United States v. Telly Byrd

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 21a0082n.06

No. 19-5890

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED
Feb 09, 2021
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
)
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v. )
THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
)
KENTUCKY
TELLY TERRELL BYRD, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. OPINION
)

BEFORE: SILER, WHITE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Telly Terrell Byrd pleaded guilty to a charge of

aiding and abetting a bank robbery in 2011 and was sentenced to 57 months’ incarceration

followed by two years’ supervised release. United States v. Byrd, 689 F.3d 636, 638–39 (6th Cir.

2012). Near the end of his supervised release term, the probation office asked the district court to

revoke it after Byrd was convicted of two misdemeanors. The district court revoked Byrd’s

supervised release and imposed the statutory maximum of two years’ incarceration (with no

additional supervised release), doubling the high end of Byrd’s Guidelines range. During the

revocation hearing, the district court mainly, if not exclusively, discussed its view of Byrd’s

conduct underlying his misdemeanor convictions when explaining the upward departure.

Byrd now appeals both the procedural and substantive reasonableness of his sentence for

violation of supervised release on the grounds that the district court did not consider the relevant

factors delineated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and assigned unreasonable weight to the conduct
No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

underlying his misdemeanor convictions, rendering the sentence greater than necessary to comply

with § 3553(a)’s purposes. We VACATE the district court’s order revoking Byrd’s supervised

release and REMAND for resentencing.

I. BACKGROUND

On June 20, 2011, Byrd pleaded guilty to a charge of aiding and abetting bank robbery in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 2113(a). Byrd, 689 F.3d at 638. He was convicted of two

misdemeanor counts in state court stemming from his role as the driver in an armed robbery; the

factual basis for his Alford plea stated that his accomplices had entered a business and shot

someone inside. The district court sentenced him to 57 months’ incarceration, at the low end of

his Guidelines range, followed by two years of supervised release. He appealed, and we affirmed

his sentence. Id. Byrd was released from custody on May 13, 2015.

On April 28, 2017, Byrd’s federal probation officer, Todd Mousty, filed a petition for

summons on probation and supervised release. The petition declared that on June 29, 2016, while

Byrd was on federal supervised release, he had been indicted in state court on two counts of

attempted murder and two counts of complicity to first degree assault, all felonies. It stated that

Byrd had posted bond on February 8, 2017 and had been confined to his home since then. The

petition also noted that Byrd had failed to report or respond to voicemails and text messages from

the probation officer.

The district court held a revocation hearing on July 25, 2019. Neither Byrd nor the

Government submitted written briefing prior to the hearing, and the district court did not request

any. At the hearing, Byrd and his counsel explained that he had been convicted in state court of

two counts of second-degree wanton endangerment—a misdemeanor—after entering an Alford

plea on June 19, 2019. He had served over seven months in jail (explaining his failure to report)

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

and had been confined to his home for a year, with neither term credited to his misdemeanor

sentence.

The district court then stated:

I mean, it sounds very benign to say Alford plea to a misdemeanor offense,
but if what Mr. Byrd did was drop three people off at a business and the three people
that he dropped off went in and shot a man seven times, that doesn’t sound like a
benign incident. It doesn’t sound like somebody maybe swerved their car, you
know, in a crowded intersection. It really sounds like something that’s much more
consistent with the bank robbery by force or violence, which was the initial charge.

Next, the Government called Mousty as a witness, and he testified that the original state-

court indictment charged Byrd with causing “serious physical injury” to a worker. Mousty also

said that police told him that the worker had been shot seven times and that someone else had been

shot as well. The Government read the factual basis for Byrd’s Alford plea into the record. It

stated that on January 11, 2016, Byrd had driven three people to a business in Louisville, which

they entered, fired shots in an open area with workers present, and then left in Byrd’s car. Byrd

later argued that the offense of which he was actually convicted did not involve intentional

conduct. Byrd further contended that the state-court parties were best situated, with all of the facts

before them, to determine an appropriate sentence: the state-court prosecutor believed the

misdemeanor was an appropriate resolution given Byrd’s conduct, and the state-court judge

accepted the plea.

After Byrd did not object to the Guidelines calculation, the Government requested a

sentence at the top of Byrd’s Guidelines range of six to twelve months’ incarceration. Byrd, in

turn, requested that his time on home confinement be credited toward any sentence for violation

of supervised release. The district court stated that it “could impose an additional period of

supervision” to any incarceration.

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

The district court decided to impose the statutory maximum of 24 months’ incarceration.

See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3). It explained its reasoning as follows:

Well, here’s my thought process: [a]nd that is that it’s not this court’s job,
as [defense counsel] put it, to enforce the wanton endangerment charge, the state
charge, but it is this court’s job to enforce the conditions of supervised release.

Mr. Byrd served time for a violent offense of bank robbery. And then while
he was on federal release, supervised release, as I understand it, he has admitted,
he pled guilty to driving these individuals to a place of business. They got out of
his car. They went inside and shot somebody seven times. They came back out
and got in his car and he drove away. That to me is outrageous. It really is.

And I understand the guideline range is six to 12 months, but I believe the
appropriate thing in this instance is to sentence Mr. Byrd to the maximum sentence
that I’m able to do and that’s what I’m going to do. I’m going to sentence him to
two years in prison.

I think this is an outrageous amount of conduct to be engaged in by someone
who is supposed to be reporting and complying with the conditions of supervision
that were handed down by [the previously assigned judge] in this case. And it
sounds to me like Mr. Byrd just completely flouted that. He acted as though he
were under no restriction, not only from the federal courts, but society at large.
And, again, this is the most outrageous behavior I’ve seen from any defendant that
has been on federal supervision. And I think the facts of this case do warrant the
maximum sentence, and that’s what I’m going to impose.

The district court did not subsequently ask the Government or Byrd if either had any additional

objections to the sentence. On July 29, 2019, the district court issued a one-page order which

stated that it had “considered the advisory guidelines and 18 U.S.C. [§] 3553(a)” and “believe[d]

the sentence imposed to be sufficient, but not greater than necessary[,] to comply with the purposes

set forth in Section 3553(a)(2).” Byrd timely appealed the district court’s order revoking his

supervised release and sentencing him to 24 months’ incarceration.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

When the district court “did not clearly ask whether either of the parties had any additional

objections at the end of the sentencing hearing,” we review unpreserved objections to the order

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

revoking supervised release for an abuse of discretion rather than for the usual plain error. United

States v. Batti, 631 F.3d 371, 379 n.2 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing United States v. Bostic, 371 F.3d 865

(6th Cir. 2004)). Generally, review of a sentence imposed following revocation of supervised

release applies the same standard as review of a sentence imposed following conviction. United

States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 578 (6th Cir. 2007). We “look[] to the entire context and record”

when reviewing a district court’s sentencing determination. United States v. Madden, 515 F.3d

601, 612 (6th Cir. 2008).

In the sentencing context, the abuse of discretion inquiry asks whether the sentence is

reasonable. United States v. Walters, 775 F.3d 778, 781 (6th Cir. 2015). “Sentences must be both

procedurally and substantively reasonable.” Id.; see generally Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38,

51 (2007). Sentences within the Guidelines range, including those imposed after revocation of

supervised release, are presumed to be reasonable. United States v. Melton, 782 F.3d 306, 313

(6th Cir. 2015); see also Chavez-Meza v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1959, 1964 (2018) (“When a

judge applies a sentence within the Guidelines range, he or she often does not need to provide a

lengthy explanation.”). But sentences outside the Guidelines range are not presumed to be

reasonable, United States v. Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 582 (6th Cir. 2009), though they are

also not presumed to be unreasonable, United States v. Johnson, 640 F.3d 195, 202 (6th Cir. 2011).

B. Procedural Reasonableness

Procedural reasonableness review involves three steps. Bolds, 511 F.3d at 579. “First, we

must ensure that the district court ‘correctly calculat[ed] the applicable Guidelines range,’” the

“‘starting point and initial benchmark’ of its sentencing analysis.” Id. (alteration in original)

(quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 49). “[O]ur second task is to ensure that the district judge gave ‘both

parties the opportunity to argue for whatever sentence they deem appropriate’ and then ‘considered

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

all of the § 3553(a) factors to determine whether they support the sentence requested by [each]

party.’” Id. at 579–80 (second alteration in original) (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 49–50). “[O]ur

final task is to ensure that the district court has ‘adequately explain[ed] the chosen sentence to

allow for meaningful appellate review and to promote the perception of fair sentencing.’” Id. at

580 (second alteration in original) (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 50). Overall, for a sentence to be

procedurally reasonable, the district court must not have committed any “significant procedural

error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the

Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors,1 selecting a sentence based on

clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence—including an

explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51.

Only the third step is at issue in this case. Byrd argues that the district court failed to

adequately explain its chosen sentence. The general rule is that the district court “must adequately

explain the chosen sentence to allow for meaningful appellate review and to promote the

perception of fair sentencing.” Id. at 50. This involves considering the § 3553(a) factors. “Explicit

reference to the § 3553(a) factors is perhaps the easiest way for the district court to demonstrate

that it has considered the factors, but such recitation is not required by statute or by this circuit’s

opinions.” United States v. Smith, 505 F.3d 463, 468 (6th Cir. 2007). Still, “there must be . . .

sufficient evidence in the record to affirmatively demonstrate the court’s consideration” of the

1
The § 3553(a) factors relevant here are: (1) “the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
characteristics of the defendant”; (2) “the need for the sentence imposed . . . to reflect the seriousness of the offense,
to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense[,] . . . to afford adequate deterrence to
criminal conduct[,] . . . to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant[,] and to provide the defendant with
needed educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most effective manner”;
(3) “the kinds of sentences available”; (4) “the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established for[,] in the case
of a violation of probation or supervised release, the applicable guidelines or policy statements issued by the
Sentencing Commission”; (5) “any pertinent policy statement . . . issued by the Sentencing Commission”; and (6) “the
need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of
similar conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

§ 3553(a) factors, even though it “need not explicitly reference each of [them].” United States v.

McBride, 434 F.3d 470, 475 n.3 (6th Cir. 2006). But if the district court does not explicitly mention

them, and there is no “evidence in the record demonstrating that they were thoroughly considered,”

then we will find “a procedurally unreasonable sentencing determination requiring us to vacate

and remand for resentencing.” Id. Even though “something less than a factor-by-factor recitation

is acceptable,” “something more than a simple and conclusory judicial assertion that the court has

considered [the factors] is essential.” United States v. Ferguson, 518 F. App’x 458, 467 (6th Cir.

2013); see also, e.g., United States v. Blackie, 548 F.3d 395, 401 (6th Cir. 2008). Ultimately, a

“sentence is procedurally unreasonable, inter alia, where the sentencing judge ‘simply selects what

the judge deems an appropriate sentence without . . . consideration’ of the § 3553(a) factors.”

Ferguson, 518 F. App’x at 463 (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d

373, 383 (6th Cir. 2005)).

Byrd argues that “the only factor the district court considered was [his] state court

conviction—more specifically—the conduct of other persons in that case.” The Government

responds that the district court “considered,” indirectly or “implicitly,” a number of other

sentencing factors: “the kinds of sentences available,” by briefly noting it could impose additional

supervised release if Byrd were given credit for time served; “the need to avoid unwarranted

sentencing disparities among defendants” and “the nature and circumstances of the offense and

[Byrd’s] history and characteristics,” by discussing the conduct underlying Byrd’s misdemeanor

conviction and its perceived severity; and the Sentencing Commission’s relevant policy statement,

by stating that the court’s job was to enforce the supervised release conditions rather than sentence

for Byrd’s misdemeanor.

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

While the district court need not list each § 3553(a) factor by name, it must illustrate

somehow that it did in fact consider each of the factors, offering something more than a

“conclusory judicial assertion” as proof. Ferguson, 518 F. App’x at 467. Our job is to review

what the district court did and why. The district court’s job is, in part, to show its work. If this

court is left to divine or extrapolate the district court’s reasoning after the fact, the district court

has not done its job of imposing a procedurally reasonable sentence. See generally McBride, 434

F.3d at 476 n.3 (“To the extent that the court hides its reasoning or requires us to ponder and

speculate, the more likely we are to find procedural unreasonableness in the court’s sentencing

determination.”); United States v. Chiolo, 643 F.3d 177, 185 (6th Cir. 2011) (“[W]henever a

district court requires us to infer its bases for rejecting [sentencing] arguments, the district court

greatly increases the risk of a remand.”).

Here, “the district court never verbalized which of [the § 3553(a)] factors were particularly

important to the circumstances of this case or how it selected the sentence in light of these factors”

besides a brief mention of § 3553(a)(2) in its written order. United States v. Penson, 526 F.3d 331,

338 (6th Cir. 2008). The Government argues that the district court’s brief explanation of its

“thought process” indirectly or implicitly considered the sentencing factors. But even if we

assumed the Government’s inferences, the court’s statements evinced consideration of at most

(1) the circumstances of Byrd’s offense of conviction and his history and characteristics; (2) the

need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to provide just punishment for it, and perhaps to deter

Byrd further from criminal conduct or to protect the public from him; and (3) the kinds of sentences

available. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). And its discussion of factors (1) and (2) focused nearly

exclusively on Byrd’s violation conduct rather than Byrd’s offense of conviction, militating against

the conclusion that the district court properly considered those factors. See Johnson, 640 F.3d at

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

203. The Government contends that the district court “implicitly considered” the relevant policy

statement by briefly mentioning a topic discussed in the introductory commentary to that policy

statement; but, as Byrd points out, the only way to know for sure that the district court actually

considered the policy statement is for it to say so.2

When finding sentences procedurally reasonable, we regularly highlight the sentencing

court’s explicit discussion of multiple sentencing factors, readily apparent from the record. See,

e.g., id. at 207–08; Bolds, 511 F.3d at 582; United States v. Donlow, 807 F. App’x 424, 426–27

(6th Cir. 2020); United States v. Kroffke, 776 F. App’x 304, 308–09 (6th Cir. 2019). In United

States v. Whitely, 356 F. App’x 839 (6th Cir. 2009), which the Government cites, we found a

sentence imposed after revocation of supervised release procedurally reasonable chiefly because

of the district court’s consideration of the similarity between the offense conduct and the violation

conduct, which the district court considered here. Id. at 845. But in Whitely, we emphasized the

district court’s discussion of other factors and stressed the key fact that the sentence was within

the Guidelines range and thus already presumed reasonable. Id. That is a meaningfully different

scenario than the one this case presents.

The clearest and simplest way to explain a sentencing decision is to discuss, at appropriate

length, the application of each § 3553(a) factor to the facts of the case at hand. Smith, 505 F.3d at

468. Because the decision to revoke supervised release is complex and multifaceted, the process

of arriving at that decision should be reasoned and sufficiently transparent for the defendant to

understand and this court to evaluate. District courts have the discretion to explain their decisions

2
We note that in an unpublished decision, we previously stated—without citation or analysis—that in general, “we
can presume that the court considered the relevant policy statements for supervised-release violations” in the absence
of explicit record evidence. United States v. Jackson, 541 F. App’x 668, 669 (6th Cir. 2013). Dictum in an
unpublished decision has no binding authority. If the court indeed considered the relevant policy statements, as
statutorily required, it should make that clear.

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

in a different way (i.e., without listing each factor), but that choice does not circumvent the core

responsibility to put ample “evidence in the record demonstrating that [the factors] were

thoroughly considered.” McBride, 434 F.3d at 475 n.3. “[S]omething more than a simple and

conclusory judicial assertion that the court has considered [the factors] is essential,” Ferguson,

518 F. App’x at 467, as is a record that reflects consideration of any and all “particular[,

nonfrivolous]” arguments for a lower sentence, United States v. Wallace, 597 F.3d 794, 803 (6th

Cir. 2010) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Gapinski, 561 F.3d 467, 474 (6th Cir.

2009)). Whatever the court relies upon as its justification, it must clearly articulate. That

obligation is no less mandatory for being “modest.” Ferguson, 518 F. App’x at 470.

A review of the hearing transcript and subsequent written order shows that the district court

failed to offer this court sufficient explanation to enable meaningful appellate review. See United

States v. Thomas, 498 F.3d 336, 341 (6th Cir. 2007). Nor was its explanation adequate “to promote

the perception of fair sentencing.” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 580 (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 50). The

district court therefore abused its discretion by determining Byrd’s sentence in a procedurally

unreasonable manner.

C. Substantive Reasonableness

The district court was obligated to impose not only a procedurally reasonable sentence, but

a substantively reasonable one as well. “Substantive unreasonableness is an argument about the

length of the sentence.” United States v. Fievet, 808 F. App’x 358, 364 (6th Cir. 2020). If the

district court “‘placed too much weight on some of the § 3553(a) factors and too little on others,’

the sentence is substantively unreasonable regardless of whether the court checked every

procedural box before imposing [the] sentence.” United States v. Boucher, 937 F.3d 702, 707 (6th

Cir. 2019) (quoting United States v. Parrish, 915 F.3d 1043, 1047 (6th Cir. 2019)), cert. denied,

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

140 S. Ct. 2668 (2020). “The point is not that the district court failed to consider a factor or

considered an inappropriate factor; that’s the job of procedural unreasonableness.” United States

v. Rayyan, 885 F.3d 436, 442 (6th Cir. 2018).

We have noted that weighing the § 3553(a) factors “is a matter of reasoned discretion, not

math.” Id. (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at 51). But even though our review is “highly deferential,” id.,

we again do not accord sentences outside the Guidelines range a presumption of reasonableness,

Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d at 582. District courts cannot just “pick any sentence within the

applicable statutory sentencing range that strikes their fancy.” United States v. Warren, 771 F.

App’x 637, 642 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting United States v. Poynter, 495 F.3d 349, 352 (6th Cir.

2007)). In fact, the greater the “degree of variance from the [Guidelines] range,” “the more

compelling the justification based on the § 3553(a) factors must be.” Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d

at 582 (quoting United States v. McMannus, 436 F.3d 871, 874 (8th Cir. 2006)); see also Gall, 552

U.S. at 50 (“We find it uncontroversial that a major departure should be supported by a more

significant justification than a minor one.”).

Byrd contends that his sentence is substantively unreasonable because the district court did

not consider the relevant § 3553(a) factors (effectively the same argument as his procedural

unreasonableness claim), assigned excessive weight to the misdemeanor conviction, and imposed

a sentence greater than necessary to comply with § 3553(a)’s purposes. The Government responds

that the district court’s isolated statement that it was not the “court’s job . . . to enforce the wanton

endangerment charge, the state charge” shows that the court acted consistently with the imperative

to sanction Byrd’s breach of trust (the new law violation while on supervised release) instead of

the new law violation itself.

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

Again, a review of the record shows that the only factors the district court weighed in

sentencing Byrd were its view of the conduct underlying his state misdemeanor conviction and its

comparison, in light of that conduct, of Byrd to other people on supervised release. True,

“provided the district court has examined all the § 3553(a) factors, it may place greater weight on

a particular factor if such weight is warranted under the facts of the case.” United States v. Sims,

800 F. App’x 383, 386 (6th Cir. 2020); see also United States v. Bridgewater, 479 F.3d 439, 442

(6th Cir. 2007) (“Not all [factors] are important in every sentencing; often one or two prevail,

while others pale.”). But the district court did the latter without the former here.

A threshold concern is that the district court’s statements support the conclusion that it was

effectively imposing a punishment for Byrd’s violation conduct instead of sanctioning the breach

of trust of the supervised release. Only the latter is permissible. Johnson, 640 F.3d at 203. When

§ 3553(a) speaks of “the nature and circumstances of the offense,” it refers to the offense of

conviction, rather than the violation conduct. Id.; see also Johnson v. United States, 529 U.S. 694,

701 (2000) (holding that “postrevocation penalties relate to the original offense”). “[C]onstruing

revocation and reimprisonment as punishment for the violation of the conditions of supervised

release” would raise “serious constitutional questions,” including double jeopardy concerns.

Johnson, 529 U.S. at 700–01. As we have noted, the Guidelines “confirm this view” by

characterizing violations as “breach[es] of trust” as opposed to “punishment . . . for new criminal

conduct.” Johnson, 640 F.3d at 203; USSG Ch. 7, Pt. A, § 3(b), intro. comment. Adopting the

latter approach “would have the revocation court substantially duplicate the sanctioning role of the

court with jurisdiction over a defendant’s new criminal conduct.” USSG Ch. 7, Pt. A, § 3(b), intro.

comment.

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

Here, the state court—the court with jurisdiction over Byrd’s new criminal conduct—had

convicted and sentenced Byrd. Byrd served time for that conduct. At Byrd’s subsequent

revocation hearing, the district court remarked upon that conduct at length, highlighting “the most

outrageous behavior I’ve seen from any defendant that has been on federal supervision.”

In Johnson, the court held that the district court had in fact “considered Johnson’s violation

conduct to be a very serious breach of the trust embodied by the original sentence.” 640 F.3d at

204. The Government asserts that the same is true here. But in Johnson, the measure of the

severity of the breach of trust was not only the nature of the defendant’s violation conduct, or even

offense conduct, but primarily the fact that the trust stemmed from the leniency of his original

sentence. Id. Here, we are not presented with a situation in which the district court took into

account a “lenient initial sentence for [the defendant’s] initial conviction,” which may support a

finding of substantive reasonableness when the “relevant policy statement endorse[s] departing

upward upon revocation in light of the downward departure applied to his original sentence.” Id.

at 209; see USSG § 7B1.4, p.s., comment. (n.4). Instead, Byrd was originally sentenced to the low

end of his Guidelines range. Byrd, 689 F.3d at 639.

Even assuming the district court was sanctioning the breach of trust rather than the

violation conduct, the question of whether it improperly weighed the § 3553(a) factors remains.

Our recent decision in Warren, 771 F. App’x at 637, is instructive on this issue. There, the district

court imposed the statutory maximum sentence, “roughly doubling” the high end of the Guidelines

range. Id. at 643. “[T]he district court engaged in a thorough discussion” of multiple § 3553(a)

factors and noted the large disparity the statutory maximum produced, but “the only reason the

court gave for that disparity was [the defendant’s] criminal record.” Id. at 641. We held that

“because the Guidelines already account for a defendant’s criminal history, imposing an extreme

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variance based on that same criminal history is inconsistent with ‘the need to avoid unwarranted

sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar

conduct,’” rendering the sentence substantively unreasonable. Id. at 642 (quoting 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a)(6)) (citing United States v. Bistline, 665 F.3d 758, 767 (6th Cir. 2012); United States v.

Borho, 485 F.3d 904, 912–13 (6th Cir. 2007)); see also Boucher, 937 F.3d at 708 (citing Warren,

771 F. App’x at 641). When we have distinguished Warren, we have pointed to fuller explanations

and smaller variances to justify substantive reasonableness findings. See Sims, 800 F. App’x at

386–87; United States v. McBee, 812 F. App’x 318, 323 (6th Cir. 2020). The differences we have

previously found salient emphasize the similarity of this case to Warren, counseling a similar

outcome.

Indeed, Byrd’s case presents nearly the same problem as Warren’s, substituting seriousness

of the offense3 (or severity of breach of trust) for criminal history. In both cases, the district court

imposed the statutory maximum over Guidelines that already took seriousness of the offense and

criminal history into account. See USSG § 7B1.4(a), p.s. (incorporating grade of supervised

release violation and criminal history into imprisonment ranges). In both cases, the district court

approximately doubled the high end of the Guidelines range, requiring especially compelling

reasoning. And in both cases, the district court conflated another sentencing factor—in Warren,

criminal history; here, seriousness of the offense—with the need to avoid disparities, pointing to

the former as justifying the disparity. In Warren, these facts made the sentence substantively

unreasonable absent highly compelling justification; so too, here.

3
Byrd and the Government dispute the extent to which the district court could permissibly rely on its view of the
conduct underlying Byrd’s misdemeanor conviction, drawing on Mousty’s testimony. The Government has the better
of this argument: “‘revocation hearings are more flexible’ than criminal trials,” and district courts may consider both
“reasonably reliable” hearsay and acquitted conduct. United States v. Thompson, 314 F. App’x 797, 799 (6th Cir.
2008) (quoting United States v. Stephenson, 928 F.3d 728, 732 (6th Cir. 1991)). Byrd also does not clearly dispute
the version of events the district court described.

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

In the Government’s telling, though, this calculus is valid. It refers to United States v.

Flores, 506 F. App’x 468, 470 (6th Cir. 2012) (per curiam), for the proposition that the seriousness

of a new law violation alone can justify an upward variance. This is true: it can serve as the

“specific reason” needed to vary upwards. Johnson, 640 F.3d at 205–206; see also 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(c)(2); Gall, 552 U.S. at 50. But this is just part of the substantive reasonableness

obligation; the district court also must reasonably consider and weigh the appropriate § 3553(a)

factors. Compliance with one does not excuse failure to carry out the other. To the extent that

Flores—which dealt with the defendant’s substantive reasonableness arguments in just a few

sentences—might be read to absolve the district court of this responsibility to consider and weigh

the appropriate § 3553(a) factors, our published cases have held otherwise. See, e.g., Boucher,

937 F.3d at 707–09.

The Government also cites United States v. Kirby, 418 F.3d 621 (6th Cir. 2005), to argue

that similarity between conviction offense conduct and violation conduct can support the

imposition of a statutory maximum sentence. However, Kirby is meaningfully different from this

case—sufficiently different to provide support for a finding of substantive unreasonableness here.

Kirby, who had been convicted of possession and theft of mail matter, twice violated her

supervised release conditions by stealing money and merchandise. Id. at 623, 628. The district

court revoked her supervised release as a result. Id. at 628. After her release from custody, she

was placed on supervised release again and began passing stolen checks, and the district court

imposed the statutory maximum sentence. Id. We held that “Kirby’s case presents the classic

situation in which imposition of the statutory maximum sentence upon revocation of supervised

release is appropriate” because “she continued to engage in criminal activities similar to the crime

for which she was originally convicted” and because of her “repeated transgressions.” Id. Thus,

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

the holding of Kirby, and cases similar to it, see, e.g., United States v. Wells, 443 F. App’x 997,

998–99 (6th Cir. 2011), is not that similarity between conviction and violation conduct alone

necessarily justifies a statutory maximum sentence. Byrd, in contrast to those defendants, had not

previously violated the conditions of his supervised release. And unlike Kirby, “who concede[d]

that the district court considered the relevant statutory factors,” Byrd maintains that the district

court did not carry out this necessary first step. Kirby, 418 F.3d at 628. Kirby, while binding

authority, is therefore inapplicable here.

Though we agree with the district court that Byrd broke the law, his sentence was

substantively unreasonable. Without considering the relevant § 3553 factors, the district court

assigned excessive weight to Byrd’s misdemeanor convictions and imposed an unreasonably long

sentence. “On the record before us, the district court failed to provide a sufficiently compelling

justification to impose the greatest possible upward variance under the statute.” Warren, 771 F.

App’x at 643 (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at 50, United States v. Stall, 581 F.3d 276, 281–82 (6th Cir.

2009)).

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed above, we VACATE the district court’s order revoking Byrd’s

supervised release and REMAND with instructions to resentence in a procedurally and

substantively reasonable manner as detailed above, including providing sufficient explanation to

enable meaningful appellate review.

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No. 19-5890, United States v. Byrd

HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment. Although I do not

join in every criticism voiced by the majority, I agree that we must remand for a resentencing that

provides “sufficient explanation enabling appellate review.”

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