigator told Hernandez that the
traffickers he worked for had mistreated him, so he wanted to find some people to
rob their stash house and steal 50 kilograms of cocaine. In return for setting up the
robbery, the investigator asked for a 10-kilogram cut of the drug proceeds.
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Agreeing to the robbery, Hernandez said that he had a crew he could put together
to do it.
Garcia was one member of that crew, and he and the other members met to
discuss their plan to rob the stash house. The plan was that Garcia and two other
robbers would go into the house first, dressed as police officers. Two armed
robbers would follow them and use firearms to control the stash house guards. On
the day of the robbery, Hernandez, the informant, and the investigator all rode
together toward the stash house followed by a convoy of three cars containing the
rest of the robbery crew. Garcia was in one of those three cars.
As the convoy was traveling to the stash house, law enforcement agents
intercepted it and arrested all of the robbers. In one of the cars, they found a 12-
gauge shotgun and a .380 caliber handgun. One member of the crew was carrying
five 12-gauge shotgun shells. Garcia was not carrying a firearm or ammunition.
After his arrest, Garcia was indicted on five counts. Count 1 charged him
with conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a);
Count 2 charged him with conspiracy to possess five kilograms or more of cocaine
with intent to distribute it, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846; Count 3
charged him with attempted possession of five kilograms or more of cocaine with
intent to distribute it, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846; Count 4
charged him with conspiring to use a firearm during and in relation to a drug
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trafficking crime or a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(o); and
Count 5 charged him with actually using a firearm during and in relation to a crime
of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
The case went to trial and the jury returned a general verdict finding Garcia
guilty of Counts 1 through 4 but not guilty of Count 5. On Count 4, which was the
§ 924(o) charge, the court had instructed the jury that it could find Garcia guilty
only if it found that he had committed the crime of violence in Count 1 or the drug
trafficking offenses in Counts 2 or 3. The jury’s verdict did not specify which of
those crimes was the predicate offense for Count 4. The district court entered
judgment on the verdict and sentenced Garcia to a total of 292 months in prison,
which included a concurrent statutory-maximum term of 240 months in prison on
Count 4. Garcia’s convictions and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal. See
United States v. Garcia, 445 F. App’x 281 (11th Cir. 2011).
In September 2019 Garcia filed in this Court an application under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255(h) for permission to file a second or successive motion to vacate, set aside,
or correct his federal sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. 1 He challenged his
1
Garcia needed permission to file a § 2255 motion because he had already filed an earlier
§ 2255 motion in 2012, attacking the same judgment. See Garcia v. United States, No. 0:12-cv-
60614, 2012 WL 12951431 (S.D. Fla. July 16, 2012); Mot. Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to Vacate,
Set Aside or Correct Sentence by a Person in Federal Custody, Garcia v. United States, No. 0:12-
cv-60614 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 5, 2012).
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§ 924(o) conviction (Count 4), contending that one of the underlying predicates —
conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery (Count 1) — no longer qualifies as a
crime of violence under the residual clause of § 924(c)(3)(B), in light of United
States v. Davis, 588 U.S. __, 139 S. Ct. 2319 (2019), which held that
§ 924(c)(3)(B) is unconstitutionally vague. See Davis, 588 U.S. at __, 139 S. Ct. at
2336. 2 We granted Garcia’s application in part and allowed him to proceed in the
district court with a challenge to his conviction on Count 4 because his application
made a prima facie showing that he met the statutory criteria of § 2255(h)(2) with
respect to that challenge. 3
Without requiring a response from the government, the district court denied
Garcia’s second or successive § 2255 motion on the merits because he could not
show that his § 924(o) conviction was predicated solely on conspiracy to commit
Hobbs Act robbery. The court noted that the jury had found Garcia guilty of all
three predicate offenses, and the Hobbs Act conspiracy to rob the stash house and
steal 50 kilograms of cocaine was “inextricably intertwined” with the conduct that
2
Garcia also raised a Davis challenge to his conviction for conspiracy to commit Hobbs
Act robbery (Count 1), but this Court denied his application as to that claim.
3
Under § 2244(b)(3) and § 2255(h), an applicant must make a prima facie showing that
his second or successive § 2255 motion is based on either “newly discovered evidence that, if
proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear
and convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found the movant guilty of the
offense” or “a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by
the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(1)–(2). Garcia’s
second or successive application relied on the new rule of constitutional law factor.
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formed the basis of the two drug trafficking charges. The district court denied a
COA.
II.
To obtain a COA, Garcia must make “a substantial showing of the denial of
a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). Where, as here, “a district court
has rejected the constitutional claims on the merits, the showing required to
satisfy § 2253(c) is straightforward: The petitioner must demonstrate that
reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional
claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484, 120 S. Ct.
1595 (2000). Reasonable jurists would not find a claim that is foreclosed by
binding circuit precedent to be debatable. Hamilton v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr.,
793 F.3d 1261, 1266 (11th Cir. 2015).
Garcia’s § 2255 motion challenged his conviction for violating 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(o). That statute provides: “A person who conspires to commit an offense
under [18 U.S.C. § 924(c)] shall be imprisoned for not more than 20 years, fined
under this title, or both . . . .” Id. Section 924(c) prohibits using or carrying a
firearm during and in relation to, or possessing one in furtherance of, “any crime of
violence or drug trafficking crime.” Id. § 924(c)(1)(A).
In Davis the Supreme Court invalidated part of § 924(c)’s definition of a
crime of violence: the so-called residual clause, which covered any offense “that
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by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or
property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.” Id.
§ 924(c)(3)(B); see Davis, 139 S. Ct. at 2336. After Davis, to qualify as a crime of
violence an offense must “ha[ve] as an element the use, attempted use, or
threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another.” Id.
§ 924(c)(3)(A). Davis did not, however, affect the definition of a drug trafficking
crime, which includes “any felony punishable under the Controlled Substances
Act.” Id. § 924(c)(2).
Garcia’s indictment alleged three different predicates for the § 924(o)
charge: the crimes charged in Counts 1, 2, and 3. Counts 2 and 3 — which,
respectively, charged Garcia with conspiring to possess with intent to distribute
five kilograms or more of cocaine and attempting to possess with intent to
distribute that amount of cocaine — are unquestionably drug trafficking crimes
because they are felonies punishable under the Controlled Substances Act. See id.
§ 924(c)(2); 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846. But Count 1, which charged Garcia with
conspiring to commit Hobbs Act robbery, is not a crime of violence after Davis.
See Brown v. United States, 942 F.3d 1069, 1075–76 (11th Cir. 2019). Nor is it a
drug trafficking crime. As a result, if Count 1 were the only predicate for Garcia’s
§ 924(o) conviction, his conviction would be invalid and would have to be vacated
under Davis. But it wasn’t.
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We have addressed similar circumstances before, in the context of
applications to file second or successive § 2255 motions. In In re Gomez, 830 F.3d
1225 (11th Cir. 2016), the petitioner had been charged with a § 924(c) offense
predicated on two drug trafficking crimes, conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act
robbery, and attempted Hobbs Act robbery. Id. at 1226–27. The jury returned a
general guilty verdict on the § 924(c) charge. Id. at 1227. Because we could “only
guess which predicate the jury relied on,” and because it was unsettled under our
precedent at the time whether conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery was a
crime of violence, we allowed the petitioner to file his second or successive § 2255
motion. Id. at 1228. A few years later, in In re Cannon, 931 F.3d 1236 (11th Cir.
2019), we reached the same conclusion under materially similar circumstances,
allowing the petitioner to challenge his § 924(o) conviction in a second or
successive § 2255 motion. See id. at 1243.
In some ways Garcia is in the same position as the petitioners in In re
Gomez and In re Cannon. His indictment alleged multiple predicate offenses for
the § 924(o) charge, and Davis establishes that one of those offenses is not a crime
of violence. The jury returned a general verdict on the § 924(o) charge, meaning it
is unclear which predicate offenses the jury relied on.4
4
We recently held that a district court’s jury instructions can resolve any ambiguity about
the predicate offenses for a § 924(c) or (o) conviction. See In re Price, 964 F.3d 1045, 1048–49
(11th Cir. 2020). The jury instructions in this case, however, do not cure the ambiguity because,
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What makes this case different, however, is the burden of proof that Garcia
must meet. A petitioner who moves in the court of appeals for authorization to file
a second or successive application under § 2244(b), like the petitioners in In re
Gomez and In re Cannon did, must make only a prima facie showing that the
statutory requirements of § 2255(h) are satisfied in order to receive authorization
for the district court to consider his application. See § 2244(b)(3). Garcia did that
and his § 2244(b) application was granted. He was authorized to and did file in the
district court, but he failed to prevail on the merits there, which puts him in a
different position than Gomez and Cannon were in.
As a § 2255 movant, Garcia bears the burden of proving that he is actually
entitled to relief on his claims. See Beeman v. United States, 871 F.3d 1215, 1222
(11th Cir. 2017). He must do more than make just a prima facie showing; he
“must show that — more likely than not —” his § 924(o) conviction was
predicated only on a crime that is not a crime of violence or a drug trafficking
crime. Id.; see also In re Cannon, 931 F.3d at 1243 (“Cannon, as the movant, still
bears the burden of proving the likelihood that the jury based its verdict of guilty in
Count 3 solely on the Hobbs Act conspiracy, and not also on one of the other valid
as we have mentioned, the jury was instructed that it could find Garcia guilty under § 924(o) if it
found that he committed either the “crime of violence charged in Count 1” (conspiracy to
commit Hobbs Act robbery) or “the drug trafficking offense charged in either Counts 2 or 3.”
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predicate offenses identified in the count (four drug crimes and two carjackings).”)
(citing Beeman, 871 F.3d at 1222).
The district court determined that Garcia had failed to meet his burden “to
show that the jury based its verdict solely on the Hobbs Act Conspiracy.” Garcia
argues that the district court should have assumed that his § 924(o) conviction was
based only on the one invalid predicate offense, and not on either or both of the
two valid ones, because conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery is the “least
culpable” of the three. But, even assuming it is, we have focused on the “least
culpable” criminal act only when determining whether an offense categorically
qualifies as a crime of violence, not when determining which crime is the predicate
for a defendant’s § 924(c) conviction. See, e.g., United States v. Innocent, 977
F.3d 1077, 1085 (11th Cir. 2020) (citing Moncrieffe v. Holder, 569 U.S. 184, 190–
91, 133 S. Ct. 1678 (2013)). The jury was not instructed that it could only convict
on the least culpable or serious alternative and there is no reason to assume that it
did.
Garcia also argues that when the district court determined that he had failed
to carry his burden of showing the jury relied solely on the conspiracy offense as
the predicate for its § 924(o) guilty verdict, it violated Alleyne v. United States,
570 U.S. 99, 115–16, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 2162–63 (2013) (holding that facts that
increase mandatory minimum sentences must be submitted to the jury and found
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beyond a reasonable doubt). For support, Garcia relies on the In re Gomez
opinion, which said in dicta that:
[t]he way Gomez’s indictment is written, we can only guess which
predicate the jury relied on. It’s possible that we can make a guess
based on the PSI or other documents from Gomez’s trial or sentencing.
But Alleyne expressly prohibits this type of “judicial factfinding” when
it comes to increasing a defendant’s mandatory minimum sentence.
830 F.3d at 1228. It is the last sentence of that passage that Garcia latches onto for
support. But whatever importance that statement may have in another context, it
does not apply here.
Garcia’s § 924(o) conviction did not increase any mandatory minimum
sentence, see § 924(o) (providing that a person who conspires to commit an
offense under § 924(c) “shall be imprisoned for not more than 20 years, fined
under this title, or both”), so there was no forbidden Alleyne judicial factfinding.
In fact, as the district court pointed out, “Garcia would still be serving the same
292 month sentence” regardless of his § 924(o) conviction because he was
sentenced to 292 months imprisonment on the drug trafficking counts to run
concurrent with the 240 month sentence on his § 924(o) conviction and the 240
month sentence on his Hobbs Act conspiracy conviction. He was sentenced at the
low end of his guidelines range, and his § 924(o) conviction did not result in an
increase to a mandatory minimum sentence.
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Alleyne wouldn’t help Garcia anyway because the district court did not
make a factual determination of the sort described in Alleyne. Instead, the court
concluded that the predicate offenses were “inextricably intertwined” — all three
were based on the same robbery plan and the actions taken in furtherance of that
plan. As a result, Garcia did not meet his burden of proving that the jury relied
solely on the Hobbs Act conspiracy when it found him guilty of violating § 924(o).
We discussed the significance of intertwined predicate offenses in In re
Cannon, but only in dicta. We noted that “the substance of Cannon’s § 924(o)
firearm conspiracy conviction is that he and his co-conspirators agreed to, and did,
possess a firearm in furtherance of an agreement to rob drug dealers’ stash houses
and to distribute any narcotics stolen during those robberies.” 931 F.3d at 1243.
We observed that there was “some indication that the jury’s § 924(o) verdict did
not rest solely on” one of the predicate offenses, conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act
robbery, “because (1) the robberies were inextricably intertwined with the charged
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine and marijuana, and (2) the
jury found the narcotics conspiracy proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at
1243–44. But we left those issues for the district court to consider in the first
instance. Id. at 1244.
The district court here did something we could not do in In re Cannon: it
considered in the first instance the factual overlap among Garcia’s predicate
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offenses. Garcia was charged in Count 1 with conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act
robbery by “tak[ing] cocaine from an individual [he] believed to be engaged in
narcotics trafficking . . . .” As we recognized in his direct appeal, Garcia was
“fully aware” that the goal of the conspiracy was to commit the robbery to get the
cocaine. Garcia, 445 F. App’x at 283. All indications are that the jury did not rely
solely on the Hobbs Act conspiracy predicate, in light of the three predicates being
wrapped up in the same plan to rob the stash house to steal a large amount of
cocaine, and the jury found that those three predicate offenses were all proven
beyond a reasonable doubt. There is simply no indication in the record that
Garcia’s § 924(o) conviction was predicated only on the Hobbs Act conspiracy
charge, nor does he make any factual argument or point to any evidence in the
record that it was.
“Where, as here, the evidence does not clearly explain what happened . . .
the party with the burden loses.” Beeman, 871 F.3d at 1225 (quoting Romine v.
Head, 253 F.3d 1349, 1357 (11th Cir. 2001)). Garcia failed to “show that — more
likely than not —” his § 924(o) conviction was predicated only on a crime that is
not a crime of violence or a drug trafficking crime. See Beeman, 871 F.3d at 1222.
For that reason, reasonable jurists would not find that “the district court’s
assessment of the constitutional claims [was] debatable or wrong,” see Slack, 529
U.S. at 484, 120 S. Ct. at 1604.
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III.
For those reasons, we DENY a certificate of appealability and DISMISS the
appeal. 5
5
Garcia filed a document that we construe as a motion for leave to file an out-of-time
reply brief, and that motion is DENIED AS MOOT.
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