IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
CONNIE L. RICHARD and
MICHAEL J. RICHARD, )
) C.A. No. K18C-08-009 NEP
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. )
)
FAW, CASSON & CO., LLP, a )
Maryland limited liability partnership, )
JBA GREENTREE PROPERTIES, LLC, )
a Delaware limited liability company, and )
CRISSMAN CUTTERS, INC., a Delaware )
corporation, )
)
Defendants. )
OPINION AND ORDER
Submitted: February 10, 2021
Decided: March 8, 2021
Defendant Crissman Cutters, Inc.’s Motion to Strike the Expert Testimony
Proffered by Plaintiff by David J. Littlewood, P.E.
GRANTED
Scott E. Chambers, Esquire, Schmittinger & Rodriguez, P.A., Dover, Delaware,
Attorney for Plaintiffs.
Stephen F. Dryden, Esquire, Weber Gallagher Simpson Stapleton Fires & Newby,
LLP, New Castle, Delaware, Attorney for Defendant Crissman Cutters, Inc.
David L. Baumberger, Esquire, Law Offices of Chrissinger & Baumberger,
Wilmington, Delaware, Attorney for Defendant Faw, Casson & Co., LLP.
Kenneth M. Doss, Esquire, Casarino Christman Shalk Ransom & Doss, P.A.,
Wilmington, Delaware, Attorney for Defendant JBA Greentree Properties, LLC.
Primos, J.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This matter is before the Court on a motion to strike expert testimony. This
personal injury action arises out of the slip and fall of Connie L. Richard (“Mrs.
Richard”) on an icy sidewalk at approximately 7:30 a.m. on January 9, 2018, as she
arrived for a morning seminar hosted by her accountants, Defendant Faw, Casson &
Co., LLC (“Faw Casson”). The incident occurred at the Greentree Shopping Center
(“Greentree”) in Dover, Delaware. Faw Casson leases office space at Greentree
from JBA Greentree Properties, LLC (“JBA”), also a defendant. Named as a
defendant as well is the movant here, Crissman Cutters, Inc. (“Crissman”), which
had a contractual relationship with JBA to remove snow and ice from Greentree.
During the days and hours leading up to the incident, a number of significant
weather events occurred. On January 3 and 4, 2018, snow fell at Greentree. During
the 24 hours before the incident, temperatures fluctuated from well below freezing
to several degrees above freezing, and back to just below freezing, and precipitation
fell, first in the form of rain and later of mist. Mrs. Richard testified that on the date
of her fall, it was cold, damp, and dreary, and the walkway was icy.
As a result of Mrs. Richard’s fall, she filed a complaint alleging negligence
by the previously mentioned parties and seeking damages for her injuries. Her
husband, Michael J. Richard (“Mr. Richard,” and together with Mrs. Richard,
“Plaintiffs”), filed a claim for loss of consortium as part of the same complaint.
Plaintiffs retained as an expert David J. Littlewood, P.E. (“Littlewood”), a
civil engineer. In his report, Littlewood concluded that the actions and/or inactions
of Faw Casson, JBA, and Crissman caused Mrs. Richard’s fall.1 With respect to
Crissman in particular, Littlewood opined that snow adjacent to the walkway “made
the walkway susceptible to melting and refreezing,” that “[s]now and/or ice should
1
David J. Littlewood, P.E., Report of Examination (May 22, 2020), at 14-16.
have been properly plowed to prevent ice from melting and re-freezing,” and that
Crissman had “failed to properly pile the snow after they plowed it to avoid melting
and refreezing on the incident pedestrian walkway surface.”2 At his deposition,
Littlewood testified that the icy conditions on the walkway where Mrs. Richard fell
“must have been because of . . . melt/refreeze” of snow, and that it was not likely
that the icy conditions were caused by the freezing of precipitation in the form of
mist on the morning of the incident because “misting typically does not precipitate
an accumulation; it’s a lot of just very small droplets of water.”3
Crissman has filed a Motion to Strike the expert testimony of Littlewood,
which is now before the Court.
PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS
Crissman asks this Court to strike Littlewood’s expert opinion that the
slippery conditions that Mrs. Richard encountered resulted from melting and
refreezing snow, and not from any other weather-related condition, because
Littlewood is a civil engineer, not a meteorological expert, and also because the
opinion is speculative and not based upon sufficient facts. Crissman argues that
Littlewood’s opinion is improper because it relied upon weather information
obtained from Dover Air Force Base (“DAFB”), a location on the opposite side of
Dover from where the incident occurred and that, even if Littlewood could opine
about the weather at the incident site by using the DAFB data, the information relied
upon was improper because it reflected air temperature, not ground temperature.
Plaintiffs contend that, because Littlewood’s opinion is scientifically sound
and based on actual facts, including published meteorological data and applicable
industry standards, his opinion is proper. Plaintiffs also assert that Littlewood is a
2
Id. at 16.
3
Littlewood Dep. 72:7-8, 65:2-4, Aug. 31, 2020.
3
proper expert because his opinion is helpful to the trier of fact by establishing the
industry standard of care that pertains to Defendants.
Faw Casson and JBA have joined in Crissman’s motion. At oral argument,
Faw Casson and JBA attempted to argue additional issues not raised in the written
submissions. Upon inquiry by the Court, these parties conceded that it would be
unfair for the Court to consider the additional arguments since they had not been
raised in the written submissions and Plaintiffs had not had a prior opportunity to
consider them. Therefore, this Opinion addresses only the issues raised in
Crissman’s written motion, as clarified at oral argument.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
When an expert witness offers an opinion, this Court’s duty is to act as a
gatekeeper and determine whether “the expert is qualified to render the opinion and
whether the testimony has a reliable basis in the relevant subject matter.”4 To do so,
the Court analyzes whether the expert’s opinion is admissible under Delaware Rule
of Evidence 702 (“Rule 702”).5 The Delaware Supreme Court has adopted a five-
part test to determine admissibility of expert testimony:
The trial court must decide that: (i) the witness is ‘qualified as an expert
by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education’ . . . ; (ii) the
evidence is relevant and reliable; (iii) the expert's opinion is based upon
information ‘reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field’ .
. . ; (iv) the expert testimony will ‘assist the trier of fact to understand
4
Grace v. Morgan, 2006 WL 2065172, at *2 (Del. Super. July 25, 2006) (citing M.G.
Bancorporation, Inc. v. Le Beau, 737 A.2d 513, 523 (Del. 1999)).
5
Rule 702 provides as follows:
If scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to
understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an
expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education may testify thereto in
the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient
facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods,
and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of
the case.
4
the evidence or to determine a fact in issue’ . . . ; and (v) the expert
testimony will not create unfair prejudice or confuse or mislead the
jury.6
Moreover, to assess expert testimony under Rule 702, Delaware courts use the
following non-exclusive list of factors set forth by the United States Supreme Court
in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals7:
(1) whether a scientific theory or technique can be (and has been)
tested; (2) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer
review and publication; (3) the known or potential rate of error and the
existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique’s
operation; and (4) whether the technique is generally accepted.8
In determining whether an expert’s testimony is admissible, the Court also
considers “the specialty of the expert” and “the particular facts of the underlying
case.”9 “If an expert opinion is challenged, the trial judge must decide if the expert
is qualified to render the opinion and whether the testimony has a reliable basis in
the relevant subject matter.”10 The Delaware Supreme Court has stated that “[w]hile
. . . at times an expert may be qualified by criteria outside of his formal training or
designated specialty, we must scrutinize an expert's qualifications with ‘due regard
for the specialization of modern science.’”11
6
Cunningham v. McDonald, 689 A.2d 1190, 1193 (Del. 1997) (citing Nelson v. State, 628 A.2d
69, 74 (Del. 1993)).
7
509 U.S. 579 (1993).
8
Spencer v. Wal-Mart Stores E., LP, 930 A.2d 881, 889 (Del. 2007); see also Li v. GEICO
Advantage Ins. Co., 2019 WL 4928614, at *1 (Del. Super. Oct. 7, 2019) (stating that Delaware
courts have adopted Daubert standards).
9
In re Asbestos Litig., 911 A.2d 1176, 1198 (Del. Super. 2006).
10
Grace, 2006 WL 2065172, at *2.
11
Bowen v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 906 A.2d 787, 796 (Del. 2006) (quoting Dura Auto.
Sys. of Ind., Inc. v. CTS Corp., 285 F.3d 609, 614 (7th Cir.2002)).
5
DISCUSSION
I. The aspect of the expert’s opinion that is being challenged.
At oral argument, Crissman acknowledged that it was not challenging all of
Littlewood’s proffered opinions. Rather, Crissman is asking the Court to strike only
Littlewood’s opinion that the hazardous conditions at the location of the alleged slip
and fall were caused by melting and refreezing of snow. Other opinions rendered
by Littlewood—e.g., those related to failure to warn of the hazard, failure to inspect,
and failure to take remedial measures—are not at issue.
II. Littlewood is not a qualified expert regarding the causation of slippery
conditions by weather-related factors, and therefore he cannot render an
opinion addressing that issue.
A. Only an expert who is qualified in meteorology may differentiate
between multiple weather-related factors, occurring simultaneously
or in close conjunction with one another, when the issue to be
determined regards the cause of slippery conditions.
As noted supra, this Court preliminarily determines whether an expert is
qualified to testify.12 It is “the duty of the Trial Judge to decide whether the skill of
any person in the matter on which evidence of his opinion is offered is sufficient to
entitle him to be considered an expert.”13 The trial court must ensure “that the
expert’s experience can produce an opinion that is sufficiently informed, testable,
and verifiable on an issue to be determined at trial.”14
Every tort action is driven by its own unique facts. In particular, those tort
actions known as “slip and fall” cases “are notoriously fact intensive.”15 In this case,
12
Minner v. Am. Mortg. & Guar. Co., 791 A.2d 826, 839 (Del. Super. 2000).
13
Id.
14
Spencer v. Wal-Mart Stores E., LP, 2006 WL 1520203, at *1 (Del. Super. June 5, 2006) (citing
Goodridge v. Hyster Co., 845 A.2d 498, 503 (Del. 2004)), aff'd, 930 A.2d 881 (Del. 2007).
15
Savignac v. Canteen Corp., 1999 WL 458784, at *1 (Del. Super. June 18, 1999).
6
the facts are distinguished by the number and nature of weather events and weather-
related factors in the days and hours leading up to the incident, some or all of which
could have contributed to the slippery conditions Mrs. Richard encountered when
she fell. In the days prior to the incident, snow accumulated where the incident
occurred. According to information obtained from DAFB, on the night prior to the
incident, the Dover area received .12 inches of rain. On January 8, 2018, the day
before the incident, temperatures fluctuated from an early morning low of 10 degrees
to a late evening high of 38 degrees, and then dropped to 31 degrees during the early
morning hours of January 9, 2018, the day of the incident. In addition, three hours
of misting occurred between the hours of 4 a.m. and 7 a.m. on January 9.
The issue of which of these alternating and overlapping weather events
contributed to the hazardous conditions that Mrs. Richard encountered is particularly
crucial in this case. That issue relates to the responsibility, if any, that each of the
Defendants bears for her injuries, both in an absolute sense and vis-à-vis the other
Defendants. For example, if the hazardous conditions on the walkway were indeed
caused exclusively by melting and refreezing of piled snow, this would arguably
point the finger of liability more at Crissman, the entity that had cleared and stored
the piled snow. However, if the conditions were caused by one or more of the other
weather-related factors, Crissman might not bear as much, or any, responsibility.
Certainly, an expert opinion parsing out and clarifying which of the multiple
weather-related factors (i.e., temperature and active precipitation and their effect
upon previously accumulated precipitation in the form of snow, ice, and water)
contributed to the slippery conditions would assist the trier of fact in determining the
question of liability in this case. However, it is evident to this Court that an
individual with meteorological expertise is needed to determine whether, when, and
7
how those weather-related factors contributed to the slippery conditions.16
Unfortunately, Littlewood is not that individual. As Plaintiffs concede, he is
not a meteorological expert. Nonetheless, Littlewood has purported to opine on the
various weather-related events and how they contributed, or did not contribute, to
the icy conditions that Mrs. Richard encountered. With respect to Crissman’s
liability, Littlewood stated in his report that “[t]he location of the piled snow from
the previous snowfall made the walkway susceptible to melting and refreezing,” thus
implying that the melting and refreezing of the piled snow, which Crissman had
removed from the walkway, caused or contributed to the slippery conditions.17 He
made several similar conclusions in his written report implying—but not basing his
opinion on a reasonable degree of probability18—that melting and refreezing snow
had caused the slippery conditions at the location of Mrs. Richard’s fall.19
In his deposition, Littlewood was more explicit, testifying that the slippery
conditions that Mrs. Richard encountered “must have been because of . . .
melt/refreeze” and not because of misting or raining.20 Littlewood also testified that
the misting event could not have resulted in the hazardous conditions because
“misting typically does not precipitate an accumulation.”21
16
See, e.g., Elder v. Dover Downs, Inc., 2012 WL 2553091, at *1, *4 (Del. Super. July 2, 2012)
(finding that the defendant presented “competent evidence” when it provided “meteorological
expert testimony to show that ice could not have formed on the ground prior to the snowfall due
to warm weather patterns in the days preceding January 30, 2010 [the day of the incident]”).
17
Littlewood, Report of Examination, at 16.
18
See Floray v. State, 720 A.2d 1132, 1136 (Del. 1998) (expert opinion should be stated in terms
of reasonable probability or reasonable certainty).
19
See, e.g., Littlewood, Report of Examination, at 10 (“Crissman Cutters, Inc. failed to properly
pile the snow after they plowed it to avoid melting and refreezing on the incident pedestrian
walkway surface”).
20
Littlewood Dep. 72:4-9.
21
Id. at 64:19 to 65:4.
8
The Court views Littlewood’s rendering of these opinions as problematic, to
say the least. The knowledge that icy conditions on a walkway that have occurred
after a number of overlapping, and perhaps interacting, weather-related events
resulted from only one of those events, and not from any of the others, requires a
level of expertise far above that possessed by a non-expert (i.e., in the field of
meteorology). Similarly, the conclusion that a particular type of precipitation
event—misting—occurring during freezing temperatures does not typically result in
an accumulation of ice requires a knowledge of the properties of precipitation that a
person without some meteorological expertise simply would not have. Therefore,
allowing an individual such as Littlewood, who lacks such expertise, to present these
opinions to a jury could confuse or mislead them.
In arguing that Plaintiffs do not need a meteorological expert to testify as to
the cause of the slippery conditions, Plaintiffs rely upon Spencer v. Wal-Mart Stores
East, L.P., where the Delaware Supreme Court observed that “expert testimony is
[not] required to argue to a jury that a pile of snow in a parking lot is going to melt”
because this was a matter of “common sense.”22 However, Spencer is clearly
distinguishable on its facts because there is no indication in Spencer that there was
any uncertainty about what had caused the slippery conditions (i.e., whether they
were caused by melting snow), nor does it appear that multiple weather events had
taken place prior to the slip and fall incident: rather, it appears that a single snowfall
had occurred 4 days prior to the slip and fall, and that the slippery conditions had
resulted from the melting snow from that snowfall. Thus, in Spencer, the issue was
not what had caused the slippery conditions, but rather, whether the defendant had
properly maintained its parking lot.23 However, the issue before this Court, at least
22
930 A.2d at 890 (bracketed material in original) (citation omitted).
23
Id. at 887-888.
9
with respect to Crissman’s motion, is not whether the area was properly maintained,
but what caused the slippery conditions that allegedly resulted in Mrs. Richard’s fall.
Here there is undisputed evidence of a significant snowfall several days before the
incident, wide temperature fluctuations during the 24 hours before the incident,
measurable rain overnight, and misting in the early morning hours prior to Mrs.
Richard’s fall. It certainly is not merely “common sense” that melting and refreezing
of snow alone caused the slippery conditions when so many weather-related factors
existed. Rather, only a meteorological expert would be able to provide a proper
expert opinion as to what had caused the slippery conditions under those
circumstances.
In short, the Court is persuaded that only a meteorological expert could
determine that the slippery conditions that Mrs. Richard encountered were caused
by melting and refreezing snow and not by other contemporaneous weather-related
factors. Because Littlewood is not a meteorological expert, his opinions regarding
the causation of the slippery conditions must be stricken.
Because the Court has determined that Littlewood is not qualified to render
opinions regarding the cause of the slippery conditions in this case, the Court need
not reach Crissman’s arguments that his opinions are speculative—e.g.,
Littlewood’s statement that the location of the piled snow made the walkway
“susceptible” to melting and refreezing, and his failure to state the opinions in his
report to a reasonable degree of probability. Nonetheless, the Court cautions the
parties that future expert opinions rendered in this case, particularly those regarding
crucial issues such as the cause of allegedly hazardous conditions, must be provided
to a reasonable degree of probability or certainty.24
24
See, e.g., Moses v. Drake, 109 A.3d 562, 568 (Del. 2015) (holding that, while use of exact
language “reasonable medical probability” or “reasonable medical certainty” is not necessarily
required, use of term “feasible,” without additional support, was insufficient to meet standard of
10
B. Because Littlewood is not a qualified expert to render opinions
regarding causation of the slippery conditions, particularly regarding
the melting and refreezing of snow as the sole cause of those
conditions, his specific proffered opinions on that subject are
inadmissible.
The Court trusts that its statements supra provide sufficient clarity for the
parties to determine which of Littlewood’s opinions are stricken by this Opinion and
Order and which are not. Certainly the latter three conclusions regarding the
“actions and/or inactions of Crissman Cutters, Inc.” found at page 16 of his report,
which imply that the slippery conditions resulted from melting and refreezing of
snow and ice previously cleared by Crissman, are improper. Other opinions
expressed in the report relating to causation of the slippery conditions would
likewise be improper. Finally, assertions in Littlewood’s deposition that the slippery
conditions resulted from melting and refreezing snow, or that they did not result
from other weather-related events, are inappropriate as well.
C. What the Court is not saying.
Finally, the Court pauses to note what this Opinion is not holding. Certainly,
a concern of the Court is that this Opinion would be inappropriately cited to support
arguments in factually distinct cases, or be misunderstood by the parties in this case
as to its application going forward.
First of all, this Opinion should not be construed as holding that a
meteorological expert is required in every case involving weather-related slip and
fall incidents. Whether a meteorological expert is required is fact-dependent. In this
case, multiple weather-related conditions and events, closely contiguous or
reasonable medical probability or certainty); O’Riley v. Rogers , 69 A.3d 1007, 1011 (Del. 2007)
(holding that expert’s testimony that something is “possible” is not evidence and represents mere
“speculation or conjecture” (citing Oxendine v. State, 528 A.2d 870, 873 (Del. 1987)); Li, 2019
WL 4928614, at *2 (finding that expert’s opinion that need for future treatment was merely
possible was speculative and therefore improper expert testimony).
11
simultaneous to one another, may have contributed to the hazardous conditions in
question, and the causation of those conditions is a crucial element in this case.
Those circumstances might not be present in another case.
Second, the Court is not saying that the weather-related facts marshaled by
Littlewood to support his opinions would be insufficient for someone with the proper
expertise to render an opinion regarding what caused the icy conditions. In
particular, Littlewood relied upon weather data collected at DAFB, several miles
from Greentree, in the days and hours leading up to the incident. Whether the
meteorological data in Littlewood’s report could support an opinion by a qualified
expert on causation of the icy conditions is still an open question in this case, and
must be left for another day. In that respect, the question before this Court, and
decided by the Court today, is distinct from that before the Court in Perry v.
Berkley,25 cited by Crissman. In Perry, the expert’s qualifications were not in
question, but the Court found that he had relied upon erroneous factual
assumptions.26 In this case, by contrast, Littlewood’s lack of relevant qualifications
precludes the Court from reaching the issue of whether the meteorological facts upon
which he relied were sufficient for a qualified expert to render an opinion on the
question at hand.
Finally, as noted supra, the Court is not saying that the other opinions
rendered in Littlewood’s report (i.e., not addressed in this Opinion) that do not
concern the cause of the icy conditions are invalid. Again, challenges to those
opinions by Defendants, if any, must be left for another day.
25
996 A.2d 1262 (Del. 2010).
26
Id. at 1270 (stating that the motion to exclude the expert’s opinion “doesn’t focus on
qualifications or competence or methodology or the science involved, it focuses on the factual
foundation”).
12
CONCLUSION
Littlewood’s opinions regarding the causation of the slippery conditions
encountered by Mrs. Richard—i.e., relating them to the melting and refreezing of
snow previously plowed by Crissman, and ruling out their causation by other
weather-related factors—are improper because he is not a meteorological expert.
WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, Defendant Crissman’s Motion to
Strike Littlewood’s opinions regarding the cause of the icy conditions is
GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/ Noel Eason Primos
Judge
NEP/wjs
Sent via File & ServeXpress
oc: Prothonotary
Counsel of Record
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