IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 21-0051
Filed March 3, 2021
IN THE INTEREST OF K.W.-A.,
Minor Child,
T.W., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Webster County, Joseph B.
McCarville, District Associate Judge.
A mother appeals the juvenile court order terminating her parental rights to
her minor child. AFFIRMED.
Jessica L. Morton of Bruner, Bruner, Reinhart & Morton, LLP, Carroll, for
appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Douglas Cook, Jewell, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child.
Considered by Bower, C.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ.
2
DOYLE, Judge.
A mother appeals the juvenile court order terminating her parental rights to
her minor child K.W.-A.1 She contends the State failed to prove the grounds for
termination. She denies termination of her parental rights is in the best interests
of the child. She also contends the State failed to make reasonable efforts to
reunify the child with her. And she asks for more time.
We review the mother’s claims do novo. See In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467,
472 (Iowa 2018). “We give weight to the factual determinations of the juvenile
court but we are not bound by them. Grounds for termination must be proven by
clear and convincing evidence. Our primary concern is the best interests of the
child.” In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006) (citations omitted).
We typically use a three-step process to review the termination of a parent’s
rights. In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 472. First, we determine whether a ground for
termination under section 232.116(1) has been established. See id. at 472–73. If
a ground for termination has been established, we then consider “whether the best-
interest framework as laid out in section 232.116(2) supports the termination of
parental rights.” Id. at 473 (citation omitted). Finally, we consider “whether any
exceptions in section 232.116(3) apply to preclude termination of parental rights.”
Id. (quoting In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 220 (Iowa 2016)). “However, if a parent
does not challenge [any of the three] step[s] in our analysis, we need not address
[them].” In re J.P., No. 19-1633, 2020 WL 110425, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 9,
2020).
1 The father’s parental rights were also terminated. He is not a party to this appeal
3
The juvenile court terminated the mother's parental rights under Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(g), (h) and (l) (2020). We may affirm if the record supports
termination under any one of these grounds. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 774
(Iowa 2012). Termination under section 232.116(1)(h) is appropriate if the child is
three years old or younger, has been adjudicated a child in need of assistance
(CINA), and has been removed from the parent’s care for at least six of the last
twelve months. The mother does not challenge proof of these three requirements.
There must also be clear and convincing evidence that the child cannot be returned
to the parent’s care at the time of the termination hearing without exposing the
child to harm that would lead to a new CINA adjudication. See Iowa Code
§ 232.116(1)(h)(4) (requiring “clear and convincing evidence that at the present
time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided
in section 232.102”); In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010) (interpreting
the term “at the present time” to mean “at the time of the termination hearing”); In
re M.S., 889 N.W.2d 675, 680 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016) (noting a child cannot be
returned to the custody of the parent if doing so would expose the child to any
harm amounting to a new CINA adjudication).
The mother argues the evidence does not support a finding that the child
could not be returned to her care at the time of the termination hearing. The child
was born in August 2018 and tested positive for marijuana, methamphetamine,
and amphetamines. The family came to the attention of the Iowa Department of
Human Services (DHS) upon allegations that the mother used methamphetamine
and marijuana weekly throughout her pregnancy. The child was removed from the
4
parents in October 2018 and adjudicated CINA. The child was placed with a pre-
adoptive foster family.
Almost a year after the CINA adjudication, the petition to terminate parental
rights was filed in September 2019. The first day of the hearing took place in
February 2020. Up to that time the mother’s housing and employment were
unstable; she was inconsistent in receiving services; she missed some visits with
the child; she was a no-show for some drug testing; she did not successfully
complete drug treatment; she last tested positive for amphetamines,
methamphetamine, and marijuana in December 2019; and she was subjected to
domestic abuse by the father and was openly violating a no-contact order with him.
The hearing reconvened in September and again in November 2020. The
evidence showed that after several failed attempts, the mother finally successfully
completed substance-abuse treatment by April 2020. But success was short-lived,
as she tested positive for methamphetamine in June and September 2020. She
refused a drug patch test offered in October 2020. She continued her relationship
with the father despite the history of domestic abuse, his ongoing
methamphetamine use, and his continued violent and threatening behavior. The
mother did not capitalize on all the offered visitation time with the child. Visitation
never progressed beyond supervised visitation. The mother refused to interact
with the Family Centered Services worker. She failed to follow through with
mental-health services. Upon our de novo review, we conclude the State proved
by clear and convincing evidence that the child could not be returned to the mother
at the time of the termination hearing without exposing the child to any harm
amounting to a new CINA adjudication.
5
We next turn to whether termination is in the child’s best interests. In
determining best interests, we “give primary consideration to the child’s safety, to
the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child,
and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child.” Iowa
Code § 232.116(2). The “defining elements” are the child’s safety and “need for a
permanent home.” In re H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 748 (Iowa 2011) (citation omitted).
The whole of the mother’s best-interests argument is: “TW and the child are
bonded. The law of the land is Families First. Not giving the child the opportunity
to live with a biological parent who is able to fully care for the child is not in the
child’s best interests.” Giving the issue such short shrift does not merit review.
See State v. Mann, 602 N.W.2d 785, 788 n.1 (Iowa 1999) (explaining random
mention of an issue, without elaboration or supporting authority, is insufficient to
prompt an appellate court’s consideration). To address the issue under these
circumstances, we would be obliged “to assume a partisan role and undertake the
appellant’s research and advocacy.” Inghram v. Dairyland Mut. Ins. Co., 215
N.W.2d 239, 240 (Iowa 1974); Soo Line R.R. v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 521 N.W.2d
685, 691 (Iowa 1994) (“[R]andom mention of [an] issue, without elaboration or
supportive authority, is insufficient to raise the issue for [appellate] consideration.”).
But even if the mother had fleshed out this issue, it would not merit relief.
Concerns about the mother’s substance abuse, mental health, and
domestic violence still remain. In addressing the best-interests issue, the juvenile
court found:
The child’s safety is best ensured by termination for the following
reasons: the parents can’t get off drugs, they have unaddressed
mental health issues, they continue to miss scheduled visitation, [the
6
father] has anger issues and assaultive behavior. All these
conditions have persisted for years with little or no improvement by
the parents. . . . The physical, mental, and emotional condition and
needs of the child can be best met by termination of parental rights
and adoption by the current foster family . . . .
We agree.
The mother was offered extensive services to correct the circumstances
that caused removal but had not yet remedied those issues. The mother has
simply not progressed to a point at which her child can be returned to her care.
Her substance use presents a clear danger to the child’s safety. See A.B., 815
N.W.2d at 776 (“[A]n unresolved, severe, and chronic drug addiction can render a
parent unfit to raise children.”). Thus the element of safety supports
termination. See id. (“No parent should leave his small children in the care of a
meth addict—the hazards are too great.” (citation omitted)). And, “It is well-settled
law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved a
ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent
will . . . be able to provide a stable home for the child.” Id. at 777 (quoting In re
P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 39 (Iowa 2010)). We conclude the mother has been given
ample time—over two years from time of removal to the last termination hearing—
to get her affairs in order. This child’s best interests are best served by providing
permanency and stability now. See id. at 778 (“It is simply not in the best interests
of children to continue to keep them in temporary foster homes while the natural
parents get their lives together.” (quoting In re C.K., 558 N.W.2d 170, 175 (Iowa
1997))). The child has been with the same foster family for over two years and is
bonded to the foster parents; they are willing to adopt the child.
7
To the extent that the mother requests more time (she mentions it in
passing), given the mother’s track record and lack of participation in services, we
are unable to conclude “the need for removal . . . will no longer exist at the end of
the additional six-month period.” See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b). Children do not
come equipped with pause buttons. See In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 112 (Iowa
2014) (holding that the court must not deprive children of permanency on the hope
that someday the parent will be able to provide a stable home); In re A.C., 415
N.W.2d 609, 613 (Iowa 1987) (“The crucial days of childhood cannot be
suspended while parents experiment with ways to face up to their own problems.”).
The child’s need for safety and permanency outweigh the rights and needs of the
mother. See In re C.S., 776 N.W.2d 297, 300 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). In the over
two years this case was pending, the mother failed to resolve the issues that
impeded reunion with the child. It is now clear the mother is unable, now or in the
near term, to provide the child with either the safety or the stability the child needs.
Finally, the mother also contends the State failed to make reasonable efforts
to return the child to her care. See Iowa Code § 232.102(7) (requiring that the
State “make every reasonable effort to return the child to the child’s home as
quickly as possible consistent with the best interests of the child”). She argues
that although she was doing her part, the DHS failed to sua sponte increase visits
with the child. She acknowledges that “typically a reasonable effort must be
requested by a parent.” Indeed, to preserve error on a reasonable-efforts
challenge, a parent must complain to the juvenile court about the adequacy of the
services “at the removal, when the case permanency plan is entered, or at later
review hearings.” In re C.H., 652 N.W.2d 144, 148 (Iowa 2002); In re S.J., No. 14-
8
0978, 2014 WL 4231161, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 27, 2014) (“A challenge to the
sufficiency of the State’s efforts to reunite parents with their children should be
raised when the services are offered.” (citing In re L.M.W., 518 N.W.2d 804, 807
(Iowa Ct. App. 1994))). “[V]oicing complaints regarding the adequacy of services
to a social worker is not sufficient.” C.H., 652 N.W.2d at 148. To sidestep this
impediment, she argues,
Visitation is the most basic service DHS offers, and it is unreasonable
for DHS to stagnate a parent at minimal visitation without good
reason, particularly where that parent has met the goals DHS set
forth for her. Parents should not have to ask for DHS to offer the
most basic part of their job.
We decline to depart from established case law requiring a parent to request
additional services. “We are not at liberty to overturn Iowa Supreme Court
precedent.” See State v. Hastings, 466 N.W.2d 697, 700 (Iowa Ct. App. 1990).
The mother never made a formal request for more services to the juvenile court.
She therefore failed to preserve the issue for our review. In any event she failed
to use all the visitation offered.
We conclude the State presented sufficient evidence to support termination
of the mother’s parental rights and that termination is in the best interests of the
child. We reject the mother’s reasonable–efforts argument and her request for
more time. We therefore affirm termination of her parental rights to K.W.-A.
AFFIRMED.
In the Interest of K.W.-A., Minor Child
Combined Opinion