J-A26007-20
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
SANDRA SALMON : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
THE PHILADELPHIA :
CONTRIBUTIONSHIP INSURANCE :
COMPANY : No. 416 EDA 2020
:
Appellant :
Appeal from the Judgment Entered January 7, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
No(s): No. 171002515
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED: FEBRUARY 19, 2021
Appellant, The Philadelphia Contributionship Insurance Company
(“PCIC”), appeals from the judgment of $293,246.17, entered in favor of
Appellee, Sandra Salmon, following a non-jury trial. We affirm in part and
reverse in part.
The trial court summarized the background of this case as follows:
History
This matter arises from damage to an insured property located in
New Jersey, caused by a broken waste line. On June 15, 2017,
[Ms.] Salmon … commenced suit seeking to enforce the contract
of insurance and for bad faith.[1]
____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1Our review of the docket shows that Ms. Salmon commenced suit on October
19, 2017.
J-A26007-20
On May 2, 2018, the Honorable Abbe F. Fletman granted judgment
on the pleadings in favor of [PCIC], and dismissed [Ms.] Salmon’s
bad faith claim, without prejudice.
On September 26, 2019, the case proceeded to trial before this
court, sitting without a jury. [Ms.] Salmon presented testimony
from … herself, her son, who served as general contractor for the
repairs, and her private adjuster, along with various exhibits.
[PCIC] presented several documents and photographs, and then
rested without presenting any witnesses. At the close of the case,
the court granted [Ms.] Salmon’s motion to amend the complaint
to add claims for bad faith and punitive damages, based upon the
evidence adduced.
The court found for [Ms.] Salmon and awarded $6,701.38 to [Ms.]
Salmon for mold damage; stipulated damages for contents of
$8,044.79; loss of income for the rental portion of the property in
the amount of $39,680; additional living expenses of $11,200;
$98,100 for repairs; $54,520 in attorney’s fees; and $75,000 in
punitive damages.
[PCIC] filed a timely motion for post-trial relief, to which [Ms.]
Salmon responded and [PCIC] replied. By order dated November
25, 2019, the motion was denied. A final judgment for [Ms.]
Salmon was entered on January 7, 2020. This timely appeal
followed.[2]
Facts
[Ms.] Salmon first became aware of the leaking sewer (stack) pipe
on March 15, 2017. Over the course of hours, waste water started
coming down, the ceiling started caving in[,] and feces were being
released. There was also a very bad smell that could be detected
even outside the property. [Ms.] Salmon contacted a plumber
who advised her to call her insurer, because the matter was a big
job and he couldn’t even begin to do an estimate because of the
hazardous conditions caused by the leak. [Ms.] Salmon called her
insurance agency the next day and spoke to a representative of
[PCIC] a few days later.
[Ms.] Salmon asked [PCIC] to send an adjuster to review the
situation, but her request was denied. Because of the hazardous
____________________________________________
2 The trial court did not order PCIC to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal.
-2-
J-A26007-20
condition, [Ms.] Salmon, her family members[,] and her tenant
vacated the property on or about [March] 16, 2017. The situation
in the house got worse over time as the leaked material remained
in the walls and ceiling[,] and some leakage continued. The flow
bled over into other areas of the kitchen, the boiler room, the
bedroom[,] and the ground floor hallway. The walls on the upper
floors were also opened to access the broken pipe.
Several weeks later[,] a person with Resto Corporation,
representing [PCIC], came and inspected the entire house and
roof. On March 27, 2017, [PCIC] issued a check for $5,519.68.
The water that came out of the broken pipe was biohazardous,
meaning that the property could not be lived in. Items like drywall
and wood fixtures/furniture could not be cleaned, but had to be
removed and discarded.
On the recommendation of the plumber, [Ms.] Salmon contacted
New Jersey Water and Mold to mitigate the hazardous condition.
That work was done on or about April 6, 2017. In the process of
mitigating the hazard, sections of drywall and bathroom tile were
removed, as were contaminated fixtures [that] could not be
cleaned. The first floor was almost entirely gutted in the
remediation process. The second floor bathroom wall was opened
in the initial plumbing repair and remediation. Likewise, the third
floor apartment bathroom and kitchen walls were opened for
repair and hazardous waste remediation.
[Ms.] Salmon then hired Property Loss Advisers, a private
adjuster, to assist her.
After receiving a quote of approximately $200,000 to repair the
property, [Ms.] Salmon contacted her son, Shawn Brown, who
worked as [a] contractor, to coordinate the repairs. Work started
in early June 2017. [Ms.] Salmon was not able to again rent the
top floor until July 2018.
[Ms.] Salmon’s policy with [PCIC] included coverage for: loss of
use, to reimburse her for expenses incurred due to her being
unable to occupy her home; lost rental [income]; damage to the
property, and access and labor to repair the pipe, excluding the
actual pipe itself; contents damage, which was stipulated as
$8,044.79; the actual cost to repair and replace the damage, less
any deductible; and any hidden damages that cannot be seen until
walls are removed.
-3-
J-A26007-20
The invoice for the repairs to the property, dated March 1, 2018,
was submitted to [PCIC]. The invoice was never contested by
[PCIC] prior to commencement of litigation.[3] The contents loss
and the hazardous waste mitigation costs are uncontested and
were not paid prior to trial. The sole payment made by [PCIC]
was the initial check for $5,519.68.
Trial Court Opinion (“TCO”), 5/22/20, at 1-4 (internal citations omitted).
Presently, PCIC raises the following issues for our review:
[1]. Whether the trial court erred by admitting the purported
expert testimony of [Ms. Salmon’s] son, when it is undisputed that
no expert report, as required by Rule 4003.5, was ever provided[.]
[2]. Whether the trial court erred by allowing Bishal Patel, the
owner of the public adjustment firm retained by [Ms. Salmon], to
testify as an expert, when he was merely serving as the conduit
for the hearsay opinions contained in a report signed by a different
adjuster, and [Ms. Salmon] made no showing that the author of
the report was unavailable to testify as to his opinions, as required
by Pa.R.E. 804(a)(5)[.]
[3]. Whether the trial court erred by allowing [Ms. Salmon] to
amend her pleadings to include a common law insurance bad faith
claim, under New Jersey law, when such motion was not made
until after PCIC rested its case, immediately prior to the oral
verdict [that] was rendered by the trial court[.]
[4]. Whether the trial court erred by denying PCIC’s Motion for
Judgment Notwithstanding … the Verdict on the common law bad
faith claim, when the legal standard for insurance bad faith, as
defined by New Jersey law, was not, and could not be, met[.]
[5]. Whether the trial court erred by awarding counsel fees to [Ms.
Salmon] on a first-party insurance bad faith claim based upon New
Jersey law, when the text of the applicable rule and controlling
New Jersey case law explicitly prohibits counsel fees in the context
of first-party claims.
____________________________________________
3We note our confusion with this statement, given that the docket shows that
Ms. Salmon commenced suit on October 19, 2017, which would have been
before the invoice was submitted to PCIC on March 1, 2018.
-4-
J-A26007-20
[6]. Whether the trial court erred by awarding punitive damages
in this insurance case, when the applicable New Jersey law
generally does not provide for punitive damages on a first[-]party
insurance claim[.]
PCIC’s Brief at 7-8.4
Issue 1
In PCIC’s first issue, PCIC argues that the trial court erred in admitting
the expert testimony of Shawn Brown, Ms. Salmon’s son and general
contractor. PCIC claims that Mr. Brown never prepared an expert report
pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5. Id. at 55. Nevertheless, PCIC says that the
trial court allowed him to testify as an expert in the areas of: 1) construction;
and 2) the costs of repairs to the property. Id. Specifically, PCIC explains
that Mr. Brown “offered testimony on direct examination that: 1) the $98,100
in his company’s ‘invoice’ was all spent on necessary repairs to his mother’s
property; and 2) that those repairs were causally related to the loss at
issue….” Id. at 57-58. PCIC claims that such evidence “is the lynchpin of
[Ms. Salmon’s] coverage claim” as [“t]he insurance policy provides coverage
for ‘the necessary amount actually spent to repair or replace the damaged
building.’” Id. at 58 (citation omitted). According to PCIC, “this evidence was
improperly admitted and affected the outcome of the trial, thereby
necessitating a new trial.” Id. at 55-56.
“Decisions regarding admission of expert testimony, like other
evidentiary decisions, are within the sound discretion of the trial court.”
____________________________________________
4 We have re-ordered PCIC’s issues for ease of disposition.
-5-
J-A26007-20
Weiner v. Fisher, 871 A.2d 1283, 1285 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation omitted).
“We may reverse only if we find an abuse of discretion or error of law.” Id.
Rule 4003.5 provides, in relevant part, that:
(a) Discovery of facts known and opinions held by an expert,
otherwise discoverable under the provisions of Rule 4003.1[5] and
acquired or developed in anticipation of litigation or for
trial, may be obtained as follows:
(1) A party may through interrogatories require
(A) any other party to identify each person whom the
other party expects to call as an expert witness at
trial and to state the subject matter on which the
expert is expected to testify and
(B) subject to the provisions of subdivision (a)(4),[6] the
other party to have each expert so identified state the
substance of the facts and opinions to which the
expert is expected to testify and a summary of the
grounds for each opinion. The party answering the
interrogatories may file as his or her answer a report of the
expert or have the interrogatories answered by the expert.
The answer or separate report shall be signed by the expert.
(2) Upon cause shown, the court may order further discovery by
other means, subject to such restrictions as to scope and such
provisions concerning fees and expenses as the court may deem
appropriate.
(A) such restrictions as to scope and such provisions
concerning fees and expenses as the court may deem
appropriate, and
(B) the provisions of subdivision (a)(4) of this rule.
***
____________________________________________
5 Pa.R.C.P. 4003.1 addresses the scope of discovery generally.
6 Subdivision (a)(4) generally prohibits the discovery of communications
between another party’s attorney and any expert who is to be identified
pursuant to subdivision (a)(1)(A).
-6-
J-A26007-20
(b) An expert witness whose identity is not disclosed in compliance
with subdivision (a)(1) of this rule shall not be permitted to testify
on behalf of the defaulting party at the trial of the action.
However, if the failure to disclose the identity of the witness is the
result of extenuating circumstances beyond the control of the
defaulting party, the court may grant a continuance or other
appropriate relief.
(c) To the extent that the facts known or opinions held by
an expert have been developed in discovery proceedings
under subdivision (a)(1) or (2) of this rule, the direct
testimony of the expert at the trial may not be inconsistent with
or go beyond the fair scope of his or her testimony in the discovery
proceedings as set forth in the deposition, answer to an
interrogatory, separate report, or supplement thereto. However,
the expert shall not be prevented from testifying as to facts
or opinions on matters on which the expert has not been
interrogated in the discovery proceedings.
Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5 (a)(1), (a)(2), (b), (c) (emphasis added).
Specifically, with respect to Rule 4003.5, PCIC argues that:
Testifying experts must, in a signed report, “state the substance
of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify
and a summary of the grounds for each opinion.” Pa.R.C.P.
4003.5(a)(1)(B). Here, it was undisputed that Mr. Brown never
prepared such a report. Further, there was never any suggestion
by [Ms. Salmon] that the failure to produce an expert report from
her son was “the result of extenuating circumstances beyond the
control of the defaulting party” so as to enable the court “to grant
a continuance or other appropriate relief.” Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5(b).
PCIC’s Brief at 56 (internal citation omitted).
Troublingly, this argument ignores important aspects of Rule 4003.5,
and leaves us unpersuaded that, to the extent it even applies here, Ms.
Salmon violated it. First, PCIC does not address whether Mr. Brown acquired
or developed the facts known and opinions held by him in anticipation of
litigation or for trial. Based on the record, it seems likely that he did not
develop them in anticipation of litigation or for trial, given that he “testified to
-7-
J-A26007-20
the work he oversaw in his capacity as an unpaid general contractor for the
repair to his mother’s property.” TCO at 6 (citation omitted); see also id. at
3 (“After receiving a quote of approximately $200,000 to repair the property,
[Ms.] Salmon contacted her son, Shawn Brown, who worked as a contractor,
to coordinate the repairs.”) (citation omitted). However, PCIC does not deal
with that issue at all, and we decline to do so for it. Coulter v. Ramsden,
94 A.3d 1080, 1088-89 (Pa. Super. 2014) (“The Rules of Appellate Procedure
state unequivocally that each question an appellant raises is to be supported
by discussion and analysis of pertinent authority. … This Court will not act as
counsel and will not develop arguments on behalf of an appellant.”) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted).
Second, PCIC has not demonstrated that it required Ms. Salmon,
through interrogatories, to disclose the identity of expert witnesses she
expected to call at trial, the subject matter on which those experts would
testify, and the substance of their facts and opinions. Here, PCIC only
mentions in its brief one interrogatory it propounded and Ms. Salmon’s
response to it, namely:
Have you retained any expert for this litigation? For each expert,
identified in your answers to the preceding Interrogatories, has
such expert expressed an opinion as to any uses to which the
plaintiffs’ real and/or personal property, as damaged, could be
adapted?
If so, kindly state:
(a) Each use to which, in the opinion of such expert, the property
could be adapted; and
-8-
J-A26007-20
(b) The most effective use of the property, in the opinion of the
expert.
Objection. The Interrogatory is made vague and ambiguous by
use of the term “adapted” which is not clearly defined and is
subject to multiple interpretations such that the Plaintiff is unable
to respond.
PCIC’s Brief at 15 (citation and emphasis omitted).
PCIC claims that, by way of this response, Ms. Salmon declined to
identify any experts, and subsequently did not produce any expert reports in
accordance with Rule 4003.5. See id. However, PCIC’s interrogatory did not
clearly ask Ms. Salmon to identify each person she expected to call as an
expert witness at trial, nor did it clearly request for each expert she identified
to state the substance of the facts and opinions to which the expert would
testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion. Instead, PCIC vaguely
requested that Ms. Salmon state “[e]ach use to which, in the opinion of such
expert, the property could be adapted[,]” and “[t]he most effective use of the
property, in the opinion of the expert.” See id. Accordingly, given the
interrogatory propounded by PCIC, we are not convinced that Mr. Brown
needed to prepare an expert report pursuant to Rule 4003.5. See Corrado
v. Thomas Jefferson Univ. Hosp., 790 A.2d 1022, 1029 (Pa. Super. 2001)
(“The purpose of requiring a party to disclose, at his adversary’s request,
‘the substance of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to
testify’ is to avoid unfair surprise by enabling the adversary to prepare a
response to the expert testimony.”) (citation omitted; emphasis added); see
also Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5(c) (“[T]he expert shall not be prevented from testifying
-9-
J-A26007-20
as to facts or opinions on matters on which the expert has not been
interrogated in the discovery proceedings.”); Explanatory note to Pa.R.C.P.
4003.5(c) (“[I]f the inquirer limits his inquiry to one or more specific issues
only, the expert is free to testify at trial as to any other relevant issues not
included in the discovery. Therefore, what happens at trial may depend upon
the manner in which the expert is interrogated. The inquirer may be well
advised to conduct his discovery broadly, by paraphrasing the language of
4003.5(a), which will require the expert to state all his opinions and grounds,
thus preventing surprise testimony at trial concerning grounds never raised
during the discovery.”).7
Moreover, with respect to Mr. Brown’s testimony, the trial court
explained:
[Mr.] Brown, [Ms.] Salmon’s son, testified to the work he oversaw
in his capacity as an unpaid general contractor for the repair to
his mother’s property.
Mr. Brown was identified in discovery. He was also listed as a
witness, with the name of his company, in [Ms.] Salmon’s March
22, 2019[] Pretrial Settlement Memorandum, six months before
trial, and his estimate was identified as an exhibit. Indeed, [PCIC]
discussed Mr. Brown and his company in its own April 17, 2019[]
____________________________________________
7 As PCIC’s argument relies on Rule 4003.5, which specifically pertains to
interrogatories, we do not consider any document production requests made
by PCIC in our analysis of its first issue. PCIC develops no argument about
the relationship between Rule 4003.5 and document production requests, and
we decline to craft that argument for it. Similarly, PCIC does not proffer a
meaningful analysis regarding the effect, if any, Rule 4003.5 has on a court’s
case management order directing that a plaintiff serve its expert reports, if
applicable, by a certain date. Again, we will not develop arguments on behalf
of PCIC. See Coulter, supra.
- 10 -
J-A26007-20
Pretrial Conference Memorandum.1 However, Mr. Brown was not
identified as an expert, per se, and he prepared no report other
than a statement of the costs incurred in making the repairs.
1 In [Ms.] Salmon’s April 29[,] 2019[] response to one of
[PCIC’s] motion in limine, she stated:
Shawn Brown/Bentley’s ICM[8] was hired to coordinate
and perform the repairs to [Ms. Salmon’s] property as
a result of the March 15, 2017 loss. Shawn
Brown/Bentley’s ICM conducted this included [sic] a
full inspection of the property damage, personal
observations of the extent of the damage,
measurements taken during the inspection and
repairs, coordination of all the repairs, and personally
observing and/or performing all said necessary
repairs. Shawn Brown/Bentley’s ICM is thus qualified
to testify to the cause, scope, and price of all the
necessary repairs. This information meets the low
relevance threshold for determining the issues in this
case.
[Ms. Salmon’s] Memorandum in Opposition to [PCIC’s]
Motion in L[i]mine[, 4/29/19, at] 3 [(unnumbered)].
Although accepted as an expert, Mr. Brown’s testimony proved
factual in nature. Indeed, beyond a question by defense counsel
in voir dire of Mr. Brown, the word opinion was not uttered during
the entire course of his testimony, nor was he asked about
whether any aspect of his testimony was to a reasonable degree
of professional certainty. He testified to what was repaired by the
various contractors and what they charged for those repairs. Even
the testimony by Mr. Brown as to “necessary” [sic] was factual in
nature. If some opinion aspect of the testimony could be
construed, that testimony was admissible as lay opinion under
Pa.R.E. 701.[9]
____________________________________________
8 Based on our review of the record, it appears that “ICM” stands for
“Investing, Consulting, and Management.”
9 Rule 701 provides that, “[i]f a witness is not testifying as an expert,
testimony in the form of an opinion is limited to one that is: (a) rationally
- 11 -
J-A26007-20
Because the defense had no objection to him testifying as a fact
witness, [PCIC] suffered no prejudice from Mr. Brown’s factual
testimony.
TCO at 6-7 (internal citations omitted); see also Ms. Salmon’s Brief at 30
(“[T]he determination of whether Shawn Brown was an expert had no bearing
on the verdict. Whether Brown was admitted as an expert or not, he would
have elicited the same testimony as a fact witness.”).
Problematically, PCIC does not adequately respond to the trial court’s
reasoning in its brief. Specifically, despite insisting that Ms. Salmon had to
present expert testimony, PCIC does not explain why Mr. Brown needed to
testify as an expert — instead of as a fact witness — as to the cause and costs
of any necessary repairs. PCIC does not discuss, let alone mention, Rules 701
and 702, and it does not delve into why Mr. Brown’s testimony on repairs
included opinion testimony and/or required specialized knowledge beyond that
possessed by the average layperson. Again, we decline to develop these
arguments on behalf of PCIC. See Coulter, supra. As PCIC has not
demonstrated that Ms. Salmon violated Rule 4003.5, and that Mr. Brown could
not have testified to the costs, cause, and necessity of repairs as a fact
witness, his failure to prepare an expert report is of no moment. Accordingly,
PCIC’s first issue warrants no relief.
Second Issue
____________________________________________
based on the witness’s perception; (b) helpful to clearly understanding the
witness’s testimony or determining a fact in issue; and (c) not based on
scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of
[Pa.R.E.] 702 [(testimony by expert witnesses)].” Pa.R.E. 701.
- 12 -
J-A26007-20
In PCIC’s second issue, it alleges that the trial court “erred in allowing
Bishal Patel to offer hearsay expert testimony drawn from the report of Vincent
LoBracco.” PCIC’s Brief at 61 (unnecessary capitalization and emphasis
omitted). It argues that “Mr. Patel was offered as an expert to testify,
essentially, about: 1) the opinions of another adjuster, Vincent LoBracco,
whom was allegedly now in Florida and ‘unavailable’ to testify; and 2) the
correct interpretation and application of the insurance policy coverage.” Id.
at 62. PCIC insists that Rule 4003.5(a)(1)(B) requires that an expert sign his
report, and says that “[i]t cannot be disputed that a purported ‘expert’ witness
may not simply be used as a conduit for hearsay from a non-testifying expert.
When an ‘expert’ witness did not sign the expert report and testifies simply to
parrot the language of a report allegedly prepared by another, this must be
excluded.” Id. at 61. Moreover, PCIC maintains that “Mr. Patel’s legal opinion
on how the insurance policy terms apply could not be used by the [c]ourt to
interpret a contract. Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 702(b) permits expert
testimony when it is helpful to determine a fact in issue; it does not authorize
an expert to engage in contract interpretation.” Id. at 64-65 (footnote
omitted; emphasis in original); see also Pa.R.E. 702(b) (“A witness who is
qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education
may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: … (b) the expert’s
scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact
to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue….”).
In permitting Mr. Patel to testify as an expert, the trial court explained:
- 13 -
J-A26007-20
In this case, the issue was whether permitting Mr. Patel to testify
pursuant to a report he prepared with a subordinate, who signed
the report, violated [Rule 4003.5]. The [c]ourt concluded that
there was no unfair surprise to [PCIC].
Here, the record establishes that Mr. Patel wrote the report with
another adjuster, who was unavailable at the time of trial. The
report was provided in discovery and no additional discovery
requests were propounded regarding the report. Mr. Patel was
disclosed as a witness in [Ms.] Salmon’s March 22, 2019[] Pretrial
Settlement Memorandum, six months before trial. His company’s
report and records were likewise listed as exhibits.
There is no claim that Mr. Patel testified to facts or opinions
beyond the report. To the contrary, Mr. Patel’s testimony was
limited to the aspects of the report as to which he was able to
testify, which resulted in exclusion of evidence on calculations to
which Mr. Patel was not privy.
Under these circumstances, there was no surprise or unfairness to
the defense in permitting Mr. Patel to testify to the aspects of the
report that he co[-]authored, and [PCIC’s] objection to his
testimony was properly overruled.
TCO at 5-6 (citations omitted).
PCIC does not convince us that we should disturb the trial court’s ruling.
Initially, as discussed in Issue 1, supra, PCIC has not sufficiently demonstrated
that it propounded interrogatories pursuant to Rule 4003.5, asking Ms.
Salmon to identify her experts and have them state the grounds for their
opinions. Therefore, PCIC has not persuaded us that Mr. Patel had to sign the
expert report, let alone produce one, pursuant to Rule 4003.5(a)(1)(B).
Further, PCIC does not address the trial court’s observation that Mr. Patel’s
testimony was limited to the aspects of the report to which he was able to
testify, and that evidence on calculations to which Mr. Patel was not privy was
excluded. Accordingly, based on the arguments before us, we reject PCIC’s
- 14 -
J-A26007-20
claim that Mr. Patel simply parroted the language of a report prepared by
someone else.
We also deem waived PCIC’s claim that Mr. Patel’s opinion on how the
insurance policy terms apply violated Rule 702(b). To begin with, PCIC does
not indicate how it preserved this issue below in contravention of our Rules of
Appellate Procedure. See Pa.R.A.P. 2117(c) (requiring, where an issue is not
reviewable on appeal unless raised or preserved below, a statement of place
of raising or preservation of issues); Pa.R.A.P. 2119(e) (“Where under the
applicable law an issue is not reviewable on appeal unless raised or preserved
below, the argument must set forth, in immediate connection therewith or in
a footnote thereto, either a specific cross-reference to the page or pages of
the statement of the case which set forth the information relating thereto as
required by Pa.R.A.P. 2117(c), or substantially the same information.”). “Our
appellate courts have long held that an [appellant] who does not follow [Rule]
2117(c) and [Rule] 2119(e) waives the related issues due to the defects in his
brief.” Young v. S.B. Conrad, Inc., 216 A.3d 267, 274 (Pa. Super. 2019).
“[I]t is not the responsibility of this Court to scour the record to prove that an
appellant has raised an issue before the trial court, thereby preserving it for
appellate review.” Commonwealth v. Baker, 963 A.2d 495, 502 n.6 (Pa.
Super. 2008) (citations omitted). Moreover, our own review of the record
shows that PCIC did not object to Mr. Patel’s testimony on the basis of Rule
702(b) at trial, nor did it include that particular issue in its post-trial motion.
See Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(b) (stating that post-trial relief may not be granted
- 15 -
J-A26007-20
unless the grounds therefor were raised at trial and are specified in the post-
trial motion); Jones v. Ott, 191 A.3d 782, 787 (Pa. 2018) (“In order to
preserve an issue for appellate review, a litigant must place a timely, specific
objection on the record.”); N.T. Trial, 9/26/19, at 92-93; PCIC’s Motion for
Post-Trial Relief, 10/7/19. Thus, this claim is doubly waived.
Although not included in PCIC’s statement of the questions involved,
PCIC next contends that, “after admitting Mr. Patel’s testimony, the trial court
incorrectly precluded PCIC from cross-examining Mr. Patel about a lower
estimate, which was prepared by Mr. Patel’s company and attached to the
complaint.” PCIC’s Brief at 66 (unnecessary capitalization and emphasis
omitted). PCIC avers that this exclusion “prejudiced PCIC’s ability to impeach
Mr. Patel with this obvious and indisputable inconsistency.” Id. Because PCIC
failed to include this issue in its statement of questions involved, it is waived.
See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (“No question will be considered unless it is stated in
the statement of questions involved or is fairly suggested thereby.”); Wirth
v. Com., 95 A.3d 822, 858 (Pa. 2014) (“[Rule 2116(a)] is to be considered in
the highest degree mandatory, admitting of no exception; ordinarily no point
will be considered which is not set forth in the statement of questions involved
or suggested thereby.”) (citation omitted).
Nevertheless, even if not waived, we would conclude that this issue lacks
merit. PCIC argues:
Under Pennsylvania law, “[s]tatements of fact by one party in
pleadings, stipulations, testimony, and the like, made for that
party’s benefit, are termed judicial admissions and are binding on
- 16 -
J-A26007-20
the party.” Cogley v. Duncan, 32 A.3d 1288, 1292 (Pa. Super.
… 2011). Writings that form the basis of a claim must be attached
to a pleading. See Pa.R.C.P. 1019(i).
Under Pennsylvania Rule of [E]vidence 611(b), cross-examination
of a non-party witness properly encompasses matters affecting
credibility. In this case, [Ms. Salmon] attached a June 23, 2017
estimate by Richard Davis, of Property Loss Advisors, as Exhibit
“B” to her Complaint. That estimate totaled $47,268.21 for
damages to the dwelling, almost $50,000 less than the amount
claimed by Messrs. Patel and Brown at trial. After arguing that
Mr. Patel can testify as the owner of the company and “co[-
]author” of a report written [by] Mr. LoBracco, [Ms. Salmon]
changed positions and argued that Mr. Patel’s testimony as [to]
the estimate of a different employee was irrelevant:
[Ms. Salmon’s counsel]: Yes, Your Honor, and the reviewing
of the document is relevant regarding testimony. He just
testified he did not author it, was not involved in the
authoring of it.
THE COURT: I agree. It still doesn’t get us anywhere. If he
reviews it and he’s able to tell you with certainty that he
[has] seen it before, it still doesn’t get us to the point where
he can testify about the v[e]racity of the calculations there
if he didn’t participate in them. So that’s sustained. Next
question.
See N.T. at … 11[0].
[Ms. Salmon], by attaching an estimate from Property Loss
Advisors to her pleading, judicially admitted that she was claiming
$47,268.21, based upon an estimate from Property Loss Advisors.
Mr. Patel owns Property Loss Advisors. The trial court precluded
PCIC from questioning Mr. Patel about this estimate on relevance
grounds, although relevance is defined as evidence having “any
tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be
without the evidence” and that fact is “of consequence” in
determining the action. Pa.R.E. 401.
There are a number of relevant, if not compelling, reasons for Mr.
Patel to be cross-examined on the roughly $50,000 disparity
between one of his employee’s property damage estimates and
the eventual amount claimed due at trial. This is doubly true in a
circumstance where [Ms. Salmon] sought to admit a hearsay
expert report through Mr. Patel based on his status as owner and
- 17 -
J-A26007-20
alleged “co[-]author” of the report, but then objected to Mr. Patel
being questioned on the less favorable report of another of his
employees.
PCIC’s Brief at 66-68 (citation omitted; emphasis in original; some brackets
added).
We would reject this argument for two reasons. First, PCIC has not
convinced us that Ms. Salmon made a judicial admission that she was claiming
$47,268.21 in damages because she attached an estimate for that amount to
her complaint. According to the Cogley case cited by PCIC, “[f]or an
averment to qualify as a judicial admission, it must be a clear and
unequivocal admission of fact. … An admission is not conclusively binding
when the statement is indeterminate, inconsistent, or ambiguous.” Cogley,
32 A.3d at 1292 (citation omitted; emphasis added). Here, Ms. Salmon stated
in her complaint that the broken plumbing line resulted “in damage to the
insured premises and the contents thereof together with a loss of use of the
premises in an amount in excess of $50,000[,”] and she stated that a
“copy of the preliminary estimates of losses are attached….” Complaint,
10/19/17, at ¶ 4 (emphasis added). This allegation is far from a clear and
unequivocal admission that Ms. Salmon’s damages amounted to $47,268.21.
Second, we disagree with PCIC that the trial court abused its discretion
in precluding it from questioning Mr. Patel about the $47,268.21 estimate.
Mr. Patel did not testify on direct examination about the costs associated with
any damages, he did not participate in the repairs at all, and he did not review
any documentation regarding the repairs. See N.T. at 106-07. Instead, he
- 18 -
J-A26007-20
only testified on direct about the coverages afforded by the insurance policy,
and stated that he did not participate in the estimate writing. See id. at 91,
93-101, 109. Thus, it would be inappropriate to question Mr. Patel about the
veracity of the calculations that went into the $47,268.21 estimate.
Accordingly, even if properly raised, this issue would warrant no relief.
Issue 3
In PCIC’s third issue, it claims that the “trial court erred by allowing [Ms.
Salmon] to amend her pleadings to include a common law insurance bad faith
claim, under New Jersey law, when such motion was not made until after PCIC
rested its case, immediately prior to the oral verdict [that] was rendered by
the trial court[.]” PCIC’s Brief at 7. According to PCIC, the trial court’s
decision to permit this late amendment resulted in manifest prejudice to it.
See id. at 39.10
At the outset of our evaluation of this claim, we recognize that,
[w]hen reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a party’s petition to
amend we must bear in mind that the trial court is granted broad
discretion in evaluating amendment petitions. The sound
discretion of the trial court will not be disturbed on appeal absent
a showing of an abuse of that discretion.
Horowitz v. Universal Underwriters Ins., 580 A.2d 395, 398 (Pa. Super.
1990) (citations omitted). “[A]n abuse of discretion exists when the trial court
has rendered a judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, arbitrary, or
____________________________________________
10PCIC also argues, in a separate issue, that Ms. Salmon “cannot establish a
bad faith claim under New Jersey law, and the amendment was consequently
against a positive rule of law (thereby rendering it futile).” PCIC’s Brief at 35
n.4. We do not address this argument in our analysis of PCIC’s third issue.
- 19 -
J-A26007-20
capricious, has failed to apply the law, or was motivated by partiality,
prejudice, bias, or ill will.” Rettger v. UPMC Shadyside, 991 A.2d 915, 924
(Pa. Super. 2010) (citations omitted).
Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1033 addresses amendments to
pleadings. In relevant part, it sets forth that:
A party, either by filed consent of the adverse party or by leave of
court, may at any time change the form of action, add a person
as a party, correct the name of a party, or otherwise amend the
pleading. The amended pleading may aver transactions or
occurrences which have happened before or after the filing of the
original pleading, even though they give rise to a new cause of
action or defense. An amendment may be made to conform the
pleading to the evidence offered or admitted.
Pa.R.C.P. 1033(a).
With respect to Rule 1033, this Court has explained:
[Rule 1033] has repeatedly been interpreted as requiring the
liberal evaluation of amendment requests, in an effort to secure a
determination of cases based upon their merits, rather than based
upon a mere technicality. Thus, Rule 1033 has been interpreted
to permit amendments to pleadings at any time, including before,
during and after trial.
Despite this liberal amendment policy, Pennsylvania appellate
courts have repeatedly ruled that an amendment will not be
permitted where it is against a positive rule of law, or where the
amendment will surprise or prejudice the opposing party.
Horowitz, 580 A.2d at 398 (internal citations omitted).
Specifically, regarding prejudice to the opposing party, we have said
that,
prejudice that would prevent the grant of an amendment must be
… something more than a detriment to the other party since any
amendment almost certainly will be designed to strengthen the
legal position of the amending party and correspondingly to
weaken the position of the adverse party. Thus, an allegation of
- 20 -
J-A26007-20
prejudice will be sufficient to deprive another party of the right to
amend only if the detriment suffered would go beyond that which
would normally flow from the allowance of an amendment. Such
prejudice is most often a function of the lateness with which the
proposed amendment is offered:
All amendments have this in common: they are offered later
in time than the pleading which they seek to amend. If the
amendment contains allegations which would have allowed
inclusion in the original pleading (the usual case), then the
question of prejudice is presented by the time at which it is
offered rather than the substance of what is offered. The
possible prejudice, in other words, must stem from the fact
that the new allegations are offered late rather than in the
original pleading, and not from the fact that the opponent
may lose his case on the merits if the pleading is allowed.
Rettger, 991 A.2d at 928-29 (internal citations, brackets, and quotation
marks omitted; emphasis in original); see also Horowitz, 580 A.2d at 399
(“[T]he lateness of a proposed amendment is only to be considered insofar as
it presents a question of prejudice to the opposing party. It has been
consistently held that unreasonable delay, by itself, is an insufficient ground
upon which to base a denial of an amendment motion.”) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted).
Here, in permitting Ms. Salmon to amend her complaint to include a bad
faith claim, the trial court opined:
[PCIC] cannot credibly argue either surprise or prejudice. The
issue of bad faith was in the case from its inception. Count II of
[Ms.] Salmon’s [c]omplaint included the factual predicate for the
bad faith claims, as well as requests for punitive damages and
- 21 -
J-A26007-20
counsel/attorney’s fees.[11] [In its motion for judgment on the
pleadings, PCIC] argued that Pennsylvania’s bad faith statute did
not apply to this New Jersey insured, and that New Jersey law
applied. Judge Fletman accepted that argument and dismissed
the bad faith count, but she did so “WITHOUT PREJUDICE.”
(Emphasis in the original).
In amending to raise her bad faith claims under New Jersey [l]aw,
[Ms.] Salmon merely did what [PCIC] argued in its [m]otion for
[j]udgment on the [p]leadings, and which Judge Fletman clearly
contemplated in dismissing the bad faith count, without prejudice:
she brought the claims under New Jersey [l]aw. Indeed, more
than 21 months before trial, [PCIC] itself averred[,] “[Ms.
Salmon’s] claims of coverage and bad faith are governed by New
Jersey [l]aw.”
Additionally, the amendment was based on facts in the case from
[its] inception, many of which applied as much to a bad faith claim
as they did to the breach of contract claim. The amendment
comported with the evidence at trial, and [PCIC’s] own failure to
anticipate and present a defense, or ask for leave to do so, was
not a reason to deny the amendment. Under all the circumstances
of this case, [Ms. Salmon] was properly granted leave to amend
to restore the bad faith claim.
TCO at 8-9 (internal citations omitted; emphasis in original).
____________________________________________
11Specifically, in Count II of Ms. Salmon’s complaint, she alleged that PCIC
engaged in bad faith conduct under 42 Pa.C.S. § 8371. Section 8371
provides:
In an action arising under an insurance policy, if the court finds
that the insurer has acted in bad faith toward the insured, the
court may take all of the following actions:
(1) Award interest on the amount of the claim from the date
the claim was made by the insured in an amount equal to
the prime rate of interest plus 3%.
(2) Award punitive damages against the insurer.
(3) Assess court costs and attorney fees against the insurer.
- 22 -
J-A26007-20
PCIC attacks this ruling, stating that Ms. Salmon “did nothing between
the May 2018 dismissal of her statutory bad faith claim and the September
26, 2019 trial date to address her desire to re-plead a bad faith claim, and
[she] waited until after the defense rested its case to orally move for
amendment.” PCIC’s Brief at 34. It argues:
As contrasted to contractual insurance disputes, which are
resolved based upon the terms of the insurance contract and an
adjudication as to whether certain claims do or do not fall within
the relevant coverages, an insurance bad faith claim is, inherently,
predicated on the subjective intent and state of mind of the
insurance carrier. … New Jersey law requires that a bad faith
claimant prove the insurer did not have a “fairly debatable” reason
for its position. See Pickett [v. Lloyd’s, 621 A.2d 445, 453-54
(N.J. 1993)].[12]
____________________________________________
12 Indeed, the New Jersey Supreme Court has stated:
A finding of bad faith against an insurer in denying an insurance
claim cannot be established through simple negligence.
Moreover, mere failure to settle a debatable claim does not
constitute bad faith. Rather, to establish a first-party bad faith
claim for denial of benefits in New Jersey, a plaintiff must show
that no debatable reasons existed for denial of the benefits.
Under the salutary “fairly debatable” standard enunciated in
Pickett, a claimant who could not have established as a matter
of law a right to summary judgment on the substantive claim
would not be entitled to assert a claim for an insurer’s bad faith
refusal to pay the claim.
Badiali v. New Jersey Mfrs. Ins. Group, 107 A.3d 1281, 1288 (N.J. 2015)
(internal citations and some internal quotation marks omitted). See also
Pickett, 621 A.2d at 453 (“To show a claim for bad faith, a plaintiff must show
the absence of a reasonable basis for denying benefits of the policy and the
defendant’s knowledge or reckless disregard of the lack of a reasonable basis
for denying the claim. It is apparent, then, that the tort of bad faith is an
intentional one. … [I]mplicit in that test is our conclusion that the knowledge
- 23 -
J-A26007-20
From May 2, 2018 onward, discovery and trial proceeded on the
issue of a contractual insurance coverage dispute. PCIC cross-
examined witnesses and challenged [Ms. Salmon’s] evidence
based on [that] longstanding reality. PCIC likewise rested its case
and relied on the evidence elicited during [Ms. Salmon’s] case in
chief, given that [she] bore the burden of proof on the issue of
entitlement to coverage. It was then ambushed with an
amendment to include a bad faith claim after it rested its case,
and, therein, was denied the opportunity to present witnesses and
evidence on this qualitatively different cause of action.
The trial court ruled that PCIC cannot claim this deprivation of its
ability to respond to the claim was prejudicial because it did not
ask to reopen the record for additional evidence. Yet, the
transcript reflects that the amendment was permitted over PCIC’s
strenuous objections, and the trial court then proceeded directly
to closing arguments and rendering of a verdict.
PCIC’s Brief at 38-39 (some internal citations omitted). In sum, PCIC claims
that “the extra-contractual awards of punitive damages and attorney’s fees,
which are predicated on the finding of bad faith, were the product of [a]
prejudicial and improper amendment which, at a minimum, commands a new
trial.” Id. at 40.
Ms. Salmon counters that PCIC “rests its prejudice argument on
allegations that reinstatement of [her] [b]ad [f]aith claim was launched after
[PCIC] rested its case. It was [PCIC] who chose not to put forth a defense in
this action, [and] that is not the fault of [Ms. Salmon].” Ms. Salmon’s Brief at
19 (emphasis in original). Ms. Salmon argues that PCIC “merely asserts
prejudice arising from undue delay[,]” and says that “Pennsylvania law does
____________________________________________
of the lack of a reasonable basis may be inferred and imputed to an insurance
company where there is a reckless … indifference to facts or to proofs
submitted by the insured.”) (quoting Bibeault v. Hanover Ins. Co., 417 A.2d
313, 319 (R.I. 1980)).
- 24 -
J-A26007-20
not recognize such an allegation as a viable means to establish prejudice by
way of [a] pleading amendment.” Id. at 19-20.
Our review of the trial transcript reveals that, after PCIC stated that it
would be resting, the following occurred at trial:
[Ms. Salmon’s attorney:] And, Your Honor, there actually is --
there is one motion [Ms. Salmon] would have prior to closing, if
Your Honor would like to hear it now.
Under Rule 1033, Your Honor, the local rules allows [sic] for
the amendment of the complaint to be congruent with the
evidence that has been provided. Previously, Your Honor, [Ms.
Salmon] had filed a bad faith action against [PCIC]. That was
dismissed without prejudice to allow for discovery.[13] As
the evidence has now been presented, Your Honor, there is really
no dispute that there is a viable bad faith claim that should at least
be argued as part of [Ms. Salmon’s] claim.
As it was already stipulated by [PCIC], there are two areas of
damage the defense has stipulated to be owed and owing under
the policy, [and] to this date[, PCIC] has provided no payment
despite that knowledge and despite that fact. That in and of
itself[,] on its face[,] is bad faith and unreasonable. The standard
for bad faith, Your Honor, is showing that the defendant has acted
unreasonably, that they know that they’re being unreasonable and
they do it anyway. [PCIC] has provided zero evidence to
contest what [Ms. Salmon] has been providing …
throughout this entire litigation as the owed amounts and
has, in fact, already stipulated to the fact that some
amounts are owing and [it] hasn’t paid that. Again, that is
clear evidence of bad faith[,] which would allow for an amendment
under Rule 1033[,] based on the evidence presented at trial.
____________________________________________
13This assertion is not supported by the record. As mentioned supra, Ms.
Salmon’s bad faith claim was dismissed because the trial court apparently
agreed with PCIC that Pennsylvania’s bad faith statute does not apply to Ms.
Salmon’s claims as she is not, and never has been, a Pennsylvania resident,
and the at-issue property is located in New Jersey.
- 25 -
J-A26007-20
THE COURT: All right. Before I hear a response, let me see Rule
1033.
[Ms. Salmon’s attorney:] Your Honor, if it would help, I also have
a copy of the order dismissing the bad faith [claim] without
prejudice.
THE COURT: I’ll take that as well. Okay. I’ll hear from the
defense.
[PCIC’s attorney:] Your Honor, the re-initiation of a bad faith claim
at the close of evidence is not -- it wouldn’t be proper because
it precludes me from even arguing whether or not our
conduct was reasonable or not. Our conduct was reasonable
at the time, and to bring a --
THE COURT: You can still argue it.
[PCIC’s attorney:] Well, that’s not true. I can put on evidence as
to the -- what we stipulated to, our stipulation should not be
held against us because we stipulated to it when it was
produced to us in discovery. I mean, it was produced to us
in discovery. None of this stuff was ever given to us, Judge,
and had we known that we were going to be arguing a bad
faith case, I would have put a case on to defend against
bad faith because our file closed out in April of 2017. We
never got another document from them. Ever. We never
got a single thing and our people would have testified to
that. This is an ambush.
[Ms. Salmon’s attorney:] Your Honor, the rule specifically allows
for amendment based on evidence that was presented. The only
reason we’re making that amendment is because [PCIC]
has chose[n] to present no evidence regarding the
reasonableness of any conduct on [its] part, and, in fact,
on its face[,] [it] is unreasonable knowing that there are
damages that are owed that [it has] chosen not to pay.
[PCIC’s attorney:] Because the reasonableness wasn’t at
issue. At issue was whether or not the damages were -- fit
within the policy. There is no evidence that -- for us to be able
to have to retry the case as to reasonableness we’d have to -- I
move for reopening the case.
THE COURT: I don’t think that requires re-trial. In fact, I am
surprised to even hear that bad faith wasn’t on the table. Given
- 26 -
J-A26007-20
the evidence[,] I think that there is ample notice. I think the only
thing --
[PCIC’s attorney:] Your Honor, actually, if I may, this is a New
Jersey policy. All right. The reason that the bad faith claim
was dismissed without prejudice and my argument was
[sic] because they pled the Pennsylvania bad faith statute.
You cannot, under the case law, you cannot argue, you cannot
apply a bad faith claim to a New Jersey policy under the bad faith
statute of Pennsylvania. That’s what I wanted -- that’s actually -
- that’s case law.
[Ms. Salmon’s attorney:] Your Honor, regardless of which statute
would be applied does not prevent us under Rule 1033 to amend
the pleadings to comply. So based on the evidence that we’ve
seen today, specifically under 1033, it says it can be
amended based on evidence provided. Judge, I can argue
New Jersey bad faith as much as I could PA. I am perfectly
fine doing either. They both have the same standard in the
sense that all I have to prove, Your Honor, is the defendant
acknowledged their unreasonableness and continued their
conduct anyway.
[PCIC’s attorney:] That’s not true. I mean, the bad faith statute
of New Jersey and Pennsylvania are two different things.
That’s why Pennsylvania does not allow New Jersey statutes to --
or New Jersey policies to be subject to the bad faith.
[Ms. Salmon’s attorney:] Beyond that, Your Honor, there is a clear
breach of good faith and fair dealing[,] which applies to every
contract in every state regardless. That finding alone doesn’t
require any statutory argument. It simply requires a
showing that the conduct of the defendant under the duty
of good faith and fair dealing would be applicable.
[PCIC’s attorney:] The count that fraud was pursuant
specifically to the statu[t]e. Count two was specifically to
the Pennsylvania statute. The preliminary objections that
were granted was the statute does not apply to a New
Jersey policy. It’s undisputed this is a New Jersey policy.
[Ms. Salmon’s attorney:] Your Honor, what we’re seeking to
amend is the breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing.
We’re not bringing up the statute at all.
- 27 -
J-A26007-20
[PCIC’s attorney:] That brings up an entirely different legal
standard.
THE COURT: I’m permitting the amendment. All right. So with
that, I will hear closing arguments.
N.T. at 202-07 (emphasis added).
Based on the foregoing, we determine that the trial court abused its
discretion in permitting Ms. Salmon to amend her complaint, given the late
amendment’s prejudice to PCIC. Prior to trial, Ms. Salmon never amended
her complaint to bring a bad faith claim under New Jersey law following the
dismissal of her Pennsylvania bad faith claim. As a result, PCIC stipulated to
certain damages and chose its trial strategy believing that the only claim it
was defending against was for breach of contract. Accord Rettger, 991 A.2d
at 929 (concluding that certain parties would suffer prejudice because of a
late amendment of a pleading at trial, as allowing the amendment would
undermine their trial strategies).14 When PCIC then defended against only
____________________________________________
14 To illustrate PCIC’s defense strategy at trial, in PCIC’s opening argument, it
stated that “[t]he dispute here really does amount to what is covered, what
was caused by the March 2017 loss, and what was caused by [Ms. Salmon’s]
failure to correct something that was not covered by the policy, which is,
mainly, the pipe replacement.” N.T. at 10. In addition, PCIC alleged that “the
other issue here is that … you’re going to hear Mr. Brown testify that he has
no invoices for these repairs[,]” and that “the crux of what we’re at here is
there is zero proof that this work was done for the prices that were paid.” Id.
at 10-11, 11. See also id. at 11 (“[Mr. Brown is] claiming $10,000 worth of
electrical work that, I don’t know who his licensed electrician is, but he’s
Venmoing money to people with no actual record of the work performed.
There’s just six line items that say you owe us $98,000.”); id. at 12 (“[I]t
looks like they just totally renovated the place because the pipe leaked. That’s
just not the way insurance works. You fix the pipe. You repair the drywall.
You fix the flooring, and you move on. In this case, they’re asking for new
electricity. They put in a new bathroom.”).
- 28 -
J-A26007-20
Ms. Salmon’s breach-of-contract claim at trial, Ms. Salmon unfairly used that
against it, stating that “[t]he only reason we’re making that amendment is
because [PCIC] has chose[n] to present no evidence regarding the
reasonableness of any conduct on [its] part, and, in fact, on its face[,] [it] is
unreasonable knowing that there are damages that are owed that [it has]
chosen not to pay.” N.T. at 204-05. PCIC explained that it did not present
evidence on reasonableness because its conduct was not at issue. Id. at 205.
Further, PCIC made a request to re-open the case, which the trial denied. Id.
Given that PCIC based its trial strategy on defending against a breach-
of-contract claim only, the trial court abused its discretion in allowing Ms.
Salmon to amend her complaint to add a bad faith claim under New Jersey
law after PCIC had rested its case. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s
decision to permit that amendment. Consequently, we also reverse the trial
court’s award of punitive damages and attorney’s fees to Ms. Salmon, which
were based upon a finding of bad faith.15, 16 Judgment should, therefore, be
entered in favor Ms. Salmon in the reduced amount of $163,726.17.
____________________________________________
15 The trial court’s awards for attorney’s fees and punitive damages were
based upon Ms. Salmon’s bad faith claim. See TCO at 13 (“In permitting
amendment to restore the bad faith claims, the court also restored the
damages which flow from such a claim under New Jersey law. … [T]hose
damages include counsel fees.”); id. at 15 (“[T]he complaint was properly
amended to restore punitive damages on the amended bad faith claim.”); N.T.
at 214-15 (Ms. Salmon’s counsel’s arguing that when an insurance company
acts in bad faith, the court may award attorney’s fees and punitive damages).
16 Given our disposition, we need not address PCIC’s remaining issues.
- 29 -
J-A26007-20
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part. The awards of $54,520
in attorney’s fees and $75,000 in punitive damages are reversed. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/19/21
- 30 -