In the Interest of T.R., A.R., L.C., and K.C., Minor Children

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 20-1271
Filed January 21, 2021

IN THE INTEREST OF T.R., A.R., L.C., and K.C.,
Minor Children,

A.R., Father,
Appellant,

T.M., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Madison County, Brendan Greiner,

District Associate Judge.

Parents separately appeal the termination of their parental rights to their

child. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Julie A. Forsyth of Forsyth Law Office, P.L.L.C., Winterset, for appellant

father.

Jeremy M. Evans of Carr Law Firm, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant

mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Penny B. Reimer of the Neighborhood Law Group of Iowa, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Mullins, P.J., and May and Schumacher, JJ.
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MULLINS, Presiding Judge.

A mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental

rights to their shared children, A.R. and T.R., born in 2012 and 2017, and the

mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to two of her other children,

K.C. and L.C., born in 2009 and 2010.1 The mother’s rights were terminated

pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(a) (2020), and the father’s rights were

terminated pursuant to section 232.116(1)(j).2 The mother challenges the

sufficiency of evidence supporting the statutory ground for termination and argues

termination is contrary to the children’s best interests due to the closeness of the

parent-child bond. The father claims he was not offered reasonable efforts at

reunification, argues termination is contrary to his children’s best interests, and

requests the establishment of a guardianship in lieu of termination.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

The unmarried parents and the four children came to the attention of the

Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) in early 2019 upon allegations the

father was sexually abusing the older two children. The children had initially

disclosed the abuse to the mother, who took no action. When the children reported

it to their maternal grandmother with whom they were living in Colorado, she

reported it. The ensuing investigations by Colorado officials, which were

completed in June, were founded, but the cases were closed and transferred to

1 Guardianship and custody of the older two children was transferred to their father
upon termination. References to the father in this opinion are to the father of A.R.
and T.R. The other two children’s father will be referred to as K.C.
2 The State alleged several other grounds for termination of each parent’s rights.

The court hung its hat on paragraphs (a) and (j) and did “not feel it [was] necessary
to look further.”
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Iowa. The father was arrested the same month on three counts of second-degree

sexual abuse.3 At the time, the older two children were already residing with K.C.,

and the younger two remained with their maternal grandmother in Colorado. A no-

contact order was issued prohibiting the father from contacting the mother or two

older children. The mother requested the no-contact order be lifted as to her,

stating her belief the father was innocent and her desire that he be able to have

contact with his children.

The State filed child-in-need-of-assistance (CINA) petitions in early July. In

mid-August, the State moved for formal temporary removal of the older two

children from the mother’s care upon reports the mother instructed the children to

recant their allegations of sexual abuse against the father. The court entered an

order for temporary removal and placed the children in the legal custody of K.C.

under DHS supervision, which was confirmed following a hearing in late August.

Following an adjudication hearing in early October, the court adjudicated all

four children as CINA under section 232.2(6)(c)(2) and (n) (2019). The court

confirmed placement of the older two children and formally removed the younger

two children, placing them in DHS’s legal custody for placement in foster care in

Iowa. The court noted its concern for allowing the mother visitation but allowed

the mother two supervised visits per week. In mid-October, the State requested

the mother’s visitation with the older two children be at the discretion of DHS,

alleging the mother was dishonest in her testimony at the adjudication hearing in

3The State’s last amended trial information only charged two counts of second-
degree sexual abuse.
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regards to her communication with the father and that she then believed the father

was innocent. Following a hearing, the court granted the motion.

The father bonded out of jail in November, but he did not meaningfully

participate in services after he was released. As a result, DHS did not authorize

him to have visits with his children. While the father requested visitation or contact

with his children in some form at several hearings during the proceedings, he never

completed the conditions that were requested of him by DHS to allow for visits.

The father’s criminal trial was held in March, and a jury found him guilty on

two counts of second-degree sexual abuse. It appears the father failed to appear

for various days of the trial, including the final two, and a warrant issued for his

arrest. He was apprehended a little over a month later. In June, the father was

sentenced to two consecutive terms of imprisonment not to exceed twenty-five

years, both with mandatory minimums of seventy percent, for a total minimum

sentence of thirty-five years. In May, the mother was charged with one count of

perjury, two counts of child endangerment, and two counts of accessory after the

fact, in relation to the father’s abuse of the children and the ensuing criminal case

against him. Those charges were pending at the time of the termination hearing.

The mother continued to prioritize her relationship with the father over the

children throughout the proceedings. At some point during the proceedings, K.C.

and the children in his care moved to Colorado to be closer to the maternal

grandmother. Prior to the termination hearing, the State moved for modification of

placement of the other two children to the maternal grandmother upon the

approved home study under the Interstate Compact for Placement of Children. All
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parties agreed legal custody and placement with the maternal grandmother was

proper, and the court entered an order to that effect.

The State filed its termination petition in July. Prior to the first of the two-

day termination hearing in August and September, the mother submitted a written

consent to termination of her parental rights, in which she, among other things,

noted she “voluntarily, intelligently and for good cause, consents to the

termination.” At the first day of the termination hearing, the mother stated her

desire to have her rights terminated because she believed termination to be in the

children’s best interests.

As noted, the juvenile court terminated the mother’s rights under section

232.116(1)(a) (2020) and the father’s rights under section 232.116(1)(j). The court

rejected the father’s reasonable-efforts challenge and his request for a

guardianship in lieu of termination. The court found termination in the children’s

best interests and declined to apply statutory exceptions to preclude termination.

The parents separately appeal.

II. Standard of Review

Appellate review of orders terminating parental rights is de novo. In re L.T.,

924 N.W.2d 521, 526 (Iowa 2019). Our primary consideration is the best interests

of the children, In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006), the defining elements

of which are the children’s safety and need for a permanent home. In re H.S., 805

N.W.2d 737, 748 (Iowa 2011).
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III. Analysis

A. Father

1. Reasonable efforts

The father first claims the juvenile court “erred in terminating [his] rights

pursuant to [section] 232.116(1)(j) as reasonable effort[s] were not provided to

alleviate the reason for removal and to reunify the children with their father and

reasonable efforts were not waived.” The father specifically complains DHS

disallowed him visitation for the entirety of the proceedings despite his alleged

participation in recommended services.

DHS “shall make every reasonable effort to return the child to the child’s

home as quickly as possible consistent with the best interests of the child.” Iowa

Code § 232.102(9). “A child’s health and safety shall be the paramount concern

in making reasonable efforts.” Id. § 232.102(12). Our focus is on the services

provided and the father’s response, not on services he now complains were not

provided. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa 2000). DHS need only provide

those services that are reasonable under the circumstances. See In re S.J., 620

N.W.2d 522, 525 (Iowa Ct. App. 2000).

While the father asserted in his testimony and on appeal that he participated

in the services asked of him to facilitate visitation, we are unconvinced. The DHS

requested the father to participate in therapy and provide a therapeutic

recommendation that contact with his children would be appropriate. The father

failed to do so. The father requested visitation at various hearings, but he did not

follow through on any of the conditions for visitation. This circumstance, coupled

with the heinous crimes the father committed against the other two children—which
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the evidence suggests were committed in the same home and perhaps the

presence of the younger children—renders denial of visits reasonable under the

circumstances. We reject the father’s reasonable-efforts challenge.

2. Best interests

The father argues termination is contrary to the children’s best interest, but

he does not address the factors we consider in determining whether termination is

in a child’s best interests. Having given “primary consideration to the child[ren]’s

safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of

the child[ren], and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of

the child[ren],” Iowa Code § 232.116(2), we conclude termination is in the

children’s best interests. The father will be in prison for at least thirty-five years,

and the children will be decades into adulthood before he is released.

Furthermore, the children are in a relative placement that is willing to adopt, has

provided them stability, and meets their regular and special needs. Continued

stability and permanency in this home are in this children’s best interests. See

Iowa Code § 232.116(2)(b); cf. In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 224–25 (2016)

(concluding termination was in best interests of children where children were well-

adjusted to placement, the placement parents were “able to provide for their

physical, emotional, and financial needs,” and they were prepared to adopt the

children).

3. Guardianship

The father argues the court should have applied the exception to

termination allowed to be applied when a relative has legal custody, see Iowa Code

§ 232.116(3)(a), and established a guardianship in the relative in lieu of
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termination. See id. § 232.117(5) (authorizing the court, following a termination

hearing, to enter an order in accordance with section 232.104 in lieu of terminating

parental rights); see also id. § 232.104(2)(d)(1) (allowing for transferring of

“guardianship and custody of the child to a suitable person”). We begin with the

principle that “a guardianship is not a legally preferable alternative to termination.”

In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 477 (Iowa 2018) (quoting In re B.T., 894 N.W.2d 29,

32 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017)). Although section 232.104(2)(d) allows for the

establishment of a guardianship as a permanency option, section 232.104(3)

requires “a judicial determination that [such a] planned permanent living

arrangement is the best permanency plan for the child.” See B.T., 894 N.W.2d at

32–33. Determining the best permanency plan for a child is a best-interests

assessment, and we have already concluded termination is in the children’s best

interests. In addition, a guardianship, rather than termination, would not promote

stability or provide permanency in these young children’s lives. See In re R.S.R.,

No. 10-1858, 2011 WL 441680, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 9, 2011) (“So long as a

parent’s rights remain intact, the parent can challenge the guardianship and seek

return of the child to the parent’s custody.”). We find a guardianship would be

contrary to the best interests of these young children.

B. Mother

1. Sufficiency of evidence

While the mother “acknowledges she filed a signed, consent to termination

of parental rights,” she argues “this consent was not given voluntarily and

intelligently,” as required by Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(a). She claims “the

record is void of any proof, by clear and convincing evidence, [she] entered the
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consent to termination voluntarily and intelligently.” We disagree. Aside from the

mother’s written consent, she cogently testified at the termination hearing she

believed termination to be in the children’s best interests and she desired

termination. We find nothing in the record to negate the voluntary and intelligent

nature of the mother’s consent, and we find the evidence sufficient to support

termination under section 232.116(1)(a).

2. Best Interests

Next, the mother contends termination is contrary to the children’s best

interests due to the closeness of the parent-child bond. Having given “primary

consideration to the child[ren]’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the

long-term nurturing and growth of the child[ren], and to the physical, mental, and

emotional condition and needs of the child[ren],” Iowa Code § 232.116(2), we

conclude termination is in the children’s best interests. The evidence suggests the

mother knew the father was abusing two of her children, and when the children

reported the same to the mother, she turned a blind eye. The mother has

prioritized her relationship with the father over the safety and needs of her children.

As noted in relation to the father’s best-interests argument, the children are in

stable relative placements that can provide them permanency and satisfy their

needs; continued stability and permanency in these placements are in this

children’s best interests.

To the extent the mother requests the application of the statutory exception

to termination contained in Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(c), we conclude she

failed to meet her burden to show “that the termination would be detrimental to the

child[ren] . . . due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship[s].” See A.S.,
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906 N.W.2d at 476 (noting parent challenging termination bears burden to

establish an exception to termination).

IV. Conclusion

We affirm the termination of both parents’ parental rights.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.