NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 26 2021
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 19-50335
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No.
2:14-cr-00329-ODW-1
v.
ROBERT A. GLAZER, M.D., MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 5, 2021
Pasadena, California
Before: GOULD, OWENS, and VANDYKE, Circuit Judges.
Defendant-Appellant Robert Glazer (“Glazer”) appeals from his conviction
following a jury trial for conspiracy to commit health care fraud, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1349, and twelve counts of health care fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1347. Glazer, a medical doctor who operated his own clinic, conspired with
others to fraudulently bill Medicare for services not rendered and for services
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
“medically unnecessary” within the meaning of the Medicare regulations. Glazer
was sentenced to 120 months’ imprisonment and two years of supervised release.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), and we
affirm.
1. Glazer contends that the district court erred by allowing the government
to question Glazer and another defense witness about the veracity of other
witnesses, and that this error required reversal. The government concedes that the
questioning was improper, but it contends that any error was harmless due to
strong evidence of guilt. We review for plain error, see United States v. Del Toro-
Barboza, 673 F.3d 1136, 1152 (9th Cir. 2012), and we agree with the government.
The rule is settled that “[a] prosecutor must not ask defendants during cross-
examination to comment on the truthfulness of other witnesses.” United States v.
Alcantara-Castillo, 788 F.3d 1186, 1191 (9th Cir. 2015). But here, even if the
government impermissibly did so, Glazer cannot show prejudice because the
portions of testimony on which Glazer was asked to comment were not likely to
bear significantly on Glazer’s credibility, and the evidence of Glazer’s guilt was
strong. See, e.g., United States v. Ramirez, 537 F.3d 1075, 1086 (9th Cir. 2008).
2. Glazer next contends that the district court’s method of selecting alternate
jurors was reversible error. We disagree. It is undisputed that the district court’s
method of selecting alternate jurors did not comport with Fed. R. Crim. P. 24(c),
2
which requires that an alternate juror have the same qualifications and be selected
and sworn in the same manner as any other juror. Here an error occurred because
the alternate jurors were designated separately at the start of deliberations. We
conclude, however, that the error did not affect Glazer’s substantial rights, as
required on plain error review, see United States v. Lindsey, 634 F.3d 541, 551 (9th
Cir. 2011), because the alternates did not participate in jury deliberations.
3. Glazer’s contention that the district court’s questions and comments
during trial projected to the jury a prejudicial appearance of partiality also fails.
We review claims of judicial misconduct in supervising trials for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Morgan, 376 F.3d 1002, 1006–07 (9th Cir. 2004).
Judicial questioning of witnesses can “cross the line and affect the judge’s role as
an impartial participant in the trial process.” United States v. Lopez-Martinez, 543
F.3d 509, 513 (9th Cir. 2008). Here, however, the district court did not abuse its
discretion given its “undeniable authority to examine witnesses and call the jury’s
attention to important evidence.” United States v. Scott, 642 F.3d 791, 799 (9th
Cir. 2011) (per curiam).
4. Glazer next contends that the district court abused its discretion or plainly
erred in several of its evidentiary rulings. We disagree. The district court did not
abuse its discretion by excluding evidence of “legitimate” medical services outside
of the counts in the indictment, because “[a] defendant cannot establish his
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innocence of crime by showing that he did not commit similar crimes on other
occasions.” Herzog v. United States, 226 F.2d 561, 565 (9th Cir. 1955). The court
did not abuse its discretion by barring Glazer from using his notes to testify instead
of the patient files, because the court could have concluded that Glazer intended to
testify directly from a writing rather than refresh his recollection. See Fed. R.
Evid. 612 advisory committee’s note to proposed rules. The court also did not err
by admitting the “education” letter under a notice theory, see Fed. R. Evid.
801(c)(2), or the testimonies of the two investigators and Agent Li, because it is
not clear that the court’s gatekeeper Daubert role was triggered, see United States
v. Hankey, 203 F.3d 1160, 1169 (9th Cir. 2000), and any issue with “dual role”
testimony was harmless. United States v. Torralba-Mendia, 784 F.3d 652, 660
(9th Cir. 2015). The court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the Medicare
regulation for impeachment purposes because it could have been considered
extrinsic evidence of a collateral matter. See Ortiz v. Yates, 704 F.3d 1026, 1038
(9th Cir. 2012). Finally, the court did not err by admitting Agent Li’s testimony
that she did not find “indicators” of traced signatures because jurors may consider
and weigh handwriting evidence without an expert opinion. United States v.
Meredith, 685 F.3d 814, 824 (9th Cir. 2012).
5. With regard to Glazer’s sentence, the district court did not clearly err in
applying a four-level adjustment under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) for being “an
4
organizer or leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more participants or
was otherwise extensive.” We review this factual finding for clear error. A
finding is clearly erroneous only if it is “illogical, implausible, or without support
in inferences that may be drawn from the record.” United States v. Hinkson, 585
F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc). The court opined: “To say that this
man was not the shot caller of a medical office . . . is almost absurd in context.”
Though Glazer argues that his office manager, Avetisyan, was in charge and
Glazer just “did the medicine,” in this context “doing the medicine” meant
controlling the tests and services that ended up being fraudulently submitted to
Medicare. The court’s finding that Glazer was an organizer of the fraud scheme
was not clearly erroneous.
AFFIRMED.1
1
Glazer also contends that if we remand the case, it should be reassigned to a
different judge. We do not address this claim because remand is unwarranted.
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