[Cite as State v. Hughes, 2021-Ohio-111.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
HIGHLAND COUNTY
State of Ohio, : Case No. 20CA2
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
v. : DECISION AND
JUDGMENT ENTRY
Ronnie Len Hughes, :
Defendant-Appellant. : RELEASED 1/14/2021
APPEARANCES:
Felice Harris, Harris Law Firm, LLC, Columbus, Ohio for appellant.
Anneka P. Collins, Highland County Prosecutor, and Adam J. King, Highland County
Assistant Prosecutor, Hillsboro, Ohio, for appellee.
Hess, J.
{¶1} Ronnie Len Hughes appeals his gross sexual imposition conviction and
contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it accepted his Alford plea of guilty.
He argues that the trial court: (1) failed to engage in the heightened Alford inquiry prior
to accepting his plea and (2) did not substantially comply with Crim.R. 11 because it used
the terms “sexual contact” and “sexual conduct” interchangeably when discussing the
gross sexual imposition charge and it misstated the minimum sentence.
{¶2} We conclude that the trial court failed to adequately determine that there
was a factual basis for Hughes’s Alford plea. The intelligence and voluntariness of an
Alford plea must be established by evidence in the record supporting guilt. Because of
the complete absence of the basic facts surrounding the charge, the trial court could not
evaluate the intelligence and voluntariness of Hughes’s decision to plead guilty
Highland App. No. 20CA2 2
notwithstanding his insistence of innocence. Because the record does not disclose all of
the required factors for finding Hughes voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently entered
into the Alford plea, we sustain his assignment of error, vacate his plea, and remand this
case. Because we find that the trial court failed to conduct a heightened Alford inquiry,
we need not address Hughes’s second argument that the trial court did not substantially
comply with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) in determining if he understood the nature of the charges.
I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶3} In April 2018, the Highland County Grand Jury indicted Hughes on one
count of gross sexual imposition, in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4), a third-degree felony,
for sexual contact with a person less than thirteen years of age. The victim was three
years old. Hughes initially pleaded not guilty, but withdrew his plea and entered an Alford
plea of guilty to gross sexual imposition as charged in the indictment. Hughes entered his
Alford plea in both written form and orally at the change of plea hearing. The Alford plea
included a jointly recommended prison term of 36 months and registration as a Tier II sex
offender. The trial court accepted the plea, found Hughes guilty, and sentenced Hughes,
as jointly recommended, to a 36-month prison term and ordered him to register as a Tier
II sex offender.
II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
{¶4} Hughes assigns the following error for our review:
1. The trial court abused its discretion in accepting Mr. Hughes’ Alford
plea.
III. LAW AND ANALYSIS
A. Alford Plea of Guilty
1. Standard of Review
Highland App. No. 20CA2 3
{¶5} Although Hughes frames his assignment of error as one in which the trial
court “abused its discretion” in accepting his guilty plea, his argument is that his guilty
plea was not made voluntarily and intelligently because the trial court did not: (1) engage
in the required heightened Alford inquiry and (2) failed to substantially comply with
Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) in determining if he understood the nature of the charge. In other
words, he argues that his guilty plea is invalid on both constitutional and nonconstitutional
grounds. The difference between how he stated his assignment of error and how he
argued it is important because the standard of review is different. A reviewing court will
not reverse a trial court's decision to accept or reject a defendant's guilty plea unless the
court abused its discretion. “Abuse of discretion” means that the court acted in an
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable manner or employed a view or action that no
conscientious judge could honestly have taken. State v. Taylor, 2017-Ohio-4395, 93
N.E.3d 1, ¶ 9 (4th Dist.). Any error by the trial court in accepting or rejecting a guilty plea
is subject to a harmless error analysis and will not be reversed unless the defendant can
show the error was prejudicial, which means it affected the outcome of the case. Id. at ¶
14-16.
{¶6} However, where a defendant contends that a guilty plea is invalid because
the trial court failed to comply with nonconstitutional requirements of Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a)
and (b) or the constitutional requirements set out in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c) or imposed by
Alford, infra, a reviewing court undertakes a de novo review. State v. Cassell, 2017-Ohio-
769, 79 N.E.3d 588, ¶ 30 (4th Dist.) (“An appellate court determining whether a guilty plea
was entered knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily conducts a de novo review of the
Highland App. No. 20CA2 4
record to ensure that the trial court complied with the constitutional and procedural
safeguards.”).
{¶7} The trial court must strictly comply with the constitutional requirements of
Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c) and must undertake, when applicable, a heightened Alford inquiry;
any error results in an automatic vacation of the conviction and plea – it is not subject to
harmless-error review and no showing of prejudice is required. State v. Miller, 159 Ohio
St.3d 447, 2020-Ohio-1420, 151 N.E.3d 617, ¶ 12-17, discussing and reaffirming State v.
Veney, 120 Ohio St.3d 176, 2008-Ohio-5200, 897 N.E.2d 621 (“Veney and other
decisions * * * make clear that strict compliance simply means that the court has to notify
the defendant of each one of the constitutional rights that the defendant is giving up; and
if the court fails to do so, the guilty plea is invalid – no showing of prejudice is required.”).
{¶8} The trial court must substantially comply with the nonconstitutional
requirements of Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) and (b). The defendant may or may not have to show
prejudice depending upon the extent of the trial court’s error. If the trial court partially
complied, the defendant must show prejudice; if the trial court completely failed to comply,
the defendant does not need to show prejudice:
When the trial judge does not substantially comply with Crim.R. 11 in regard
to a nonconstitutional right, reviewing courts must determine whether the
trial court partially complied or failed to comply with the rule. If the trial judge
partially complied, e.g., by mentioning mandatory postrelease control
without explaining it, the plea may be vacated only if the defendant
demonstrates a prejudicial effect. The test for prejudice is “whether the plea
would have otherwise been made.” If the trial judge completely failed to
comply with the rule, e.g., by not informing the defendant of a mandatory
period of postrelease control, the plea must be vacated. “A complete failure
to comply with the rule does not implicate an analysis of prejudice.”
(Citations omitted, Emphasis sic.)
State v. Clark, 119 Ohio St.3d 239, 2008-Ohio-3748, 893 N.E.2d 462, ¶ 32.
Highland App. No. 20CA2 5
{¶9} North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S.Ct. 160, 27 L.Ed.2d 162 (1970)
provides a method by which a defendant is able to maintain his factual innocence yet
enter a plea of guilty.
A defendant who believes himself to be innocent of the charges against him
may rationally conclude that the evidence against him is so incriminating
that there is a significant likelihood that a jury would find him guilty of the
offense. Consequently, the defendant may rationally conclude that
accepting a plea bargain is in his best interests, since he will avoid the risk
of greater punishment if found guilty by a jury. When a defendant so
chooses to enter this plea, it is known as an Alford plea of guilty. (Citations
omitted.)
State v. Byrd, 4th Dist. Athens No. 07CA29, 2008-Ohio-3909, ¶ 16. Because a guilty plea
implicates a defendant’s Fifth Amendment right not to be compelled to be a witness
against oneself, a minimum requirement is that the plea be made voluntarily. Brady v.
United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748, 90 S.Ct. 1463, 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970) (“Central to the
plea and the foundation for entering judgment against the defendant is the defendant's
admission in open court that he committed the acts charged in the indictment. He thus
stands as a witness against himself and he is shielded by the Fifth Amendment from being
compelled to do so—hence the minimum requirement that his plea be the voluntary
expression of his own choice.”).
{¶10} In Alford, supra, the Court held that “an express admission of guilt * * * is
not a constitutional requisite to the imposition of criminal penalty. An individual accused
of crime may voluntarily, knowingly, and understandingly consent to the imposition of a
prison sentence even if he is unwilling or unable to admit his participation in the acts
constituting the crime.” Alford, 400 U.S. at 37. However, in order to safeguard defendant’s
constitutional right to enter a plea voluntarily and intelligently, the judge must determine
that the record “contains strong evidence of actual guilt.” Id.
Highland App. No. 20CA2 6
When his plea is viewed in light of the evidence against him, which
substantially negated his claim of innocence and which further provided a
means by which the judge could test whether the plea was being intelligently
entered, its validity cannot be seriously questioned. In view of the strong
factual basis for the plea demonstrated by the State and Alford's clearly
expressed desire to enter it despite his professed belief in his innocence,
we hold that the trial judge did not commit constitutional error in accepting
it. (Citations omitted.)
Alford, 400 U.S. at 37–38. Because a heightened Alford inquiry allows the judge to “test
whether the plea was being intelligently entered,” a trial court’s failure to make the inquiry
is a “constitutional error” which invalidates the plea – no showing of prejudice is required.
2. Alford Plea – Voluntarily and Intelligently Made
{¶11} The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that, in the context of an Alford plea,
the plea is voluntarily and intelligently made “[w]here the record affirmatively discloses
that: (1) defendant's guilty plea was not the result of coercion, deception or intimidation;
(2) counsel was present at the time of the plea; (3) counsel's advice was competent in
light of the circumstances surrounding the indictment; (4) the plea was made with the
understanding of the nature of the charges; and, (5) defendant was motivated either by a
desire to seek a lesser penalty or a fear of the consequences of a jury trial, or both * * *.”
State v. Piacella, 27 Ohio St.2d 92, 271 N.E.2d 852 (1971) at the syllabus; State v.
Shifflet, 2015-Ohio-4250, 44 N.E.3d 966, ¶ 29 (4th Dist.); Byrd at ¶ 17. “An Alford plea is
procedurally indistinguishable from a guilty plea and waives all alleged errors * * *
committed at trial except those errors that may have affected the entry of a defendant's
plea pursuant to Crim.R. 11.” State v. Nguyen, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-05-1369, 2007-Ohio-
2034, ¶ 18.
Where a defendant enters an Alford plea, the trial court must inquire into
the factual basis surrounding the charges to determine whether the
defendant is making an intelligent and voluntary guilty plea.
Highland App. No. 20CA2 7
The trial court may accept the guilty plea only if a factual basis for the guilty
plea is evidenced by the record. “When taking an Alford plea,
the trial court cannot determine whether the accused was making an
intelligent and voluntary guilty plea absent some basic facts surrounding the
charge, demonstrating that the plea cannot seriously be questioned.”
“An Alford plea may not be accepted when the record fails to demonstrate
facts upon which the trial court can resolve the apparent conflict between a
defendant's claim of innocence and the defendant's desire to plead guilty to
the charges.” (Citations omitted.)
State v. Redmond, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 17 MA 0068, 2018-Ohio-2778, ¶ 11, quoting
State v. Alvelo, 2017-Ohio-742, 85 N.E.3d 1032, ¶ 23 (8th Dist.).
{¶12} Here, the record does not include a presentation of the basic facts or
circumstances surrounding the indictment. The indictment charged Hughes with gross
sexual imposition in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) and alleged:
On or about October 4, 2017 and in Highland County, Ohio Ronnie Len
Hughes did have sexual contact with A.B., not the spouse of the said Ronnie
Len Hughes or cause A.B., not the spouse of the said Ronnie Len Hughes
to have sexual contact with the said Ronnie Len Hughes, or cause A.B. and
another to have sexual contact and the said A.B. being less than 13 years
of age, to wit: 3 years of age, whether or not Ronnie Len Hughes knew of
the age of A.B. in violation of §2907.05(A)(4) O.R.C. and against the peace
and dignity of the State of Ohio.
However, at the plea hearing, the trial court did not ask the state to provide the basic facts
surrounding the indictment and instead stated that it would “proceed with sentencing
immediately due to the nature of the offense and also I’ve reviewed the discovery and the
Defendants [sic] prior record.” Although, the state provided discovery to Hughes’s trial
counsel and filed a certification in the record that stated that discovery had been served
and identified the categories of discovery provided, the discovery itself was not made part
of the record. At oral argument, the state conceded that it had not provided its discovery
responses to the trial court. We are unable to discern whether the state’s discovery
contained strong evidence of Hughes’s actual guilt. The record also contains no bill of
Highland App. No. 20CA2 8
particulars upon which the trial court might discern the strength of the state’s charges.
Rather, the trial court asked Hughes if he had discussed the charges with his trial counsel
and if he was satisfied with his trial counsel’s representation and Hughes answered
affirmatively:
COURT: Now have you discussed the nature of the charge, the um possible
the legal issues in the case, the evidence in the case, possible defenses
you might try to raise at trial and the possible outcomes of a trial with your
attorney?
A: Yes, Sir.
COURT: Are you satisfied with his advice and competence in this matter?
A: Yes, Sir.
{¶13} Hughes argues that before accepting an Alford plea, the “record also must
contain strong evidence of guilt.” In State v. Little, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-17-1008, 2018-
Ohio-2864, the appellate court outlined the Alford analysis required by the Supreme Court
of Ohio in State v. Piacella, supra and added, “In addition, ‘before accepting an Alford
plea, the trial court must * * * require the state to show a basic factual framework for the
charge and plea.’ ” Little, at ¶ 18, quoting State v. Wood, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-13-1181,
2014-Ohio-3960, ¶ 6, which cited State v. Casale, 34 Ohio App.3d 339, 340, 518 N.E.2d
579 (8th Dist. 1986) (“This court has held that in taking an Alford guilty plea, absent the
presentation of some basic facts surrounding the charge, there could be no determination
that the accused was making an intelligent and voluntary guilty plea.”). Alford, supra, does
not place specific parameters on what evidence, if any, the state must present at the plea
hearing but simply requires that “the record before the judge contains strong evidence of
actual guilt.” Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37; see also State v. Doyle, 4th Dist. Ross No.
95CA2166, 1996 WL 557804, *3, fn. 2 (“For a so-called ‘textbook example’ of how to
Highland App. No. 20CA2 9
conduct a plea hearing with an Alford situation, see State v. Williams, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 13547, [1993 WL 102632] (Apr. 5, 1993)”).
{¶14} In State v. Flannigan, 4th Dist. Vinton No. 95 CA 499, 1996 WL 180940, *6–
7 (Apr. 10, 1996), we discussed Alford and Casale, supra, and explained that a strong
factual basis for the Alford plea must be demonstrated by the record:
In North Carolina v. Alford (1970), 400 U.S. 25, 91 S.Ct. 160, 27 L.Ed.2d
162, 56 O.O.2d 85, the United States Supreme Court determined that a
guilty plea may be accepted despite protestations of innocence where the
validity of the plea cannot seriously be questioned in view of a strong factual
basis for the plea demonstrated by the record. This court has held that in
taking an Alford guilty plea, absent the presentation of some basic facts
surrounding the charge, there could be no determination that the accused
was making an intelligent and voluntary guilty plea. State v. Kessel (Oct. 27,
1983), Cuyahoga App. No. 45466, unreported [Available on WESTLAW,
1983 WL 2707]. The record in this case, likewise, is devoid of a basic factual
framework against which the trial court could weigh the appellant's claims
of innocence against her willingness to waive trial. Under the circumstances
of this case, the plea was not voluntary and the trial court erred in accepting
the plea. (Emphasis added.)(Brackets sic.)
{¶15} Here, as in Casale, the record is “devoid of a basic factual framework
against which the trial court could weigh” Hughes’s claims of innocence against his
willingness to waive trial. We find nothing in the record – no bill of particulars, no witness
statements or investigative reports, no recitation of basic facts at the plea hearing – to
satisfy the Alford requirement that “the record before the judge contains strong evidence
of actual guilt.” Alford, 400 U.S. at 37; State v. Morris, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-18-1187,
2020-Ohio-704, ¶ 12 (“The trial court may rely on the entire record to determine that basic
factual framework” when accepting an Alford plea); State v. Alvelo, 2017-Ohio-742, 85
N.E.3d 1032, ¶ 28 (8th Dist.) (trial court’s question to defense counsel as to whether a
factual basis existed for Alford plea was a sufficient finding of factual basis); State v. Krieg,
9th Dist. Lorain No. 04CA008442, 2004-Ohio-5174, ¶ 16 (“a bill of particulars as
Highland App. No. 20CA2 10
requested by defense counsel and answers to discovery” formed a sufficient factual basis
for the trial court to accept Alford plea); see State v. Remines, 9th Dist. Lorain No.
97CA006700, 1998 WL 103350, *2 (Feb. 25, 1998) (concluding that the factual basis for
an Alford plea was presented where trial court had before it a bill of particulars); see Katz,
Martin, & Macke, Baldwin’s Ohio Practice Criminal Law, Section 43.15 (3d Ed., Nov.
2019) (discussing the factual basis requirement for an Alford plea, “Ascertaining that there
is a factual basis for the plea does not necessarily require the taking of testimony.
Determining a factual basis may be accomplished by * * * deriving information from a pre-
sentence report” among other methods).
{¶16} Absent evidence of guilt in the record, it was error for the trial court to find
that Hughes’s Alford plea was entered intelligently and knowingly. See State v. Timmons,
7th Dist. Mahoning No. 18MA0046, 2019-Ohio-2723, ¶ 9, 10 (“We cannot infer the
presence of the Alford factors; the law requires a heightened analysis.” * * * “the record
is devoid of any background information on the charges or any facts of evidence of the
case. Aside from the recitation of the charges, no information was provided at the plea
hearing on either the basis of the charges or the facts or evidence of the case”); State v.
Redmond, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 17MA0068, 2018-Ohio-2778, ¶ 13, 14 (“The problem
in this case arises from the court’s failure to conduct a heightened Alford inquiry during
the plea colloquy * * * this plea hearing was indistinguishable from that of an ordinary
guilty plea * * * the prosecution presented no background to the charges and presented
no facts or evidence”).
{¶17} Because the heightened Alford inquiry is a constitutional requirement when
a guilty plea contains a protestation of innocence, the trial court’s error invalidates the
Highland App. No. 20CA2 11
plea and Hughes is not required to show prejudice. We find that his guilty plea is invalid
and sustain his sole assignment of error. In light of this determination, we need not
address Hughes’s contention that the trial court failed to substantially comply with Crim.R.
11(C)(2)(a). App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).
IV. CONCLUSION
{¶18} The trial court failed to engage in a heightened Alford inquiry. We sustain
Hughes’s assignment of error, vacate his plea, and remand the case for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
JUDGMENT VACATED
AND CAUSE REMANDED
Highland App. No. 20CA2 12
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS VACATED AND CAUSE REMANDED.
Appellee shall pay the costs.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the HIGHLAND
COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS, to carry this judgment into execution.
IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS
BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is
temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously
posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme
Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court.
If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the
sixty-day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme
Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules
of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio
dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date
of such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Smith, P.J. & Wilkin, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.
For the Court
BY: ________________________
Michael D. Hess, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with
the clerk.