NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
____________
No. 19-3513
____________
VICTOR HUGO MEJIA-ESPINOZA,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
________________
On Petition for Review of a Final Order
of the Board of Immigration Appeals
(BIA-1 : A090-695-156)
Immigration Judge: David Cheng
________________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
September 22, 2020
Before: AMBRO, PORTER, and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: February 24, 2021)
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OPINION*
____________
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
AMBRO, Circuit Judge
Petitioner Victor Hugo Mejia-Espinoza petitions for review of an order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). It dismissed his appeal after an immigration
judge (“IJ”) denied his claim for relief and ordered his removal. We dismiss the petition
in part and deny it in part.
I.
Mejia-Espinoza, a citizen of Ecuador, entered the United States without inspection
in 2005 or before.1 He married in 2013 and, with his wife, has three minor children who
are United States citizens. In 2010, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”)
began removal proceedings, serving Mejia-Espinoza with a Notice to Appear (“NTA”)
that did not specify a hearing date and time. A few weeks later, DHS followed up the
NTA with a hearing notice setting the date and time.
Mejia-Espinoza conceded removability but sought relief in the form of
cancellation of removal. An immigration judge (“IJ”) held a hearing in 2018, at which
Mejia-Espinoza alone testified. The IJ then denied cancellation of removal, explaining
that Mejia-Espinoza had not demonstrated the ten years of continuous presence in the
United States that is statutorily required for relief. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(A). While
DHS conceded he had been in the United States since 2005, the record was unclear as to
how long he had been present before that, and, under the so-called “stop-time rule,” the
1
He claims he first entered the country in 1997, but, as noted below, the immigration
judge concluded there was insufficient evidence of his presence before 2005.
2
period terminated in 2010 (hence five years short) with service of the NTA. See id.
§ 1229b(d)(1).
The IJ concluded alternatively that Mejia-Espinoza had not demonstrated a
separate statutory requirement for cancellation of removal: that his removal would result
in “exceptional and extremely unusual hardship” to his U.S. citizen children. See id.
§ 1229b(b)(1)(D). He explained that Mejia-Espinoza’s wife did not provide a letter or
testify to corroborate his role in supporting their children, and that the children do not
suffer from any medical issues that would cause such an unusual hardship. The IJ also
noted he would decline, as a matter of discretion, to grant cancellation of removal
because Mejia-Espinoza admitted during the hearing that he left the United States and
gained readmittance using someone else’s passport.
Mejia-Espinoza appealed to the BIA, arguing, among other things, that (1) the
failure of the NTA to specify a hearing date and time deprived the IJ of jurisdiction, and
(2) this same deficiency meant that the stop-time rule was not triggered in 2010. The
BIA dismissed the appeal. In rejecting the first argument, the BIA relied on our decision
in Nkomo v. Attorney General, 930 F.3d 129, 133 (3d Cir. 2019), in which we held that
the lack of a hearing date and time on an NTA does not deprive an IJ of jurisdiction. The
BIA then noted that the second argument was “foreclosed” by its own precedent holding
that service of a hearing notice cures a deficient NTA and thus triggers the stop-time rule.
A.R. 4 (citing In re Mendoza-Hernandez, 27 I. & N. Dec. 520 (BIA 2019)). But rather
than resting its holding as to cancellation of removal on that basis alone, the BIA held
that “even assuming [Mejia-Espinoza] could establish the requisite continuous physical
3
presence, we affirm the [IJ]’s determination that [he] did not demonstrate exceptional and
extremely unusual hardship to his [U.S.] citizen children.” Id. The BIA “also affirm[ed]
the [IJ]’s determination” that Mejia-Espinoza did not merit a favorable exercise of
discretion. A.R. 4. He petitions us for review.2
II.3
We begin with Mejia-Espinoza’s argument that the IJ lacked jurisdiction due to
the defect in the NTA. He concedes that Nkomo forecloses this argument but argues that
we should overrule it. Our panel may not do so, as Nkomo is precedential. See, e.g.,
Jutrowski v. Twp. of Riverdale, 904 F.3d 280, 293 n.13 (3d Cir. 2018).
Mejia-Espinoza next argues that the BIA erred in concluding that the hearing
notice cured the defect in the NTA such that it triggered the stop-time rule. He notes that,
in the time since the BIA decided this case, we have rejected its precedent on this issue.
See Guadalupe v. Att’y Gen., 951 F.3d 161, 167 (3d Cir. 2020) (rejecting In re Mendoza-
2
While his petition was pending, Mejia-Espinoza moved to remand this matter to
the BIA so that he could present new evidence regarding the hardship that his removal
would cause in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. A separate motions panel of
our Court denied the motion, but Mejia-Espinoza “renews [his] request” for remand on
this basis, Reply Br. 10 n.3.
“Under the law of the case doctrine, one panel of an appellate court generally will
not reconsider questions that another panel has decided on a prior appeal in the same
case.” In re City of Phila. Litig., 158 F.3d 711, 717 (3d Cir. 1998). While the doctrine
does not “preclude our reconsideration of previously decided issues in extraordinary
circumstances such as where . . . new evidence is available,” id. at 718, Mejia-Espinoza
presents the same arguments for remand that the motions panel rejected—namely that
Ecuador is “one of the countries that has been hit the hardest by [COVID-19] in Latin
America.” Reply Br. 10.
3
Except as noted below, we have jurisdiction to review this petition under 8
U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1).
4
Hernandez, and holding that “a deficient NTA cannot be supplemented with a subsequent
[hearing] notice that does not meet the requirements” to constitute an NTA). But while
the BIA stated that its precedent “foreclosed” Mejia-Espinoza’s argument regarding the
stop-time rule, it expressly declined to reach the issue, and instead rested its affirmation
of the IJ’s denial of cancellation of removal on two separate grounds: (1) that Mejia-
Espinoza “did not demonstrate exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his [U.S.]
citizen children,” and (2) that he “has not demonstrated that he merits relief in the
exercise of discretion.” A.R. 4–5; see also A.R. 5 (explaining that, in light of these two
conclusions, the BIA “need not address . . . whether [Mejia-Espinoza] has demonstrated
continuous physical presence”). Because the BIA did not decide the issue, we do not do
so. See, e.g., Myrie v. Att’y Gen., 855 F.3d 509, 515 (3d Cir. 2017) (holding that, “[i]f the
[BIA] relies only on some of the grounds given for denying relief, we review only those
grounds” (citation omitted)).4
Mejia-Espinoza next argues that the BIA “erred in its application of the legal
standard of exceptional and extremely unusual hardship . . . to the established facts of this
case.” Reply Br. 6. Our review of this issue is limited to determining “whether the B[IA]
or IJ applied the appropriate [legal] standard.” Radiowala v. Att’y Gen., 930 F.3d 577,
582 (3d Cir. 2019) (citing Patel v. Att’y Gen., 619 F.3d 230, 233 (3d Cir. 2010)
4
Mejia-Espinoza also argues in his reply brief that this matter should be remanded
to the BIA because the “IJ relied on an incomplete record to find that [he] had not
established that he is a person of good moral character,” Reply Br. 9, which is statutorily
required for cancellation of removal, see 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(B). But, as with the
continuous-presence requirement, the BIA expressly declined to reach this issue, see A.R.
5, and hence we shall not do so.
5
(explaining that “we do not have jurisdiction to ‘rehash’ the IJ’s determination of whether
an alien meets this hardship requirement,” but “do have jurisdiction to review whether the
IJ used the correct legal standard to reach this determination” (citation omitted))).5
The BIA applied the correct legal standard in its hardship determination. Mejia-
Espinoza argues that it impermissibly “require[d] a finding [that his children suffered
from a] catastrophic illness” or that his removal would create an “unconscionable
situation.” Reply Br. 7. But the BIA merely noted that Mejia-Espinoza’s children do not
suffer from health problems that would support the existence of an unusual hardship; it
did not suggest that such problems were the only way that hardship could be
demonstrated. And it went on to consider other evidence—namely, evidence of Mejia-
Espinoza’s role in his children’s lives. See A.R. 4 (“while [Mejia-Espinoza] testified that
he is heavily involved in his children’s lives, the [IJ] found that [he] did not meet his
5
Mejia-Espinoza suggests that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Guerrero-
Lasprilla v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1062 (2020), permits us to review the BIA’s ultimate
conclusion—not merely whether it applied the correct legal standard. But Guerrero-
Lasprilla holds that the courts of appeals have jurisdiction to review “mixed questions”
of law and fact—in that case, whether an alien has met the standard for equitable tolling
of the deadline to file a motion to reopen. See 140 S. Ct. at 1068–73. But we have
described the hardship determination not as a mixed question of law and fact, but as a
“discretionary determination.” Patel, 619 F.3d at 233 (emphasis added). We have held
that Guerrero-Lasprilla does not permit us to review “a disagreement about weighing
hardship factors[,]” as this is “a discretionary judgment call, not a legal question.”
Hernandez-Morales v. Att’y Gen., 977 F.3d 247, 249 (3d Cir. 2020); accord Galeano-
Romero v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1176, 1182–84 & n.9 (10th Cir. 2020) (rejecting the argument
that, “after Guerrero-Laprilla, [a] challenge to the B[IA]’s misapplication of the legal
standard for exceptional and extremely unusual hardship” is within a court’s jurisdiction,
and explaining, consistent with our decision in Patel, that such an application is a
“matter[] left to the [BIA]’s discretion” (internal quotation marks and alterations
omitted)). But see Singh v. Rosen, 984 F.3d 1142, 1154 (6th Cir. 2021) (concluding
based on extensive analysis that the “ultimate hardship conclusion is the type of mixed
question that we have jurisdiction to review after Guerrero-Lasprilla”).
6
burden of proof . . . , especially considering the lack of corroborative evidence and
testimony from [his] wife, who is the children’s mother”). Hence we cannot conclude
that the BIA imposed any additional requirement that there be a “catastrophic illness” or
“unconscionable situation.”
Mejia-Espinoza also argues that the BIA failed to review the IJ’s hardship
determination de novo, supporting this argument only by noting that the BIA affirmed for
the reasons stated by the IJ. But the BIA explicitly stated its review was de novo, see
A.R. 3, and its affirmance for the reasons set out by the IJ does not demonstrate that its
review was deferential.
Finally, Mejia-Espinoza argues that the BIA did not “consider the hardship factors
in [the] aggregate.” Reply Br. 9. But he points to no indication that the BIA failed to do
so, arguing only that it failed to account for factors other than his children’s health—such
as that he “was the sole financial provider for his children, [and] that his children are
exceptionally talented in soccer and ballet, respectively.” Id. As noted above, however,
the BIA explicitly considered Mejia-Espinoza’s testimony that he “supports his children”
and “is heavily involved in [their] lives.” A.R. 4. But it agreed with the IJ that this did
not meet Mejia-Espinoza’s burden of proof, “especially considering the lack of
corroborative evidence and testimony from [his] wife.” Id.
Even if the BIA applied the incorrect legal standard—or otherwise erred—in its
conclusion that Mejia-Espinoza failed to demonstrate the requisite hardship, it also
affirmed the IJ’s conclusion that he did not merit a favorable exercise of discretion in
light of his admission that he had falsely represented himself to be a U.S. citizen and used
7
another person’s passport to reenter the country. We lack jurisdiction to consider this
discretionary determination, which independently supports the BIA’s denial of
cancellation of removal.
* * * * *
For the reasons set out above, Mejia-Espinoza’s petition for review is dismissed in
part and denied in part. Insofar as the petition challenges the BIA’s ultimate
determination as to hardship, it is dismissed. In all other respects, it is denied.
8