Thomas v. Murry

[Cite as Thomas v. Murry, 2021-Ohio-206.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

DONTAE THOMAS, :

Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 109287
v. :

TIANA MURRY, ET AL., :

Defendants-Appellants. :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,
AND REMANDED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 28, 2021

Civil Appeal from the
Cleveland Heights Municipal Court
Case No. CVF1800462

Appearances:

Cavitch, Familo & Durkin Co., L.P.A., and Robert A. West,
Jr.; Pina Law, L.L.C., and Leslie Pina, for appellee.

Joanne Brown, for appellants.

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, P.J.:

Defendants-appellants, Tiana Murry (“Tiana”) and Steve Thomas

(“Steve”) (collectively the “appellants”), appeal from the trial court’s denial of their
motion for attorney fees and sanctions pursuant to Civ.R. 11 and R.C. 2323.51.

Appellants raise the following assignments of error for review:

1. The trial court erred in overruling appellants’ counsel’s objection to
the admission of appellee’s affidavit [that was] offered to contradict
appellee’s sworn deposition testimony in lieu of live testimony.

2. The trial court erred in finding appellee’s counsel did not engage in
frivolous conduct.

After careful review of the record and relevant case law, we affirm in

part, reverse in part, and remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

I. Procedural and Factual History

In April 2018, plaintiff-appellee, Dontae Thomas (“Dontae”), filed a

civil action against his older brother, Steve, and Steve’s wife, Tiana, in the Cleveland

Heights Municipal Court. The original complaint set forth claims for defamation,

malicious destruction of property, malicious prosecution, aiding and abetting

malicious prosecution, trespassing, and damages.

The claims brought against the appellants stemmed from a verbal and

physical altercation that occurred during a family birthday party hosted at Dontae’s

home in April 2017. Dontae’s complaint alleged that the altercation between Tiana

and several guests occurred after Tiana “crashed” the party despite not being invited

to the gathering “due to bad blood between her and many family members.”

(Original complaint at ¶ 6-7.) Once Tiana was escorted out of the party, Steve

“proceeded to break all of the windows in Dontae Thomas’s car, which was parked

in the driveway.” Id. at ¶ 11.
 Thereafter, Dontae filed a police report, “accusing Steve of intentionally

breaking the [car] windows with a bat.” Id. at 12. In turn, Tiana filed her own police

report, “claiming that at least six individuals assaulted her at the birthday party.”

Id. at ¶ 13. Dontae alleged that Tiana fabricated the police report and that her false

statements “caused [him] to be arrested and incarcerated for four days without an

attorney or opportunity for bond.” Id. at ¶ 16.

During the discovery process, Dontae verified the authenticity of the

responses he set forth in plaintiff’s first set of combined answers to interrogatories,

requests for admissions, and requests for production of documents. Within

Dontae’s responses, he denied numerous requests for admissions, including a

request to admit that Tiana was invited to the birthday party by Dontae’s wife,

Deanna Thomas.

In April 2019, Dontae filed an amended complaint, which removed

Steve as a party and named Tiana as the sole defendant. In addition, the amended

complaint removed the claims for malicious destruction of property and aiding in

abetting in malicious prosecution, and reduced the requested damages from

$15,000 to $12,000.

Dontae was deposed approximately one day after the amended

complaint was filed. Following his deposition, Dontae filed a second amended

complaint in May 2019. The second amended complaint also named Tiana as the

sole defendant and asserted claims for defamation and malicious prosecution.
However, the second amended complaint removed the trespass claim against Tiana

and reduced the requested damages to $10,000.

In June 2019, all claims levied against Steve were formally dismissed

without prejudice. Approximately one month later, Dontae filed a motion to dismiss

all claims against Tiana pursuant to Civ.R. 41(A)(1)(a), which the trial court granted.

Relevant to this appeal, the motion to dismiss stated as follows:

This Honorable Court requested that this case be settled, and plaintiff
agrees. Although plaintiff contends that his case has merit, there has
already been enough suffering. His relationship with his brother has
been severely damaged, and pursuing complaints against his brother’s
wife would cause additional hardship for the family.

In July 2019, appellants filed a joint motion for attorney fees and

sanctions against counsel for Dontae, Leslie Pina (“attorney Pina”), and her

employer, the Pina Law Firm, L.L.C., pursuant to Civ.R. 11 and R.C. 2323.51. Relying

on certain statements made by Dontae during his deposition, the motion alleged

that attorney Pina willfully filed unsupported and frivolous claims against the

appellants without Dontae’s authorization, stating:

At the time of filing, attorney Pina knew the case was devoid of any
underlying facts necessary to support the claims. Attorney Pina filed
the lawsuit to harass Steve Thomas and Tiana Tomas nee Murry and
extort money from them.

A hearing was held to address the motion in September 2019. At the

hearing, Steve provided a brief recount of the incident at Dontae’s home and

expressed that he and Dontae “had a little misunderstanding about somethings,”

including the damages caused to Dontae’s vehicle. Steve testified that, before the

original complaint was filed in April 2018, he and Dontae “settled” the matter after
he informed Dontae that he had nothing to do with the broken windows. Steve

stated that he was “very upset” when he was served with the lawsuit because the

claims levied against him were “bogus.” (Tr. 29-30.) On cross-examination, Steve

acknowledged that Dontae’s car windows had been destroyed on the night of the

incident and that Dontae believed Steve was responsible for the damage.

Tiana briefly testified at the hearing, stating that she was invited to the

birthday party by Dontae’s wife. She further testified that she does not recall being

asked to leave the party.

Finally, attorney Pina was called by defense counsel to testify as if on

cross-examination. Attorney Pina maintained that Dontae intentionally included

Steve in the original complaint but conceded that Dontae struggled with whether to

maintain the action against his brother. Attorney Pina testified that “the original

complaint was everything my client wanted in the complaint.” (Tr. 63.) However,

she explained that Dontae became increasingly conflicted about continuing the

action against Steve and was concerned he would “never speak to [his] brother

again.” (Tr. 42.) Eventually, attorney Pina amended the complaint after Dontae

notified her that he settled the matter with Steve and wished to remove him from

the case. Attorney Pina was questioned about several email correspondences with

opposing counsel and admitted that she had advised opposing counsel that Dontae

intended to remove Steve from the complaint as early as January 2019 — several

months before Steve was dismissed from the case.
 Regarding Tiana, attorney Pina conceded that she eventually learned

that Tiana “probably was invited” to the party held at Dontae’s home. (Tr. 62.)

When she filed the trespass claim, however, Dontae was not aware his wife had

invited Tiana to his birthday party. Attorney Pina maintained that she made an

independent investigation prior to filing the original complaint and that her

independent investigation showed that she was justified in filing a lawsuit that

included a trespass claim. She expressed that amendments to the original complaint

were made as she gathered additional information.

On direct examination, attorney Pina explained that she and Dontae

executed an engagement letter in March 2018, based on Dontae’s intention to

pursue a civil action against both Steve and Tiana. Attorney Pina stated that she

discussed the facts and allegations with Dontae prior to filing a complaint and that

Dontae was aware an action was being filed against Steve and Tiana.

Relevant to this appeal, attorney Pina testified that she personally

read, reviewed, and filed the original complaint on Dontae’s behalf with a good-faith

belief that there were good grounds to support each of the asserted claims. She

reiterated that she did not file the original complaint for the purpose of delay and

that she investigated the relevant facts and law before initiating the action against

Steve and Tiana.

Attorney Pina was questioned further about the decision to remove

Steve from the complaint. She reiterated that Dontae’s decision to dismiss Steve

from the action occurred after the original complaint was filed — “at some point
between April 11, 2018, and the filing of [the] first amended complaint on April 25,

2019.” (Tr. 72.) Thereafter, between the filing of the first amended complaint and

the filing of the second amended complaint, attorney Pina learned that Tiana had

been invited to the birthday party by Dontae’s wife. This information prompted

attorney Pina to immediately remove the trespassing claim from the amended

complaint.

Attorney Pina was also questioned about certain discovery materials,

including plaintiff’s first set of answers to interrogatories, request for admissions,

and requests for production of documents. Attorney Pina testified that she reviewed

the posed discovery requests with Dontae, and that he signed a verification sheet on

January 25, 2019. In relevant part, Dontae was asked to state with particularity the

basis of his allegation in the complaint that “Steve Thomas proceeded to break all of

the windows in Dontae Thomas’s car, which was parked in the driveway.” (Tr. 85.)

Dontae’s response to the posed interrogatory was “Steve admitted.” (Tr. at id.)

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court admitted several

exhibits, including (1) time-stamped copies of the pleadings, (2) a copy of Dontae’s

deposition testimony, (3) copies of certain email correspondences, (4) copies of

Dontae’s verified responses to discovery requests, and (5) Dontae’s affidavit.

In November 2019, the trial court denied appellants’ motion for

attorney fees and sanctions, stating, in pertinent part:

[T]he court finds that defendants failed to meet their burden in
establishing that plaintiff’s counsel willingly violated Civ.R. 11.
Furthermore, based upon a review thereof, the court finds that neither
 plaintiff’s nor plaintiff’s counsel’s conduct rose to the level of that which
is frivolous under R.C. 2323.51. Therefore, sanctions are not warranted
and Defendants’ motion for attorney fees and sanctions pursuant to
Civ.R. 11 and R.C. 2323.51 is denied.

Appellants now appeal from the trial court’s judgment.

II. Law and Analysis

A. Admission of Dontae’s Affidavit

In their first assignment of error, appellants argue the trial court

committed reversible error by permitting Dontae to submit an affidavit in lieu of live

testimony. Appellants contend that the affidavit directly contradicted Dontae’s

prior deposition testimony and was material to the issue of sanctions. Thus,

appellants assert that they were improperly deprived of the opportunity to cross-

examine Dontae in person.

Throughout their motion for attorney fees and sanctions, appellants

argue that attorney Pina pursued legal claims against Steve without Dontae’s

permission. In support of this claim, appellants rely on portions of Dontae’s

deposition testimony, including his statement that he was not aware he filed a civil

complaint against Steve and did not know Steve was still a named defendant because

he told attorney Pina that the case was settled between him and Steve.

In response to appellants’ motion for attorney fees and sanctions,

attorney Pina submitted an affidavit from Dontae, wherein he avers, in relevant part:

11. Following my arrest, I reached out to attorney Leslie Pina
requesting that she represent me in defense of the criminal charges.

12. On or about April 10, 2018, the criminal charges were dismissed.
13. On March 15, 2018, I retained, on a contingency basis, attorney
Pina to bring a civil action against Steve Thomas and Tiana Murry. A
copy of the March 15, 2018 engagement letter is attached as Exhibit 1.

14. On April 11, 2018, a complaint was filed on my behalf by attorney
Pina in the above captioned matter. A time/date stamped copy of the
complaint is attached as Exhibit 2.

15. Prior to the filing of the complaint, attorney Pina and I discussed
the parties and the claims against each of the parties that would be
asserted in the complaint.

16. I had a good faith basis for each of the allegations and claims against
Steve Thomas and Tiana Murry and the complaint was not brought
merely to harass or maliciously injure Steve Thomas or Tiana Murry.

17. Prior to the filing of the complaint, I knew of, consented to, and
authorized the claims and allegations asserted against Steve Thomas
and Tiana Murry in the complaint.

18. Prior to the filing of the complaint, I was provided a copy of the
complaint by attorney Pina, I read the complaint and, to the best of my
knowledge, information and belief, I had good grounds to support the
allegations and claims asserted in the complaint and none were
asserted for the purpose of harassment or delay.

19. A little over a year after filing the complaint, on April 25, 2019, an
amended complaint was filed on my behalf by attorney Pina in the
above captioned matter. A time/date stamped copy of the first
amended complaint is attached as Exhibit 3.

20. In the year between the filing of the complaint and the first
amended complaint, I resolved things with my brother, Steve Thomas,
and no longer wanted to pursue an action against him.

21. The first amended complaint removed Steve Thomas as a party,
removed the claims against Steve Thomas * * * and reduced the
damages from $15,000 to $12,000.

***

23. It was through the deposition of Steve Thomas and Tiana Murry,
along with subsequent conversations with my wife * * * that I learned
Tiana Murry had been invited to the birthday party.
 24. On May 28, 2019, an amended complaint was filed on my behalf
by attorney Pina in the above captioned matter. A time/date stamped
copy of the amended complaint is attached as Exhibit 4.

25. The second amended complaint removed the trespass claim against
Tiana Murry and reduced the damages from $12,000 to $10,000.

(Dontae’s affidavit at ¶ 11-25.)

Over appellants’ objection, the trial court accepted the affidavit for

review, stating:

So unless I didn’t see it, I didn’t see [Dontae] being subpoenaed to be
here. I’m going to accept the affidavit as to the motion that’s pending.
I’ll take it for what it’s worth.

(Tr. 99.)

Generally, the admission of evidence “lies within the broad discretion

of the trial court, and a reviewing court should not disturb evidentiary decisions in

the absence of an abuse of discretion that has created material prejudice.” State v.

Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, 848 N.E.2d 810, ¶ 62. This court’s

review is limited to determining whether the trial court’s evidentiary rulings were

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 23,

759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002).

Civ.R. 43, titled “taking testimony,” contains the following provisions:

(A) In open court. At trial or hearing, the witnesses’ testimony shall be
taken in open court unless a statute, the Rules of Evidence, these rules,
or other rules adopted by the Supreme Court provide otherwise. For
good cause in compelling circumstances and with appropriate
safeguards, the court may permit testimony in open court by
contemporaneous transmission from a different location.
 (B) Evidence on a motion. When a motion relies on facts outside the
record, the court may hear the matter on affidavits or may hear it
wholly or partly on oral testimony or on depositions.

Civ.R. 43 has rarely been interpreted by Ohio courts since its

enactment in 2015. The rule was modeled on Fed.R.Civ.P. 43. Courts analyzing the

analogous federal rule have held that it demonstrates a general preference for live

testimony to ensure the opportunity for live cross-examination and observation of a

witness’s demeanor. T&R Props. v. Wimberly, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 19AP-567,

2020-Ohio-4279, ¶ 31, citing Carter-Wallace, Inc. v. Otte, 474 F.2d 529, 536 (2d

Cir.1972). However, courts assessing identical versions of the language set forth

under Civ.R. 43(B) have also recognized that

[t]he rule grants the judge specific authority to direct the type of
evidence he will hear on a motion. * * * Thus, it seems obvious that the
judge, in his discretion, may allow the facts to be presented for the
purpose of a motion either wholly or partly by affidavit, oral testimony
or deposition or any combination thereof.

Webb v. James, 46 N.C.App. 551, 555, 265 S.E.2d 642 (1980); Bucholz v. Hutton,

153 F.Supp. 62, 66 (D.Mont.1957) (stating Fed.R.Civ.P. 43 provides that motions

may be supported by affidavits, which may also be opposed by affidavits).

Upon review of the record, we find the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by permitting attorney Pina to submit Dontae’s affidavit in support of the

brief in opposition. In this case, appellants’ motion for attorney fees and sanctions

required the trial court to determine whether attorney Pina engaged in frivolous

conduct in light of the facts and information provided to her at the time she filed the

original complaint on Dontae’s behalf. In its discretion, the trial court found that it
was appropriate to resolve the pending motion by allowing the parties to introduce

a combination of oral testimony, affidavits, and depositions. While live testimony is

favored, appellants were permitted to examine Dontae during his deposition and

have presented relevant facts that challenge Dontae’s credibility as a witness. As the

Fifth District has recognized, “[t]he trial court has the discretion and is in the best

position to select the kind of evidence necessary to make the findings required by

R.C. 2323.51 and determine whether an award of attorney fees and costs is proper.”

Ferron v. Video Professor, Inc., 5th Dist. Delaware No. 08-CAE-09-0055, 2009-

Ohio-3133, ¶ 64.

Moreover, to the extent appellants allege that Dontae’s affidavit

amounted to a “sham” because it contradicted his former deposition testimony, we

are unpersuaded. We recognize that the Ohio Supreme Court has held that an

affidavit contradicting former deposition testimony, characterized as a “sham

affidavit,” cannot, without explanation, create a genuine issue of fact sufficient to

defeat a motion for summary judgment. Pettiford v. Aggarwal, 126 Ohio St.3d 413,

2010-Ohio-3237, 934 N.E.2d 913, ¶ 1, fn.1; see also Turner v. Turner, 67 Ohio St.3d

337, 617 N.E.2d 1123 (1993), paragraph one of the syllabus (an affidavit inconsistent

with deposition testimony does not support a grant of summary judgment). The

court explained that the “sham affidavit” rule prevents a party from surviving

summary judgment simply “‘by allowing one of its witnesses to contradict his [or

her] own prior testimony.’” Id. at ¶ 36, quoting Adelman-Tremblay v. Jewel Cos.,

859 F.2d 517, 521 (7th Cir.1988). This case, however, does not involve a motion for
summary judgment, and appellants have not identified any precedent to extend the

foregoing case law to the determination of whether an affidavit may be considered

by a trial court in resolving a motion filed pursuant to R.C. 2323.51 and Civ.R. 11.

Accordingly, we find appellants’ argument goes to the credibility of Dontae’s

affidavit and not its admissibility. Christian v. Wal-Mart Stores E., LP, 5th Dist.

Holmes No. 09CA014, 2010-Ohio-3040, ¶ 30 (“As a predicate, admissibility is

distinct and separate from credibility.”).

Appellants’ first assignment of error is overruled.

B. Attorney Fees and Sanctions

In their second assignment of error, appellants argue the trial court

erred in determining that attorney Pina “did not engage in sanctionable conduct

under R.C. 2323.51 and Civ.R. 11.” Appellants contend that Dontae “made it clear

in his deposition that there was no evidentiary support for the allegations contained

in the complaint.”

Two separate mechanisms are provided in Ohio law for an aggrieved

party to seek attorney fees for frivolous conduct — R.C. 2323.51 and Civ.R. 11. In re

Estate of O’Toole, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108122, 2019-Ohio-4165, ¶ 22. While

both R.C. 2323.51 and Civ.R. 11 authorize the award of attorney fees as a sanction

for frivolous conduct, they present separate standards of proof and differ in

application. Id.
 In this case, appellants sought sanctions under both R.C. 2323.51 and

Civ.R. 11, raising the same arguments, namely, that Dontae’s complaint had no legal

or factual basis and was filed in bad faith.

1. R.C. 2323.51

A motion for sanctions under R.C. 2323.51 requires a trial court to

determine whether the challenged conduct constitutes frivolous conduct as defined

in the statute, and, if so, whether any party has been adversely affected by the

frivolous conduct. Riston v. Butler, 149 Ohio App.3d 390, 777 N.E.2d 857, ¶ 17 (1st

Dist.2002). R.C. 2323.51 applies an objective standard in determining frivolous

conduct, as opposed to a subjective one. Bikkani v. Lee, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

89312, 2008-Ohio-3130, ¶ 22. The finding of frivolous conduct under R.C. 2323.51

is determined without reference to what the individual knew or believed. Ceol v.

Zion Indus., Inc., 81 Ohio App.3d 286, 289, 610 N.E.2d 1076 (9th Dist.1992).

R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a) defines “frivolous conduct” as conduct that

satisfies any of the following categories:

(i) It obviously serves merely to harass or maliciously injure another
party to the civil action or appeal or is for another improper purpose,
including, but not limited to, causing unnecessary delay or a needless
increase in the cost of litigation.

(ii) It is not warranted under existing law, cannot be supported by a
good faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of
existing law, or cannot be supported by a good faith argument for the
establishment of new law.

(iii) The conduct consists of allegations or other factual contentions
that have no evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are not
likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for
further investigation or discovery.
 (iv) The conduct consists of denials or factual contentions that are not
warranted by the evidence or, if specifically so identified, are not
reasonably based on a lack of information or belief.

R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i)-(iv). Under R.C. 2323.51(B)(1), sanctions for frivolous

conduct may include reasonable attorney fees. A trial court may make an award of

attorney fees “against a party, the party’s counsel of record, or both.” R.C.

2323.51(B)(4).

R.C. 2323.51 was not intended to punish mere misjudgment or tactical

error. Turowski v. Johnson, 70 Ohio App.3d 118, 123, 590 N.E.2d 434 (9th

Dist.1991). Instead, the statute was designed to chill egregious, overzealous,

unjustifiable, and frivolous action. Turowski v. Johnson, 68 Ohio App.3d 704, 706,

589 N.E.2d 462 (9th Dist.1990). The statute serves to deter abuse of the judicial

process by penalizing sanctionable conduct that occurs during litigation. Filonenko

v. Smock Constr., L.L.C., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-854, 2018-Ohio-3283, ¶ 14.

A R.C. 2323.51 determination to impose sanctions involves a mixed

question of law and of fact. Resources for Healthy Living, Inc. v. Haslinger, 6th

Dist. Wood No. WD-10-073, 2011-Ohio-1978, ¶ 26. We review purely legal

questions de novo. Riston, 149 Ohio App.3d 390, 2002-Ohio-2308, 777 N.E.2d 857,

at ¶ 22. On factual issues, however, “we give deference to the trial court’s factual

determinations because the trial judge, of course, will have had the benefit of

observing the entire course of proceedings and will be most familiar with the parties

and attorneys involved.” Estate of O’Toole, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108122, 2019-

Ohio-4165, at ¶ 30, citing Riston at ¶ 25. The ultimate decision as to whether to
grant sanctions under R.C. 2323.51 rests within the sound discretion of the trial

court. State ex rel. Striker v. Cline, 130 Ohio St.3d 214, 2011-Ohio-5350, 957 N.E.2d

19, ¶ 11.

a. R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i)

In this case, appellants’ motion for sanctions predominately argued

that attorney Pina pursued this lawsuit for the purpose of harassing or maliciously

injuring both Tiana and Steve. See R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i). Citing portions of

Dontae’s deposition testimony, appellants asserted that attorney Pina filed “this

action without the permission of her client,” thereby causing appellants to incur

significant legal costs.

Analysis of whether a complaint was filed with malicious intent under

R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i) requires a factual determination. Walters v. Carter, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108555, 2020-Ohio-807, ¶ 22, citing Lable & Co. v. Flowers, 104

Ohio App.3d 227, 233, 661 N.E.2d 782 (9th Dist.1995). Thus, we must defer to the

trial court’s resolution of the relevant facts.

Undoubtedly, Dontae testified during his deposition that (1) he did

not approve a complaint naming Steve as a defendant, (2) he and Steve resolved the

issue privately, (3) he and his wife did not ask Tiana to leave the birthday party, and

(4) he does not believe Steve was a false witness against him. However, viewing the

record in its entirety, it is evident that Dontae’s testimony contained various

inconsistencies and reflected a general misunderstanding of the procedural status

of his case. In this regard, it is important to note that Dontae was questioned
throughout his deposition about the original complaint and the allegations raised

therein. The original complaint, which named Steve as a defendant, was amended

to remove Steve as a party the day before Dontae’s deposition was held. Thus, it was

reasonable for Dontae to express confusion when asked about Steve’s involvement

in the case because he was under the impression that Steve was no longer a named

defendant — which he was not. And, despite stating that the decision to name Steve

in the original complaint must have been based on a “miscommunication” with

attorney Pina, Dontae later conceded that he was familiar with the lawsuit initially

filed against Steve. (Dontae’s depo. tr. 31, 36-37, 51.)

As discussed, Dontae executed an affidavit in an effort to clarify his

deposition testimony. In relevant part, Dontae averred that (1) he retained attorney

Pina to bring a civil action against Steve Thomas and Tiana Murry; (2) he and

attorney Pina discussed the parties and the claims against each of the parties that

would be asserted in the complaint; (3) he had a good-faith basis for each of the

allegations and claims against Steve and Tiana; (4) the complaint was not brought

merely to harass or maliciously injure Steve or Tiana; (5) he read and reviewed the

original complaint before it was filed; (6) he authorized attorney Pina to file the

original complaint against Steve and Tiana; (7) he resolved things with Steve and no

longer wanted to pursue an action against him after the original complaint had been

filed; and (8) he learned Tiana had been invited to the birthday party after the

original complaint had been filed.
 While Dontae expressed confusion regarding the status of his case

during his deposition, appellants have failed to demonstrate that attorney Pina acted

without the authority of her client. Rather, the evidence adduced during the

sanctions hearing reflects that Dontae executed a retention letter with attorney Pina

for the purpose of pursuing legal action against both Steve and Tiana based on their

conduct during, and subsequent to, the altercation at his home. Attorney Pina

further testified that she personally reviewed the complaint with Dontae, and her

statements are corroborated by Dontae’s verified discovery responses that were

executed well after the original complaint was filed against Steve and Tiana.

Attorney Pina concedes that Dontae ultimately determined to withdraw his claims

against Steve. However, she maintains, and Dontae’s affidavit confirms, that the

decision to remove Steve from the case was made after the original complaint was

filed. Under these circumstances, we find appellants have not presented credible

evidence that attorney Pina filed the original complaint against Steve and/or Tiana

for the purpose of harassing or maliciously injuring either of the defendants.

Alternatively, appellants argue that “even if [this court] were to accept

attorney Pina’s claim that she had her client’s permission to file the action, she

certainly did not have Dontae’s permission to maintain the lawsuit for as long as she

did.” Appellants note that attorney Pina notified opposing counsel of Dontae’s

intent to dismiss the case against Steve in January 2019, but he was not removed

from the case until April 2019. We are unpersuaded by appellants’ position. While

attorney Pina did not immediately dismiss the claims against Steve, the record
reflects that the brief delay was premised on attorney Pina’s desire to complete

outstanding discovery before filing the amended complaint. Absent speculation,

there is no evidence to suggest attorney Pina was motivated by a desire to cause

unnecessary delay or a needless increase in the cost of litigation.

Deferring to the trial court’s factual determinations and assessment

of credibility, we are unable to conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in

determining that the original complaint was not filed for the purpose identified in

R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i). Cruz v. English Nanny & Governess School, Inc., 2017-

Ohio-4176, 92 N.E.3d 143, ¶ 112 (8th Dist.) (“The trial court is in the best position to

appraise the conduct of the parties, and we must defer to the trial court’s ruling on

the motion for sanctions.”).

b. R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii) and (iii)

Finally, appellants’ motion for sanctions pursued recourse under R.C.

2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii) and (iii), arguing that the complaint set forth claims that were

either legally or factually unsupported.

As stated, frivolous conduct implicated by R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii)

involves proceeding on a legal theory that is wholly unwarranted in law. “In

determining whether a claim is frivolous under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii), the test is

objective — whether no reasonable lawyer would have brought the action in light of

the existing law.” Internatl. Union of Operating Engineers, Local 18 v. Laborers’

Internatl. Union of N. Am., Local 310, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104774, 2017-Ohio-

1055, ¶ 15, citing Orbit Elecs., Inc. v. Helm Instrument Co., 167 Ohio App.3d 301,
2006-Ohio-2317, 855 N.E.2d 91, ¶ 49 (8th Dist.). A claim is therefore frivolous “‘if

it is absolutely clear under the existing law that no reasonable lawyer could argue

the claim.’” Orbit at id., quoting Hickman v. Murry, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. CA

15030, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 1028, 14 (Mar. 22, 1996). Because this is a question

of law, we review the trial court’s determination regarding this prong of the statute

de novo. Pingue v. Pingue, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 06-CAE-10-0077, 2007-Ohio-

4818, ¶ 20.

In turn, R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii) involves “conduct [that] consists of

allegations or other factual contentions that have no evidentiary support or, if

specifically so identified, are not likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable

opportunity for further investigation or discovery.” “An allegation or factual

contention needs only minimal evidentiary support in order for a party or its

attorney to avoid a frivolous conduct finding under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii).”

Southard Supply, Inc. v. Anthem Contrs., Inc., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 16AP-545,

2017-Ohio-7298, ¶ 14, citing Carasalina L.L.C. v. Bennett, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

14AP-74, 2014-Ohio-5665, ¶ 36. “If a party makes an allegation or factual

contention on information or belief, then the party must have the opportunity to

investigate the truth of that allegation or factual contention. However, if a party

persists in relying on that allegation or factual contention when no evidence

supports it, then the party has engaged in frivolous conduct under R.C.

2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii).” Carasalina at ¶ 36.
 Whether conduct is frivolous under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii)

presents a factual question. Southard Supply at ¶ 14. Accordingly, we afford the

trial court a degree of deference and will not reverse it unless the record lacks

competent, credible evidence to support the trial court’s finding. Id. at ¶ 14-15.

With R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii) and (iii) in mind, we analyze each

cause of action pursued in this case

i. Defamation

In the original complaint, Dontae set forth a claim of defamation

against Tiana and Steve. Dontae alleged that Tiana made false statements to the

police that caused him to be arrested and incarcerated for four days. The original

complaint further alleged that Steve “collaborated with [Tiana] by publishing the

false story and by volunteering as the sole witness for [Tiana’s] defamatory claims

and fabricated police report.” (Original complaint ¶ 17.) The amended complaint

and second amended complaint restated the defamation claim against Tiana, while

excluding Steve as a named defendant.

“‘[D]efamation occurs when a publication contains a false statement

made with some degree of fault, reflecting injuriously on a person’s reputation[.]’”

Lewandowski v. Penske Auto Group, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94377, 2010-Ohio-

6160, ¶ 25, quoting Jackson v. Columbus, 117 Ohio St.3d 328, 2008-Ohio-1041, 883

N.E.2d 1060, ¶ 9. To establish the prima facie case of defamation, “‘a plaintiff must

show (1) a false statement of fact was made about the plaintiff; (2) the statement was

defamatory; (3) the statement was published; (4) the plaintiff suffered injury as a
proximate result of the publication; and (5) the defendant acted with the requisite

degree of fault in publishing the statement.’” Johnson v. Johnson, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 108420, 2020-Ohio-1381, ¶ 16, quoting Sullins v. Raycom Media,

Inc., 2013-Ohio-3530, 996 N.E.2d 553, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.).

On appeal, appellants argue, pursuant to R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii),

that counsel for Dontae engaged in frivolous conduct by filing a defamation claim

that was not warranted under existing law and could not be supported by a good

faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of existing law. Appellants

do not challenge the defamatory nature of the alleged statements to the police.

Rather, appellants assert that the claim was not warranted under existing law

because “the law provides an absolute privilege to individuals making a report to the

police.”

In the context of a defamation claim that is predicated on a report of

criminal conduct to the police, the distinction between the doctrines of absolute

privilege and qualified privilege is significant. The Supreme Court of Ohio explained

the rationale for affording privilege to certain statements, and clarified the

distinction between the qualified and absolute privilege as follows:

Upon certain privileged occasions where there is a great enough public
interest in encouraging uninhibited freedom of expression to require
the sacrifice of the right of the individual to protect his reputation by
civil suit, the law recognizes that false, defamatory matter may be
published without civil liability. * * *

Such privileged occasions have by long judicial history been divided
into two classes — occasions absolutely privileged and those upon
which the privilege is only a qualified one. The distinction between
 these two classes is that the absolute privilege protects the publisher of
a false, defamatory statement even though it is made with actual
malice, in bad faith and with knowledge of its falsity; whereas the
presence of such circumstances will defeat the assertion of a qualified
privilege. * * *

M.J. DiCorpo, Inc. v. Sweeney, 69 Ohio St.3d 497, 505, 634 N.E.2d 203 (1994),

quoting Bigelow v. Brumley, 138 Ohio St. 574, 579-580, 37 N.E.2d 584 (1941).

Consistent with the appellants’ position on appeal, several appellate

districts have concluded that “absolute privilege should apply to those who report

criminal activity to police officers” if the statements “bear some reasonable relation

to the activity reported.” Lasater v. Vidahl, 2012-Ohio-4918, 979 N.E.2d 828, ¶ 9

(9th Dist.); Brown v. Chesser, 4th Dist. Vinton No. 97 CA 510, 1998 Ohio App.

LEXIS 352, 4 (Jan. 16, 1998).

Contrary to the forgoing precedent, however, this court has

determined that statements to police officers are entitled only to a qualified

privilege, and not an absolute privilege, because such statements are not made in

the context of a judicial proceeding. Scott v. Patterson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

81872, 2003-Ohio-3353, ¶ 11-12. See also Mango v. Columbus, S.D.Ohio Nos. 2:19-

cv-3120 and 2:19-cv-5282, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 161340, 48 (Sept. 3, 2020) (noting

that Scott is consistent with a majority of state courts that extend qualified rather

than absolute immunity to persons making statements to police about alleged

crimes). Thus, this court has explained that

“‘[a]ny communications made by private citizens to law enforcement
personnel for the prevention or detection of crime are qualifiedly
 privileged and may not serve as the basis for a defamation action unless
it is shown that the speaker was motivated by actual malice.’”

(Emphasis added.) Allen v. Pirozzoli, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103632, 2016-Ohio-

2645, ¶ 14, quoting Lewandowski, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94377, 2010-Ohio-6160,

at ¶ 26, quoting Oswald v. Action Auto Body & Frame, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

71089, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 1642, 8 (Apr. 24, 1997). In other words, a qualified

privilege may be defeated if a claimant proves with convincing clarity that the

speaker acted with actual malice. Jacobs v. Frank, 60 Ohio St.3d 111, 573 N.E.2d

609 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. In the context of a qualified privilege,

“actual malice” is defined as “acting with knowledge that the statements are false or

acting with reckless disregard as to their truth or falsity.” Lewandowski at ¶ 26.

After careful consideration, we find Dontae’s defamation claim was

warranted under existing law. While the factual basis supporting the defamation

claim relies on a report of criminal activity to the Cleveland Heights police, Dontae

maintained throughout the proceedings that, as a result of the knowingly false

statements to the police, he was arrested for acts he did not commit. For this reason,

the defamation claim unambiguously alleged that Tiana provided an incriminating

statement to the police, with Steve’s collaboration, with knowledge that the

defamatory statement was false. We interpret the language set forth in the amended

complaint as an assertion that the statement was made with actual malice, thereby

avoiding the preclusive effect of qualified privilege. See id. at ¶ 29; Johnson, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108420, 2020-Ohio-1381, at ¶ 21. Under these circumstances,
the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that an objective,

reasonably attorney could have brought the defamation cause of action in light of

the existing law.

ii. Malicious Destruction of Property

In the original complaint, Dontae pursued a claim for malicious

destruction of property against Steve, alleging:

Steve Thomas intentionally and maliciously bashed in and destroyed
all of Dontae Thomas’s car windows. Dontae Thomas filed a complaint
with the Cleveland Heights Police.

(Original complaint ¶ 19.) The claim was subsequently removed from the action,

and Steve was no longer named as a defendant in the amended and second amended

complaints.

Relying on R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii) and (iii), appellants argue that

the malicious destruction of property claim was frivolous because there is “no legal

or factual basis for this claim.” Appellants do not support their argument with legal

analysis or citation to relevant case law. Nevertheless, we are unpersuaded by the

appellants’ position.

Ohio courts routinely recognize civil actions for injury to personal

property. As set forth in R.C. 2307.011(J), a “tort action” is defined as “a civil action

for damages for injury, death, or loss to person or property.” “This definition is

broad and does not require that the cause of action be based in common law as

opposed to statute.” Gurry v. C.P., 2012-Ohio-2640, 972 N.E.2d 154, ¶ 13 (8th

Dist.). As recognized by this court, “a ‘tort action’ is present where one brings a
private cause of action for property damage.” Id. Moreover, it is well settled that

Ohio law allows alleged victims of criminal acts to bring civil suits against the

wrongdoer. R.C. 2307.60(A)(1), for instance, “creates a statutory cause of action for

damages resulting from any criminal act.” Jacobson v. Kaforey, 149 Ohio St.3d 398,

2016-Ohio-8434, 75 N.E.3d 203, ¶ 10. “[T]he plain language of the statute does not

require proof of an underlying criminal conviction.” Buddenberg v. Weisdack, Slip

Opinion No. 2018-1209, 2020-Ohio-3832, ¶ 11.

In this case, the record demonstrates that Dontae’s car windows were

damaged during the physical altercation at his home. Dontae was required to

replace his car windows and believed Steve intentionally caused the property

damage based on information provided by third parties. As such, Dontae filed a

criminal police report, “asserting that my brother, Defendant Steve Thomas,

intentionally broke the windows of my car.” (Dontae’s affidavit at ¶ 7.) Based on the

foregoing information, which was provided to attorney Pina at the time the original

complaint was filed, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it

determined Dontae’s claim did not lack evidentiary support and could have been

brought by a reasonable attorney. Regardless of Dontae’s characterization of Steve’s

conduct as malicious, Dontae was permitted to pursue a civil action against Steve to

recover damages for the injury to his personal property.

iii. Malicious Prosecution

In the original complaint, Dontae set forth a claim for malicious

prosecution against Tiana. Dontae alleged that as a result of Tiana’s false statements
to the police “a warrant was issued for [his] arrest” and he “was arrested by

Cleveland Heights police and * * * was incarcerated from October 27, 2017 until

October 30, 2017, when he was then released on bail.” (Original complaint ¶ 21.)

Dontae restated the claim against Tiana in the amended and second amended

complaints.

The claim of malicious criminal prosecution allows the complainant

to seek redress for harm to complainant’s dignity and reputation occasioned by the

misuse of criminal proceedings. Froehlich v. Ohio Dept. of Mental Health, 114 Ohio

St.3d 286, 2007-Ohio-4161, 871 N.E.2d 1159, ¶ 9, citing Trussell v. Gen. Motors

Corp., 53 Ohio St.3d 142, 559 N.E.2d 732 (1990). In order to establish a claim for

malicious prosecution, a plaintiff must prove (1) malice in initiating or continuing

the prosecution, (2) lack of probable cause, and (3) termination of the prosecution

in favor of the accused. Frazier v. Clinton Cty. Sheriff’s Office, 12th Dist. Clinton

No. CA2008-04-015, 2008-Ohio-6064, ¶ 14. “The absence of probable cause is the

gist of an action for malicious prosecution, and malice may be inferred from the

absence of probable cause.” Brand v. Geissbuhler, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 70565,

1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 709, 14 (Feb. 27, 1997).

Under Ohio law, a “private person who initiates or procures the

institution of criminal proceedings against another is not subject to liability unless

the person against whom the criminal proceedings were initiated proves all * * * of

the above-listed elements” of malicious prosecution. Ash v. Ash, 72 Ohio St.3d 520,

522, 651 N.E.2d 945 (1995). See also Patterson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81872,
2003-Ohio-3353, at ¶ 12 (“a private individual may be held civilly liable for the

initiation of a criminal proceeding only if the information is false or if the

individual’s desire to have the proceedings initiated was the determining factor in

the commencement of the prosecution.”), citing Archer v. Cachat, 165 Ohio St. 286,

287-88, 135 N.E.2d 404 (1956).

Contrary to the arguments presented by the appellants, our review is

not concerned with whether there were sufficient facts for Dontae to prevail on his

claim. “A party’s conduct is not frivolous simply because a claim is not well-

grounded in fact or impervious to dispute.” Conneaut, Ohio v. Buck, 11th Dist.

Ashtabula No. 2014-A-0053, 2015-Ohio-2593, ¶ 35. In this case, the basis of the

malicious prosecution claim was that Tiana falsely accused Dontae of participating

in her assault, that there was absence of probable cause where Tiana made the

accusations knowing that they were false, and that the false accusations were a

determining factor in the decision to initiate criminal proceedings against Dontae.

Although Dontae did not specifically assert that Tiana acted with “actual malice,”

the pleadings were sufficient for the trial court to determine that the malicious

prosecution claim was supported by factual allegations and presented a legal theory

that is warranted in law. We find no abuse of discretion.

iv. Civil Trespass

In the original and amended complaint, Dontae pursued a civil

trespass claim against Tiana, alleging as follows:
 Tiana Murry knew she was neither invited nor welcomed at the party
on Revere Rd., the home of Dontae Thomas and family; nevertheless,
she “crashed” the party.

Her trespass resulted in intentional disruption and assault of guests at
the otherwise peaceful party.

Her trespass caused physical and/ or emotional damage to guests as
well as warrants issued for the arrest of six guests, including his wife,
Deanna Thomas.

(Original complaint ¶ 28-29; amended complaint ¶ 21-23.) In May 2019, the

trespass claim was removed from the action upon the filing of the second amended

complaint.

On appeal, appellants argue that the civil trespass claim relied on false

factual assertions and, therefore, was frivolously filed. Appellants reference

portions of Dontae’s deposition testimony, including his admissions that (1) he

never told Tiana not to come to his home, (2) he did not ask Tiana to leave his home

when he saw her at the party, and (3) to his knowledge, his wife did not ask Tiana to

leave the party.

“Trespass is the unlawful entry upon the property of another.” Chance

v. BP Chems., Inc., 77 Ohio St.3d 17, 24, 670 N.E.2d 985 (1996). Thus, the elements

of trespass are “(1) an unauthorized intentional act, and (2) entry upon land in the

possession of another.” Brown v. Scioto Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 87 Ohio App.3d 704,

716, 622 N.E.2d 1153 (4th Dist.1993).

We recognize that, based upon Dontae’s own deposition testimony,

the original and amended complaints’ factual assertion that Tiana “crashed” the

party was ultimately discovered to be inaccurate. However, “frivolous conduct is not
proved merely by winning a legal battle or by proving that a party’s factual assertions

were incorrect.” State ex rel. DiFranco v. S. Euclid, 144 Ohio St.3d 571, 2015-Ohio-

a4915, 45 N.E.3d 987, ¶ 15, citing Ohio Power Co. v. Ogle, 4th Dist. Hocking No.

12CA14, 2013-Ohio-1745, ¶ 29-30 (“a party is not frivolous merely because a claim

is not well-grounded in fact.”). As previously stated, R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii) has

been construed to mean that “a party only needs minimal evidentiary support for its

allegations or factual contentions to avoid a frivolous conduct finding.” Southard

Supply, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 16AP-545, 2017-Ohio-7298, at ¶ 14, citing

Carasalina, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 14AP-74, 2014-Ohio-5665, at ¶ 36. See also

Eastwood v. Eastwood, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25310, 2010-Ohio-6492, ¶ 15 (“R.C.

2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii) authorizes the trial court to sanction the filing of a motion only

if it has no evidentiary support”). (Emphasis sic.)

In this case, we find there was, at the very least, minimal evidence

supporting the elements of the civil trespass claim pursued against Tianna at the

time the claim was filed. Dontae expressed in his affidavit that he discussed the

relevant circumstances with attorney Pina prior to the filing of the civil action and

notified her that Tiana was not invited to his home on the night of the incident.

(Dontae’s affidavit ¶ 15, 23.) Attorney Pina testified that she completed “an

independent investigation of the contents of the complaint,” independently

researched the law supporting the trespass claim, and had, based on the information

provided by the owner of the property in question, sufficient evidence to “justify” the

factual allegation that Tiana unlawfully entered the property of another. (Tr. 61-66.)
Once it became readily apparent that the civil trespass claim lacked evidentiary

support based on the information subsequently gathered during the discovery

process, a second amended complaint was immediately filed to remove the trespass

claim against Tiana.

Deferring to the trial court’s assessment of the facts and evidence

supporting the trespass claim at the time it was included in the original and

amended complaints, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

determining that the filing of the claim did not amount to frivolous conduct.

v. Aiding and Abetting Malicious Prosecution

In the original complaint, Dontae set forth a cause of action for aiding

and abetting malicious prosecution against Steve. Dontae alleged as follows:

Steve Thomas supported all of the false statements made by Tiana
Murry; he served as a false witness against Dontae Thomas and the
other accused; and his name appears as such on the incident report.

(Original complaint ¶ 26.)

The modern application of civil aiding and abetting can be traced to

the Second Restatement of Torts: “For harm resulting to a third person from the

tortious conduct of another, one is subject to liability if he [or she] * * * knows that

the other’s conduct constitutes a breach of duty and gives substantial assistance or

encouragement to the other so to conduct himself [or herself].” 4 Restatement of

the Law 2d, Torts, Section 876(b) (1979).

However, in DeVries Dairy, L.L.C. v. White Eagle Coop. Assn., Inc.,

131 Ohio St.3d 1436, 2012-Ohio-331, 960 N.E.2d 986, the Supreme Court of Ohio
accepted the following question of state law certified to it by the United States

District Court for the Northern District of Ohio:

Under the applicable circumstances, does Ohio recognize a cause of
action for tortious acts in concert under the Restatement (2d) of Torts,
§ 876?

In answering the certified question in the negative, the Supreme Court

of Ohio noted that the state of Ohio “has never recognized a claim under 4

Restatement 2d Torts, Section 876 (1979).” Id. at ¶ 2. Thus, the court

unambiguously concluded that the state of Ohio does not recognize a cause of action

for aiding and abetting a tortious act. Id.; see also Wells Fargo Bank v. Smith, 12th

Dist. Brown No. CA2012-04-006, 2013-Ohio-855, ¶ 36.

Under these circumstances, we find Dontae’s aiding and abetting

claim against Steve was not supported by existing law. A clear reading of DeVries

mandates the conclusion that “no reasonable attorney could have brought the action

in light of the existing law.” In this case, the record of the sanction hearing reflects

that attorney Pina pursued the claim on Dontae’s behalf based on an inaccurate

reading of the current law in Ohio. (Tr. 66.) As discussed further below,

“misinterpreting the state of existing law” is a valid defense against charges of

“willful” violations of Civ.R. 11. However, such negligence is potentially subject to

R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(b) regardless of whether the party or attorney otherwise acted in

good faith. By the plain terms of the statute, conduct which “is not warranted under

existing law” is frivolous unless a finding is also made that the position can “be

supported by a good faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of
existing law.” In this case, attorney Pina conceded at the sanctions hearing that she

did not pursue the claim with a good faith basis to extend, modify, or reverse existing

law:

COUNSEL FOR ATTORNEY PINA: [Defense counsel] pointed out that
aiding and abetting malicious prosecution, there was no law to it and
you testified that you must have misread it?

ATTORNEY PINA: Right.

COUNSEL FOR ATTORNEY PINA: So when you filed your aiding and
abetting of a malicious prosecution claim did you feel that there were
allegations or, rather, factual contentions that had the ability for an
extension or modification of the law?

ATTORNEY PINA: No.

(Tr. 70.)

Accordingly, we find the trial court abused its discretion by

determining that the aiding and abetting malicious prosecution claim was

warranted under existing law. “A cursory review, prior to the filing of the complaint,

would have uncovered the current state of case law relating to these matters.”

Newman v. Weinman, 2012-Ohio-3464, 985 N.E.2d 161, ¶ 39 (8th Dist.). As such,

the pursuit of this unwarranted claim amounted to frivolous conduct within the

meaning of R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii).

Having found the existence of frivolous conduct, we note that

the decision to assess or not to assess a penalty lies within the sound
discretion of the trial court. Sain v. Roo, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 01AP-
360, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 4740 (Oct. 23, 2001), citing Wiltberger v.
Davis, 110 Ohio App.3d 46, 52, 673 N.E.2d 628 (1996). Accordingly, it
is not within this court’s province to decide, in the first instance,
whether sanctions should be imposed.
L&N Partnership v. Lakeside Forest Assn., 183 Ohio App.3d, 2009-Ohio-2987, 916

N.E.2d 500, ¶ 51 (10th Dist.). Therefore, the cause is remanded to the trial court to

determine what amount, if any, of reasonable attorney fees necessitated by the

frivolous conduct is to be awarded to the aggrieved party.

vi. Damages

Finally, appellants argue attorney Pina engaged in frivolous conduct

by filing a civil action that sought damages that were not supported by fact or law.

We find no merit to appellants’ argument.

In this case, the damages requested in this case stemmed from

allegedly tortious conduct that resulted in injury to Dontae and his personal

property. Although Dontae’s deposition testimony focused on the money expended

by others to bail him out of jail following his arrest, the nonfrivolous claims for

defamation, malicious prosecution, civil trespass, and malicious destruction of

property set forth sufficient facts that, if proven successful, may have entitled

Dontae to damages. See R.C. 2315.18 through 2315.21. Dontae’s deposition

testimony did not render these claims frivolous merely because he was unable to

articulate the legal basis supporting the damages requested in the original and

amended complaints.

2. Civ.R. 11

Civ.R. 11, which governs the signing of pleadings, motions, and other

documents, reads, in pertinent part:

The signature of an attorney or pro se party constitutes a certificate by
the attorney or party that the attorney or party has read the document;
 that to the best of the attorney’s or party’s knowledge, information, and
belief there is good ground to support it; and that it is not interposed
for delay. If a document is not signed or is signed with intent to defeat
the purpose of this rule, it may be stricken as sham and false and the
action may proceed as though the document had not been served. For
a willful violation of this rule, an attorney or pro se party, upon motion
of a party or upon the court’s own motion, may be subjected to
appropriate action, including an award to the opposing party of
expenses and reasonable attorney fees incurred in bringing any motion
under this rule. * * *

When a party files a motion for sanctions under Civ.R. 11, the trial

court must determine whether the attorney who signed the document “(1) has read

the pleading, (2) harbors good grounds to support it to the best of his or her

knowledge, information, and belief, and (3) did not file it for the purposes of delay.”

Ceol., 81 Ohio App.3d 286, at 290, 610 N.E.2d 1076 (9th Dist.1992). If the trial court

finds the attorney did not satisfy one of the above requirements, the next inquiry is

whether the violation was willful or simply negligent. Id. Where the attorney’s

actions are willful, the trial court may impose sanctions. Id. The trial court imposes

a subjective “bad faith” standard when determining whether the violation was

willful. Id. at 291. The Ohio Supreme Court has described “bad faith” as

a general and somewhat indefinite term. It has no constricted
meaning. It cannot be defined with exactness. It is not simply bad
judgment. It is not merely negligence. It imports a dishonest purpose
or some moral obliquity. It implies conscious doing of wrong. It means
a breach of a known duty through some motive of interest or ill will. It
partakes of the nature of fraud. * * * It means “with actual intent to
mislead or deceive another.”

Slater v. Motorists Mut. Ins. Co., 174 Ohio St. 148, 151, 187 N.E.2d 45 (1962),

overruled on other grounds, Zoppo v. Homestead Ins. Co., 71 Ohio St.3d 552, 644

N.E.2d 397 (1994).
 The decision to grant or deny sanctions under Civ.R. 11 rests within

the sound discretion of the trial court. Bikkani, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89312,

2008-Ohio-3130, at ¶ 30. Absent an abuse of discretion, a reviewing court will not

reverse a trial court’s decision to grant or deny sanctions. Grimes v. Oviatt, 2019-

Ohio-1365, 135 N.E.3d 378, ¶ 20 (8th Dist.).

As stated, a legal and factual basis existed for Dontae’s claims for

defamation, malicious prosecution, civil trespass, and malicious destruction of

property. While appellants contend that the complaint was filed in an effort to

perpetrate extortion, the record supports attorney Pina’s testimony that she read

each filing submitted on Dontae’s behalf, had sufficient grounds and a good faith

basis to support these claims, and did not file these claims for the purpose of

harassment or delay. To the extent we have determined that attorney Pina did not

harbor good grounds to file the aiding and abetting claim, we are unable to conclude

that attorney Pina’s conduct evidenced a willful or bad-faith violation of Civ.R. 11.

Attorney Pina’s testimony during the sanction hearing and Dontae’s affidavit

attached in support demonstrate that the filing of the claim was predicated on

attorney Pina’s own misinterpretation of the law governing aiding and abetting

tortious conduct in Ohio. At most, the record establishes that attorney Pina acted

negligently — without a dishonest purpose or conscious doing of wrong.

Accordingly, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied

appellants’ motion for sanctions under Civ.R. 11.
 Appellants’ second assignment of error is overruled in part and

sustained in part.

Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part. The matter is remanded

to the trial court to address the frivolous aiding and abetting claim filed against Steve

in the original complaint.

It is ordered that appellants and appellee share the costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the municipal court to carry

this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, PRESIDING JUDGE

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR