Filed 2/11/21 Northcott v. South Pasadena Unified etc. CA2/7
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion
has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SEVEN
ROSA NORTHCOTT, B301025
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BC672531)
v.
SOUTH PASADENA UNIFIED
SCHOOL DISTRICT,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of
Los Angeles County, Laura Seigle, Judge. Affirmed.
Raymond Ghermezian for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Bordin Semmer, Joshua D. Bordin-Wosk, Christopher M.
Blanchard, and Justin Spearman for Defendant and Respondent.
_____________________________
INTRODUCTION
After slipping and falling on loose rocks as she walked
across a street to reach an elementary school in South Pasadena,
Rosa Northcott sued the South Pasadena Unified School District
under Government Code section 8351 for maintaining a
dangerous condition of its property. She appeals from the
judgment entered after the trial court granted the District’s
motion for summary judgment. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In August 2017 Northcott filed this action against the
District and other public entities who are not parties to this
appeal, asserting causes of action for maintaining a dangerous
condition of public property (§ 835), vicarious liability for the
wrongful acts or omissions of a public entity employee (§ 815.2),
and public entity employee liability for a dangerous condition of
public property (§ 840.2). Northcott alleged she suffered an
injury from a “trip hazard” on the premises of an elementary
school in South Pasadena.
The District moved for summary judgment on the grounds
it did not own or control the property on which Northcott suffered
her injury and did not have actual or constructive notice of the
alleged dangerous condition. The District cited Northcott’s
deposition testimony that she suffered her injury while crossing a
street immediately adjacent to school property. Northcott
testified that, after parking her car on the opposite side of the
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Government
Code.
2
street from the school, she was walking across the street, toward
a driveway on school property that led to a gate where she
intended to pick up children, when she slipped on “tiny rocks” on
the surface of the street and landed on her elbow. This occurred
near where the District had placed several orange cones at the
edge of the street to keep vehicles from entering the driveway.
Northcott testified she had walked across the street “hundreds of
times,” never complained to the school of a dangerous condition,
and did not believe she was in any danger of falling before the
accident occurred.
The District also presented the deposition testimony and
declaration of David Lubs, an assistant superintendent who
oversaw maintenance for the District, who stated the place
Northcott slipped and fell was not on school grounds, but in the
street, which the District did not own or control. According to
Lubs, the City of South Pasadena or the County of Los Angeles
owned and controlled the street where Northcott fell. Lubs
stated the District had never received any communication from
the city regarding the condition of the street there. He also
stated the District “has never received any notices or complaints
from anyone relating to the sidewalk and/or street outside of the
[school]” and “is unaware of any prior trip and falls in the same
location as [Northcott’s] fall in the ten (10) years prior to the
incident.”
In opposing the motion, Northcott agreed the accident
occurred in the street, but disputed the District’s claims that it
did not own or control that area and that it had no actual or
constructive notice of the dangerous condition. In disputing the
former claim, Northcott cited the presence of the orange cones
near the spot where she fell. In disputing both claims she cited
3
statements from the declaration of her expert, a “Certified
Playground Safety Inspector,” that the area where Northcott fell
was “an unsafe and dangerous condition because there was
deteriorated and deteriorating asphalt which created a pooling of
debris, rocks and soil”; that “Defendant’s personnel were
obligated to inspect the subject area,” and “[h]ad they done so,
they would have seen the deteriorated and deteriorating asphalt”;
and that “[i]t is common industry practice in safety engineering
to remove such hazards from foreseeable walkways.”
The trial court granted the motion, ruling the District
“established it had no ownership, control, or possession of the
public street and therefore no duty to Plaintiff to maintain the
public street in a safe condition.” The court did not reach the
issue of whether the District had actual or constructive notice of
the alleged dangerous condition. The court also sustained a
number of objections by the District to statements by Northcott’s
expert—for example, the statement that “Defendant has a
responsibility to maintain the areas they obstructed [with the
orange cones] and the areas they allowed as pick-up areas[,] and
as such, Defendant’s personnel were obligated to inspect the
subject area”—on the ground they were legal conclusions the
“expert has no particular expertise in reaching . . . .” Northcott
timely appealed from the judgment.
4
DISCUSSION
A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
“A motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication
is properly granted only when ‘all the papers submitted show
that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’”
(Husman v. Toyota Motor Credit Corp. (2017) 12 Cal.App.5th
1168, 1179; see Regents of University of California v. Superior
Court (2018) 4 Cal.5th 607, 618.) A defendant moving for
summary adjudication has the initial burden of making a prima
facie showing “‘“that the cause of action lacks merit because one
or more elements of the cause of action cannot be established or
there is a complete defense to that cause of action.”’” (Noe v.
Superior Court (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 316, 326; see Aguilar v.
Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 853-854.) “‘“A prima
facie showing is one that is sufficient to support the position of
the party in question.”’” (Noe, at p. 325; see Aguilar, at p. 851.)
To show that a cause of action lacks merit “a defendant
must present evidence that either ‘conclusively negate[s] an
element of the plaintiff’s cause of action’ or ‘show[s] that the
plaintiff does not possess, and cannot reasonably obtain,’
evidence necessary to establish at least one element of [its] cause
of action. [Citation.] Once the defendant satisfies its initial
burden, ‘the burden shifts to the plaintiff . . . to show that a
triable issue of one or more material facts exists as to the cause of
action or a defense thereto.’” (Henderson v. Equilon Enterprises,
LLC (2019) 40 Cal.App.5th 1111, 1116; see Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 437c, subd. (p)(2); Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co., supra,
25 Cal.4th at pp. 849, 853-854.) “There is a triable issue of
5
material fact if, and only if, the evidence would allow a
reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact in favor of the
party opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable
standard of proof.” (Aguilar, at p. 850.)
We review de novo an order granting or denying a motion
for summary adjudication or summary judgment. (Jacks v. City
of Santa Barbara (2017) 3 Cal.5th 248, 273 [summary
adjudication]; Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co., supra, 25 Cal.4th
at p. 860 [summary judgment].) In doing so, we consider “‘“‘“all
the evidence set forth in the moving and opposing papers except
that to which objections were made and sustained.’” [Citation.]
We liberally construe the evidence in support of the party
opposing summary judgment [or summary adjudication] and
resolve doubts concerning the evidence in favor of that party.”’”
(Hampton v. County of San Diego (2015) 62 Cal.4th 340, 347.)
B. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Granting the Motion
for Summary Judgment
Northcott appeals the trial court’s ruling only on her cause
of action under section 835 for maintaining a dangerous condition
of its property. “Under section 835, a public entity . . . is ‘liable
for injury caused by a dangerous condition of its property if the
plaintiff establishes that the property was in a dangerous
condition at the time of the injury, that the injury was
proximately caused by the dangerous condition, that the
dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the
kind of injury which was incurred, and [that]: [¶] . . . [¶] (b) [t]he
public entity had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous
condition under [s]ection 835.2 a sufficient time prior to the
injury to have taken measures to protect against the dangerous
6
condition.’” (Bonanno v. Central Contra Costa Transit Authority
(2003) 30 Cal.4th 139, 146, quoting § 835; accord, Gonzales v. City
of Atwater (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 929, 945.) “[P]art of the
plaintiff’s burden in an action under section 835 is, of course, to
show that the public entity owned or controlled the property
subject to the dangerous condition.” (Bonanno, at p. 147.)
Northcott maintains the trial court erred in finding there
was no triable issue of material fact regarding whether the
District owned or controlled the property with the alleged
dangerous condition because the court, in essence, misunderstood
what she was alleging the dangerous condition was. She
emphasizes the dangerous condition was in fact the school’s gate,
specifically, its location in relation to the patch of tiny rocks in
the street. (See Joyce v. Simi Valley Unified School Dist. (2003)
110 Cal.App.4th 292, 300 [where a motorist struck a student in
the crosswalk of a busy street near an open school yard gate, the
open gate was a dangerous condition of public property].) The
District responds to what it calls Northcott’s “school-gate-as-
dangerous-condition theory” on its merits and on the ground she
forfeited it “because she did not plead it or raise it” in the trial
court. We need not reach its merits or the question of forfeiture,
however, because Northcott did not raise a triable issue of
material fact on the District’s (lack of) actual or constructive
notice of the alleged dangerous condition. (See Hooked Media
Group, Inc. v. Apple Inc. (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 323, 336, fn. 1
[although Code of Civil Procedure section 437c,
subdivision (m)(2), provides that,“[b]efore a reviewing court
affirms an order granting summary judgment or summary
adjudication on a ground not relied upon by the trial court, the
reviewing court shall afford the parties an opportunity to present
7
their views on the issue by submitting supplemental briefs,”
supplemental briefing is not required where the parties have
already briefed the issue]; Sharufa v. Festival Fun Parks, LLC
(2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 493, 501, fn. 2 [“we can affirm on a ground
not reached by the trial court so long as the parties have been
provided an opportunity to brief the issue”]; Goddard v.
Department of Fish & Wildlife (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 350, 359,
fn. 5 [supplemental briefing is not required under Code of Civil
Procedure section 437c, subdivision (m)(2), where the parties
have addressed the issue in their briefs].)
Under section 835.2, subdivision (a), a public entity has
actual notice of a dangerous condition “if it had actual knowledge
of the existence of the condition and knew or should have known
of its dangerous character.” “‘Constructive notice,’ under section
835.2, subdivision (b), requires a plaintiff to establish that the
dangerous condition existed for such a period of time and was of
such an obvious nature that the public entity, in the exercise of
due care, should have discovered the condition and its dangerous
character.” (Heskel v. City of San Diego (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th
313, 317.) Thus, a “claim for constructive notice has two
threshold elements. [Citation.] A plaintiff must establish that
the dangerous condition has existed for a sufficient period of time
and that the dangerous condition was obvious.” (Id. at p. 320.)
“Where the plaintiff fails to present direct or circumstantial
evidence as to either element, his [or her] claim is deficient as a
matter of law.” (Id. at p. 317.)
Northcott does not dispute the District made a prima facie
showing it did not have actual or constructive notice of the
alleged dangerous condition by presenting evidence it had never
received any communications about the condition of the street
8
where she fell and did not have the obligation or the ability “to
maintain, repair, or inspect” that area of the street. She argues,
however, she raised a triable issue of material fact on the
question of notice by presenting evidence the District “should
have known of the dangerous condition.” She cites these
statements by her expert: “Defendant’s personnel were obligated
to inspect the subject area. Had they done so, they would have
seen the deteriorated and deteriorating asphalt which created an
unsafe and dangerous condition for adults and/or students. . . .
One of Defendant’s employees had to open/close the gate at least
twice daily to let adults and/or children enter and/or leave the
school.”
Northcott does not argue that these statements or any
other evidence tends to prove the District “had actual knowledge”
there was a patch of tiny rocks in the street en route to the school
gate—a requirement for establishing actual notice. (See State v.
Superior Court of San Mateo County (1968) 263 Cal.App.2d 396,
399-400 [no actual notice under section 835.2 where there was no
evidence state employees knew the hot coals that burned a child
had been left on the beach].) And nothing in those statements
provides evidence of how long the alleged dangerous condition
existed prior to her fall, let alone evidence the condition existed a
sufficient time for the District to discover it and its dangerous
character—as required to establish constructive notice. (See
State v. Superior Court, at p. 400 [“The primary and
indispensable element of constructive notice is a showing that the
obvious condition existed a sufficient period of time before the
accident.”]; Cheyney v. City of Los Angeles (1953) 119 Cal.App.2d
75, 77 [affirming nonsuit on lack of constructive notice where
9
there was “no evidence that the alleged defective condition was
either conspicuous or notorious or as to how long it had existed”].)
Northcott suggests the District “admits that it did not have
an inspection system and therefore cannot claim it lacked
constructive notice.” But she does not cite any legal authority for
the latter part of this statement. Moreover, the adequacy of a
public entity’s inspection system is a “secondary” consideration in
determining whether it had constructive notice of a dangerous
condition. (State v. Superior Court of San Mateo County, supra,
263 Cal.App.2d at p. 400; Strongman v. Kern County (1967)
255 Cal.App.2d 308, 313.) As the court explained in State v.
Superior Court of San Mateo County: “In the instant case, it can
be validly argued that there was a triable issue on the question of
inspection, but in determining whether there is constructive
notice, the method of inspection has been held to be secondary.
The primary and indispensable element of constructive notice is a
showing that the obvious condition existed a sufficient period of
time before the accident. [Citation.] Here, there was no evidence
(direct or circumstantial) that the danger . . . had existed for any
particular length of time before the accident. Thus, we hold, as a
matter of law, that the requirements of constructive notice, as
defined in [section] 835.2, subdivision (b), were not met.” (State
v. Superior Court, at p. 400, italics omitted.) Because Northcott
has not demonstrated there was a triable issue of material fact on
the question of notice, she has not shown the trial court erred in
granting the motion for summary judgment.2
2 Northcott also contends the trial court erred in sustaining
the District’s objections to statements in the declaration of her
expert. Because our analysis does not rely on those rulings, we
do not reach that issue.
10
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. The District is to recover its
costs on appeal.
SEGAL, J.
We concur:
PERLUSS, P. J.
FEUER, J.
11