FIFTH DIVISION
REESE, P. J.,
MARKLE and COLVIN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
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February 3, 2021
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A20A2080. CLEVELAND v. TEAM RTR2, LLC.
MARKLE, Judge.
This premises liability and negligent employment action arises from the sexual
assault of Nia Cleveland by a massage therapist at a spa owned by Team RTR2, LLC
d/b/a Zen Massage (“Zen Massage”). The trial court granted summary judgment to
Zen Massage, and Cleveland now appeals, arguing that the trial court erred by finding
that the assault was not reasonably foreseeable. Cleveland also challenges the trial
court’s grant of summary judgment as to her derivative claims for punitive damages
and attorney fees, as well as the grant of a protective order to Zen Massage. For the
reasons that follow, we reverse the trial court’s judgment as to the premises liability
claim and the attendant claims for attorney fees and punitive damages; we affirm the
grant of summary judgment on the negligent employment claims; and we vacate the
protective order.
To prevail at summary judgment under OCGA § 9-11-56, the moving
party must demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of material fact
and that the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law. On appeal from
the grant of summary judgment this Court conducts a de novo review of
the evidence to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material
fact and whether the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable
to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law.
(Citation omitted.) Little-Thomas v. Select Specialty Hosp.-Augusta, Inc., 333 Ga.
App. 362, 363 (773 SE2d 480) (2015).
So viewed, the record reflects that, in June 2015, Nia Cleveland went for a
massage at Zen Massage, and Gary Tavares was assigned as her massage therapist.1
At the end of the session, Tavares offered to show Cleveland some stretches, and
while doing so, he inserted his fingers into her vagina multiple times. After Cleveland
left the spa in a state of shock, she called the police, and then reported the assault to
1
Pursuant to OCGA § 9-3-99, the statute of limitations was tolled while
Tavares was awaiting his criminal trial.
2
an employee at Zen Massage, who in turn notified one of the owners, Mary LaBroi.2
The following day, Mary fired Tavares.
Tavares was ultimately arrested for aggravated sexual battery based on
Cleveland’s allegations. Cleveland filed this civil action, asserting claims for
premises liability, negligent employment, punitive damages, and attorney fees
pursuant to OCGA § 13-6-11.3
Discovery revealed that, in 2011 through 2012, there were five separate
instances in which different women were sexually assaulted by another male massage
therapist during their sessions at Zen Massage, and the owners were aware of these
incidents.
During their depositions, two Zen Massage employees testified that they had
concerns about Tavares because he would boast about the way he touched female
clients. Neither employee expressed their concerns to the owners, however. Mary also
confirmed that she had never received any complaints about Tavares. Mary further
testified that Tavares was an independent contractor, and that she screened him as she
2
Mary co-owns the spa with her son, Steven LaBroi.
3
Cleveland also asserted claims for vicarious liability and nuisance, but does
not appeal from the trial court’s order as to those claims.
3
did all applicants for a massage therapist position, ensuring he had a state-issued
license and a county permit, both of which require a background check, and carried
his own liability insurance.
Zen Massage moved for summary judgment, arguing that Cleveland’s claims
were precluded because (1) Tavares was acting beyond the scope of his employment,
and therefore Zen Massage could not be vicariously liable for his actions; and (2)
Cleveland failed to show proximate causation because Tavares’s actions were not
reasonably foreseeable to Zen Massage. The trial court granted summary judgment
to Zen Massage, finding, as is relevant to this appeal, that the premises liability and
negligent employment claims failed because Tavares’s criminal acts were not
reasonably foreseeable, and thus there was no proximate causation linking Zen
Massage to Cleveland’s injury. This appeal followed.
1. Cleveland first argues that the trial court erred by granting summary
judgment to Zen Massage on its premises liability claim because a sexual assault of
a spa customer by a massage therapist was reasonably foreseeable. Given the
evidence before the trial court, we must agree.
In Georgia, a proprietor owes its invitees a duty “to exercise ordinary care in
keeping the premises and approaches safe.” OCGA 51-3-1. Although a proprietor is
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not charged with insuring its customers’ safety, it “is bound to exercise ordinary care
to protect its invitees from unreasonable risks of which it has superior knowledge.”
Fair v. CV Underground, LLC, 340 Ga. App. 790, 792 (1) (798 SE2d 358) (2017).
Typically, a proprietor is insulated from liability for third-party criminal acts
unless the act was reasonably foreseeable. Fair, 340 Ga. App. at 792 (1); see also
Days Inns of America, Inc. v. Matt, 265 Ga. 235 (454 SE2d 507) (1995) (“Simply put,
without foreseeability that a criminal act will occur, no duty on the part of the
proprietor to exercise ordinary care to prevent that act arises.”). As our Supreme
Court has explained,
if the proprietor has reason to anticipate a criminal act, he or she then
has a duty to exercise ordinary care to guard against injury from
dangerous characters. Accordingly, the incident causing the injury must
be substantially similar in type to the previous criminal activities
occurring on or near the premises so that a reasonable person would take
ordinary precautions to protect his or her customers or tenants against
the risk posed by that type of activity. In determining whether previous
criminal acts are substantially similar to the occurrence causing harm,
thereby establishing the foreseeability of risk, the court must inquire into
the location, nature and extent of the prior criminal activities and their
likeness, proximity or other relationship to the crime in question. While
the prior criminal activity must be substantially similar to the particular
crime in question, that does not mean identical. What is required is that
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the prior incident be sufficient to attract the [proprietor’s] attention to
the dangerous condition which resulted in the litigated incident. Further,
the question of reasonable foreseeability of a criminal attack is generally
for a jury’s determination rather than summary adjudication by the
courts.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Sturbridge Partners, Ltd. v. Walker, 267 Ga.
785, 786 (482 SE2d 339) (1997). In sum, Cleveland must show that Tavares’s assault
on her was substantially similar to the prior criminal acts, thus establishing its
foreseeability; and that the owners had superior knowledge of the risk of harm she
encountered.
(a) Foreseeability
Here, the record reveals that, within the previous four years, there had been five
incidents involving a sexual assault or inappropriate touching by a male massage
therapist against a female client during sessions at Zen Massage. One of the victims
alleged that the therapist penetrated her vagina with his fingers– exactly the same act
at issue here. Even though they did not involve Tavares, these prior acts were
substantially similar in location, nature and extent as the assault on Cleveland.
Sturbridge Partners, Ltd., 267 Ga. at 786; see Little-Thomas, 333 Ga. App. at 368 (3)
(finding five reports of sexual assaults of female patients in their hospital rooms by
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different male employees substantially similar to the harm suffered by the plaintiff).
Therefore, there is sufficient evidence to show that the assault on Cleveland was
reasonably foreseeable.4 Sturbridge Partners, Ltd., 267 Ga. at 786 (substantial
similarity of the prior acts to the present harm establishes reasonably foreseeability);
Med. Center Hosp. Auth. v. Cavender, 331 Ga. App. 469, 473 (1) (771 SE2d 153)
(2015) (“Foreseeable consequences are . . . those which, because they happen so
frequently, may be expected to happen again.”) (citations omitted).
(b) Superior knowledge
“But even if an intervening criminal act may have been reasonably foreseeable,
the true ground of liability is the superior knowledge of the proprietor of the existence
of a condition that may subject the invitee to an unreasonable risk of harm.”
(Citations and emphasis omitted.) Fair, 340 Ga. App. at 792 (1); Camelot Club
Condo. Assn., Inc. v. Afari-Opoku, 340 Ga. App. 618, 622 (1) (a) (ii) (798 SE2d 241)
(2017). Here, the owners’ superior knowledge is indisputable. During their
depositions, both owners confirmed that they knew about the similar incidents at their
4
Cleveland asserts additional grounds to show reasonable foreseeability,
including the owners’ acknowledgment of a heightened risk of sexual assaults in the
industry, and their purported awareness of other employees’ concerns about Tavares’s
behavior. In light of the above, we need not consider these grounds.
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spa prior to Cleveland’s assault. See Rautenberg v. Pope, 351 Ga. App. 503, 506 (1)
(831 SE2d 209) (2019) (owners admitted to knowledge of similar criminal acts on
premises). Moreover, nothing in the record shows that Cleveland knew of any such
risk. See Camelot Club Condo. Assn., Inc., 340 Ga. App. at 622 (1) (a) (ii) (no
evidence that plaintiff knew of any criminal activity on the premises). As such, there
is ample evidence of Zen Massage’s superior knowledge of the risk of harm. The trial
court thus erred by granting summary judgment to Zen Massage on Cleveland’s
premises liability claim, and we reverse.5
5
Relying on OCGA § 51-2-4, Zen Massage argues that it cannot be held liable
for Tavares’s acts because he was an independent contractor. This argument is
misguided because Cleveland’s claims on appeal are not founded on vicarious
liability, but rather on Zen Massage’s own conduct in failing to protect her from harm
while on its premises. Therefore, Tavares’s status as an independent contractor has
no bearing on its potential liability. See England v. Beers Constr. Co., 224 Ga. App.
44, 47 (2) (479 SE2d 420) (1996) (“OCGA §§ 51-2-4 and 51-2-5 limit an employer’s
vicarious liability only, and do not apply to a claim arising from the employer’s own
conduct.”); see also Hickman v. Allen, 217 Ga. App. 701, 702 (458 SE2d 883) (1995)
(landlord was subject to liability for independent contractor’s torts because OCGA
§ 51-3-1 imposes a nondelegable duty to exercise ordinary care to keep premises safe
for invitees).
Nor are we persuaded by Zen Massage’s reliance on Goldstein, Garber &
Salama, LLC v. J. B., 300 Ga. 840 (797 SE2d 87) (2017), and Tomsic v. Marriott Intl.,
Inc., 321 Ga. App. 374 (739 SE2d 521) (2013). Goldstein is distinguishable from the
case at hand because it did not involve previous similar crimes on the premises. And,
because Tomsic is physical precedent only, it is not binding on our decision here. See
Court of Appeals Rule 33.2 (a) (2). Even so, Tomsic is distinguishable because, in
finding that there was no causal link between the hotel’s conduct and the plaintiff’s
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2. Cleveland next contends the trial court erred by granting summary judgment
to Zen Massage on her claims for negligent hiring and retention because it was
reasonably foreseeable that Tavares would sexually assault customers. We discern no
error.
Pursuant to OCGA § 34-7-20, an “employer is bound to exercise ordinary care
in the selection of employees and not to retain them after knowledge of
incompetency[.]” In other words, an employer may be liable for negligently hiring or
retaining an employee “only where there is sufficient evidence to establish that the
employer reasonably knew or should have known of an employee’s ‘tendencies’ to
engage in certain behavior relevant to the injuries allegedly incurred by the plaintiff.”
injury, we focused on the specific allegations of the hotel’s breach of duty. 321 Ga.
App. at 384-385 (3) (b). There, the premises liability claims were based solely on the
hotel’s alleged failure to investigate the offending employee’s background and to
warn of such. Id. at 384 (3) (b). Notably, these allegations were also the basis of the
negligent employment claims. Id. And we found that the evidence was insufficient
to establish that the hotel had the requisite knowledge of the offending employee’s
propensities to commit bad acts. Id. at 380 (3) (a). Here, however, Cleveland
specifically alleged that Zen Massage breached its duty of ordinary care by failing to
properly maintain its premises, including inspecting and patrolling it, and to properly
supervise the treatments occurring therein. As we have explained, “issues such as
how closely a particular proprietor should monitor its premises . . . , what proprietors
should know about the property’s condition or staff’s conduct at any given time, are
questions that, in general, must be answered by juries as a matter of fact rather than
by judges as a matter of law.” (Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied.)
Little-Thomas, 333 Ga. App. at 367 (3).
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Munroe v. Universal Health Servs., Inc., 277 Ga. 861, 863 (1) (596 SE2d 604)
(2004). Whereas a claim for premises liability rests on an owner’s superior
knowledge of the probable occurrence of the criminal act (or hazard) at issue,
negligent employment claims hinge on an employer’s knowledge of a specific
employee’s propensity to cause the type of harm suffered by the plaintiff. Id.; Little-
Thomas, 333 Ga. App. at 363 (1), (2).
(a) Negligent hiring
“An employer breaches its duty of care by hiring an employee who is not
accustomed to act with due care. The causation element requires showing that, given
the employee’s dangerous propensities, the victim’s injuries should have been
foreseen as the natural and probable consequence of hiring the employee.” (Citations
and punctuation omitted.) TGM Ashley Lakes, Inc. v. Jennings, 264 Ga. App. 456,
459 (1) (a) (590 SE2d 807) (2003).
Here, the record is devoid of any evidence that establishes that Zen Massage
knew or should have known of Tavares’s dangerous propensities. Tavares received
his massage therapist license two years prior to the incident at issue, and was required
to pass a criminal background check as part of the licensing and permitting process.
The owners relied on these background checks, and required Tavares to perform a
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practical massage prior to hiring him. Cleveland points to no evidence that the owners
were required to carry out a more extensive vetting process when they hired him, or
that they would have found any cautionary information had they done so. See Little-
Thomas, 333 Ga. App. at 365 (1) (no evidence to show that employer would have
discovered employee’s propensities to inflict the harm suffered by plaintiff had it
performed a more rigorous pre-hiring investigation); compare TGM Ashley Lakes,
Inc., 264 Ga. App. at 459 (1) (a) (question of fact whether employer should have
inquired into errant employee’s criminal background where manager knew of his
previous incarceration). Notably, Tavares received no public reprimands against his
license prior to his employment at Zen Massage. Because the evidence was “plain and
palpable” that Zen Massage’s hiring practices were reasonable, the trial court did not
err in granting summary judgment to it on the negligent hiring claim. Little-Thomas,
333 Ga. App. at 365 (1).
(b) Negligent retention
Similarly, Cleveland’s negligent retention claim fails because the evidence of
record is insufficient to show that Zen Massage had the requisite knowledge of
Tavares’s dangerous propensities after he was hired. Cleveland points to the
deposition testimony of Tavares’s coworkers in which they expressed their
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discomfort due to his “weird,” “cocky” demeanor and his boasts about the manner in
which he touched his female clients. However, Tavares never admitted to his
coworkers that he inappropriately touched his clients; rather, he gave the
“impression” that he did so by his gestures mimicking his technique. Notably, the
coworkers discussed their concerns only amongst themselves, and never informed the
owners. Moreover, there is no evidence that any customer complained about Tavares
prior to the incident at issue here. As such, there is no basis to support Cleveland’s
contention that Zen Massage knew or should have known of Tavares’s dangerous
propensities. Compare Harper v. City of East Point, 237 Ga. App. 375, 377 (2) (515
SE2d 623) (1999) (trial court erred by granting summary judgment to the city because
prior reports of police officer’s increasingly deviant behavior raised a question of fact
as to its constructive knowledge of his propensities to commit bad acts), disapproved
of on other grounds by Munroe, 277 Ga. at 864 (1).
Nonetheless, Cleveland contends that the employees’ concerns about Tavares’s
dangerous propensities are imputed to Zen Massage under an agency theory. For this
proposition, Cleveland relies primarily on Millan v. Residence Inn By Marriott, Inc.,
226 Ga. App. 826 (487 SE2d 431) (1997). But, in that case, we found that there was
a question of fact as to whether the hotel had notice of its employee’s deviant
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behavior where his coworkers received complaints from guests about him, and one
coworker had even been assaulted herself by him. Id. These facts are distinct from the
case at hand. Although the employees in Millan witnessed or suffered the
inappropriate behavior, Tavares’s coworkers only had “concerns” and “impressions”
about him. Simply put: hunches, impressions, and innuendo are insufficient to raise
a question of fact as to Zen Massage’s constructive knowledge of Tavares’s
dangerous propensities. Compare id.; see St. Jude’s Recovery Center, Inc. v. Vaughn,
354 Ga. App. 593, 595-596 (2) (841 SE2d 108) (2020) (evidence insufficient to raise
question of fact as to reasonable foreseeability of the rape of the facility’s resident
where other female residents only encountered catcalls and verbal harrassment from
third parties outside the facility, and generally felt it unsafe to walk outside after
dark).
Accordingly, the trial court properly granted summary judgment to Zen
Massage on Cleveland’s negligent employment claims, and we affirm.
3. In light of our decision in Division 1 that the premises liability claim
survives summary judgment, we agree with Cleveland that her claims for punitive
damages and attorney fees also survive. See Stephen A. Wheat Trust v. Sparks, 325
Ga. App. 673, 682 (7) (754 SE2d 640) (2014) (derivative claims for punitive damages
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and attorney fees survive summary judgment where underlying tort survived).
Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on these claims.
4. Finally, Cleveland challenges the trial court’s grant of a protective order
regarding certain depositions that were noticed for times when counsel for Zen
Massage were unavailable. Zen Massage does not respond to this argument. Because
the trial court’s decision was based on its award of summary judgment as to all
claims, in light of our ruling with regard to the premises liability claim and its
derivative claims, we vacate the grant of the protective order.
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and vacated in part. Reese, P. J.,
and Colvin, J., concur.
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