UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DEEPIKA GONA,
Plaintiff,
v. Case No. 1:20-cv-3680-RCL
UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP AND
IMMIGRATION SERVICES,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
More than seven months ago, Deepika Gona applied to United States Citizenship and
Immigration Services (USCIS) to renew her visa and authorization to work in the United States.
Although Ms. Gona’s work authorization expired almost three months ago, USCIS has not yet
processed her applications. Since then, Ms. Gona has been unable to work or renew her driver’s
license, and her family has lost substantial income.
Ms. Gona sued. She alleges that the agency unreasonably delayed acting on her
applications and improperly denied an automatic extension of her authorization to work. She now
seeks a preliminary injunction to force the agency to process her applications within seven days.
Mot., ECF No. 7.
Ms. Gona has failed to rebut the agency’s assertion that it processes applications on a first-
in, first-out basis. Thus, granting Ms. Gona the relief she seeks would necessarily mean advancing
her application her over others waiting their turn in the queue. This the Court cannot do.
Upon consideration of the motion, briefs (ECF Nos. 7-1, 11, 12), exhibits (ECF Nos. 7-2–
17, 11-1–2, 12-1), and all other papers of record, the Court will DENY the motion.
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I. BACKGROUND
A. Statutory and Regulatory Background
Under the H-1B visa program, American employers may temporarily employ
nonimmigrant aliens in certain specialized occupations. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15)(H). Workers
in these roles have “highly specialized knowledge” and have obtained at least a bachelor’s degree
(or equivalent experience). 8 U.S.C. § 1184(i)(1); 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(4)(iii)(A). An alien may
hold an H-1B visa for no more than six years, 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(15)(ii)(B), unless he has been
approved for an immigrant visa and is waiting for a visa to become available, American
Competitiveness in the Twenty–First Century Act Of 2000, P.L. 106-313 § 106(a)–(b), 114 Stat.
1251, 1253–54 (codified in notes to 8 U.S.C. § 1184). In that case, the employer may seek an
extension, and the visa is automatically extended while the extension request is pending. See 8
C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(2)(i)(H).
An H-1B visa holder’s spouse and dependent children are entitled to admission to the
United States as nonimmigrants under H-4 status. 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(9)(iv). H-4 status derives
from and lasts only as long as the underlying H-1B visa. See id. Unlike H-1B status, however, H-
4 status does not automatically confer the right to work in the United States. Id. To be authorized
to work, an alien with H-4 status must file a separate application for an employment authorization
document. Id.; 8 C.F.R. § 274a.13.
When an H-4 visa holder wishes to renew both his visa and his work authorization, he must
file separate applications with USCIS no sooner than 180 days before the visa and work
authorization expire. See id. (Form I-765 to extend work authorization); 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h)(9)(iv)
(Form I-539 to extend visa). To process those applications, USCIS requires the applicant to submit
biometric information. See 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(9); Press Release, USCIS (Mar. 5, 2019),
https://www.uscis.gov/news/alerts/update-uscis-to-publish-revised-form-i-539-and-new-form-i-
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539a-on-march-8. The agency cannot adjudicate an application for work authorization until it has
adjudicated the application to renew the visa. 8 C.F.R. §§ 214.2, 274a.
B. Factual Background
Ms. Gona is an Indian national who lives in Rockville, Maryland. Compl. ¶ 1. Her spouse
holds an H-1B visa, see Gona Decl. ¶ 3, ECF No. 7-5, and has been approved for an immigrant
visa, id. at ¶ 4. Ms. Gona, in turn, held an H-4 visa and employment authorization. See id. at ¶¶ 5,
8, 13. On July 9, 2020, she filed applications to renew both her visa and her employment
authorization. Id. at ¶¶ 5, 7. USCIS has not yet acted on those applications. Id. at ¶ 6.
On December 3, 2020, Ms. Gona’s employment authorization expired. Id. at ¶ 8. The
consequences for her have been grave. Without valid employment authorization, Ms. Gona lost
her driver’s license. Id. at ¶ 9; but see Md. Code § 16-122(a)(1). And she has been unable to work
as a computer developer for the State of Maryland, Gona Decl. ¶ 10, depriving her family of
income equal to 44% of its monthly budget, id. at ¶¶ 11–12. The record does not indicate how
much income her family otherwise has to cover its expenses.
C. Procedural History
After she lost her eligibility to work in December 2020, Ms. Gona filed this action. She
alleged two causes of action under the Administrative Procedure Act. In the first, she argues that
USCIS improperly interpreted a regulation (codified at 8 C.F.R. § 274a.13(d)) denying her
automatic extension of her employment eligibility. See Compl. ¶¶ 89–97. In the second, she
argues that USICS unreasonably delayed processing her application. See id. at ¶¶ 98–120.
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Eight weeks after she filed her complaint, Ms. Gona moved for a preliminary injunction to
compel USCIS to promptly adjudicate her applications.1 The Court allowed the government an
extra week to respond to the motion. See Order (Feb. 22, 2021), ECF No. 10.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
A preliminary injunction is an “extraordinary remedy,” Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council,
Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008). “To obtain a preliminary injunction, the moving party must make a
clear showing that four factors, taken together, warrant relief: likely success on the merits, likely
irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, a balance of the equities in its favor, and
accord with the public interest.” Shawnee Tribe v. Mnuchin, 984 F.3d 94, 101 (D.C. Cir. 2021)
(internal quotation marks omitted). When the government opposes a preliminary injunction, the
final two factors merge because “the government’s interest is the public interest.” Nken v. Holder,
556 U.S. 418, 435 (2009).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits
Ms. Gona argues that she is entitled to a preliminary injuction because USCIS has
unreasonably delayed in adjudicating her petitions. In a case alleging unlawfully withheld agency
action, the Court looks to six factors:
(1) the time agencies take to make decisions must be governed by a
rule of reason; (2) where Congress has provided a timetable or other
indication of the speed with which it expects the agency to proceed
in the enabling statute, that statutory scheme may supply content for
this rule of reason; (3) delays that might be reasonable in the sphere
of economic regulation are less tolerable when human health and
welfare are at stake; (4) the court should consider the effect of
expediting delayed action on agency activities of a higher or
competing priority; (5) the court should also take into account the
nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by delay; and (6) the
1
Because Ms. Gona does not address her § 274a.13(d) claim in her preliminary injunction filings, the Court construes
her motion for a preliminary injunction as seeking only an order pertaining to her unreasonable delay claim.
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court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude
in order to hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed.
Telecomms. Rsch. & Action Ctr. v. FCC (“TRAC”), 750 F.2d 70, 80 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). The first factor is the most important, but each of the
factors merely provides “useful guidance” to determine whether the agency has unreasonably
delayed action. In re Core Commc’ns, Inc., 531 F.3d 849, 855 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting TRAC,
750 F.2d at 80). The TRAC analysis is fact-intensive: “Resolution of a claim of unreasonable delay
is ordinarily a complicated and nuanced task requiring consideration of the particular facts and
circumstances before the court.” Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council, Inc. v. Norton, 336 F.3d
1094, 1100 (D.C. Cir. 2003).
The Court considers each of the factors in turn.
1. Rule of Reason (TRAC Factor 1)
Under the first TRAC factor, the Court must determine whether the agency acts according
to a rule of reason. Here, USCIS does.
USCIS says that it follows a simple rule of reason: it largely processes applications on a
first-in, first-out basis. According to the agency, “[a]pplications adjudicated at the [Vermont
Service Center] are generally processed according to the date the application was properly filed
with USCIS subject to the biometrics requirement being complete as outlined below. Applications
with an older filing date are generally processed before applications with a later filing date.”
Kernan Decl. ¶ 2. If the agency indeed follows that rule, it abides by a rule of reason. See Nibber
v. USCIS, No. 20-cv-3207 (BAH), 2020 WL 7360215, at *5 (D.D.C. Dec. 15, 2020) (collecting
cases). And, unless Ms. Gona can rebut the presumption of regularity, the Court must presume
that the agency follows its own rule. See Pharm. Research & Mfrs. of Am. v. FTC, 790 F.3d 198,
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212 (D.C. Cir. 2015); see generally Note, The Presumption of Regularity in Judicial Review of the
Executive Branch, 131 Harv. L. Rev. 2431 (2018).
Ms. Gona contests UCSIS’s assertion that it follows its first-in, first-out rule. She supports
her argument with data about when USCIS received and processed applications from hundreds of
H-4 applicants. See Pl.’s Ex. 1. That data comes from several of the USCIS’s processing centers.
See id. But the relevant data is only that from the Vermont Service Center, which is handling Ms.
Gona’s application.
Ms. Gona’s data for the Vermont Service Center shows reasonably strong correlation
between the order when an H-4 application is filed and when an H-4 application is actually
adjudicated. A simple visual aid illustrates the point. The diagram below plots the order in which
USCIS received applications at the Vermont Service Center on the x-axis and the order in which
USCIS adjudicated the corresponding H-4 applications on the y-axis. The sold line indicates
where the points should lie if the Vermont Service Center strictly followed a first-in, first out rule;
the dotted line represents the actual trendline for the plaintiff’s data. Points that appear above the
solid line were processed after their “place in line;” points below the solid line, before their “place
in line.”
6
30
25
20
Order Adjudicated
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Order Filed
See Pl.’s Ex. 1. The correlation between the order of filing and the order of adjudication is not
perfect. But it does reflect a reasonably tight fit between the date an application comes “in” and
the date it goes “out.” See also Kolluri v. USCIS, No. 3:20-cv-02897-N, 2021 WL 183316, at *5
(N.D. Tex. Jan. 17, 2021) (reaching same conclusion based on same data). The fact that a handful
of applications may have been adjudicated out of order does not establish that the agency ignores
its first-in, first-out process. That is so especially as the agency has procedures for expedited
consideration and as the data may not provide a representative sample. At this preliminary stage,
Ms. Gona’s data does not clearly show that the agency fails to follow its rule of reason.
Ms. Gona also offers testimony from a USCIS official at the Nebraska Service Center in
support of her claims. That testimony, however, is irrelevant because it sheds no light on how the
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agency processes applications at its Vermont Service Center. Nor will the Court jettison the
presumption of regularity based on potential inconsistencies in that testimony.
In sum, Ms. Gona has not disproven the agency’s assertion that it follows a first-in, first-
out process. The first factor, therefore, supports USCIS.
2. Congressionally Provided Timeline (TRAC Factor 2)
Under the second TRAC factor, the Court must determine whether Congress has provided
a timeline for the agency’s action. Here, Congress has.
Congress expressed its expectation that processing petitions for immigration benefits
should take no more than 180 days. 8 U.S.C. § 1571. Ms. Gona’s applications have languished
for far longer.
The agency argues that the Congressional timeline is merely precatory. That argument is
both correct and meaningless. The second factor requires only some “indication of the speed with
which [Congress] expects the agency to proceed.” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. Congress enacted a
statute to provide that indication. And the agency has failed to meet its benchmark. See Nibber,
2020 WL 7360215, at *6.
The second factor supports Ms. Gona.
3. Harm to Health and Welfare and Prejudice (TRAC Factors 3 and 5)
Under the third and fifth TRAC factors, the Court must determine whether the agency’s
delay harm human welfare or prejudice any interests. Here, the agency’s actions harm Ms. Gona’s
welfare and prejudice her interests.
Ms. Gona cannot work, and her family has gone without her income. She cannot drive
anywhere—to the grocery store, to a doctor’s office. These effects harm her family’s welfare and
prejudice Ms. Gona’s interests. See Nibber, 2020 WL 7360215, at *6.
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USCIS’s arguments to the contrary fall short. The agency describes the effects as purely
economic. Not so. See id. The agency also argues that Ms. Gona’s declaration does not support
her contention that she is at risk of losing her job. While Ms. Gona could more specifically support
her claims, she need not prove permanent job loss to satify the third and fifth TRAC factors.
The third and fifth factors support Ms. Gona.
4. Competing Priorities (TRAC Factor 4)
Under the fourth TRAC factor, the Court must determine whether ordering the agency to
act would harm competing priorities. Here, it would.
When an agency follows a first-in, first-out process, the Court is not in a position to push
one application to the front of the line. See Liberty Fund, Inc. v. Chao, 394 F. Supp. 2d 105, 117–
18 (D.D.C. 2005). Here, “granting relief to the [p]laintiff simply moves her to the front of the line
at the expense of all other applicants who may not have filed an application for mandamus relief.”
Varol v. Radel, 420 F. Supp. 3d 1089, 1098 (S.D. Cal. 2019) (citing Mashpee Wampanoag, 336
F.3d at 1100; In re Barr Labs., Inc., 930 F.2d 72, 75 (1991)).
Ms. Gona’s counterarguments cannot overcome this settled doctrine. To the extent that
Ms. Gona argues that the agency should prioritize her application, the Court cannot second-guess
the agency’s prioritization. To the extent that Ms. Gona argues that the agency can adjudicate
claims faster, the Court would still jump Ms. Gona’s application in front of earlier applications if
it granted her relief.
The fourth factor supports the agency.
5. Bad Faith (TRAC Factor 6)
Under the sixth TRAC factor, the Court must determine whether the agency has acted in
bad faith in delaying action. Here, the evidence is inconclusive.
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Ms. Gona suggests that some USCIS policies are arbitrary and thus unlawful. She may
well prove correct in the end. But Ms. Gona has not directly challenged those policies here, and
the Court lacks a sufficient record to establish whether the polices are lawful. At the same time,
the record does not allow the Court to bless all the agency’s visa-processing polices.
The sixth factor supports neither party.
***
Ms. Gona has not shown that she is likely to prevail on the most important TRAC factors.
She has not disproven the agency’s contention that it follows a rule of reason. And so she has not
shown how the Court could grant her motion without displacing other applicants from their places
in the queue. Ms. Gona’s failure to satisfy the first and fourth TRAC factors disposes of her
unreasonable delay claim. See In re Barr Labs., Inc., 930 F.2d 72, 76 (D.C. Cir. 1991). At this
stage, therefore, Ms. Gona has not shown clearly that she is likely to succeed on the merits.
B. Irreparable Harm
Ms. Gona argues that she will suffer irreparable harm absent an injunction because she
faces the loss of income, which she cannot recover from the government.2
Financial losses constitute irreparable harm if they are certain, imminent, and
unrecoverable. Nat’l Min. Ass’n v. Jackson, 768 F. Supp. 2d 34, 52–54 (D.D.C. 2011). Ms. Gona
is not authorized to work. Therefore, she can no longer earn her salary. She has certainly already
lost salary and will imminently lose more salary. Those loses are unrecoverable because the
government enjoys sovereign immunity. Thus, Ms. Gona’s loss of her salary is an irreparable
harm.
2
Ms. Gona also points to (a) her loss of her ability to drive and (b) her potential loss of her job. Ms. Gona’s loss of
her driver’s license may well be remediable. See Md. Code § 16-122(a)(1). And the record does not contain enough
evidence to support Ms. Gona’s contention that she is at risk of losing her job. Therefore, neither of these injuries
constitute irreparable harm.
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The government argues that Ms. Gona has not proven that she has missed any work. Her
declaration could be more specific and pellucid. But the government does not contest that Ms.
Gana had a job. It cannot contest that she is unable to work. The Court will not ignore her harm
because she failed to recite magic words in her declaration.
Ms. Gana has clearly shown that she will suffer irreparable harm.
C. Balance of Equities/Public Interest
The public interest weighs against granting a preliminary injunction.
Jumping one applicant in front of other applicants in an agency's queue does not serve the
public interest. See Muvvala v. Wolf, No. 1:20-cv-02423 (CJN), 2020 WL 5748104, at *6 (D.D.C.
Sept. 25, 2020); Long v. Dep 't of Homeland Sec., 436 F. Supp. 2d 38, 44 (D.D.C. 2006). Nor does
reordering an agency's priorities. See Muvvala at *6. (citing Barr Labs, 930 F.2d at 76).
Thus, Ms. Gana has not shown that a preliminary injunction is in the public's interest.
***
Because Ms. Gana has not demonstrated likelihood of success on the merits or that the
preliminary injunction is in the public's interest, she has not met her burden.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court will deny the motion by separate order.
Date: - -- - -- -- - Royce C. Lamberth
United States District Judge
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Gona v. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
Combined Opinion