NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 8 2021
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
YAJAIRA LISBETH CISNEROS- No. 19-72776
CHACON; IVANIA NICOLE CISNEROS-
CHACON, Agency Nos. A208-376-509
A208-376-510
Petitioners,
v. MEMORANDUM*
ROBERT M. WILKINSON, Acting
Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted March 3, 2021**
Phoenix, Arizona
Before: HAWKINS and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges, and CARDONE,*** District
Judge.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
***
The Honorable Kathleen Cardone, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Texas, sitting by designation.
Petitioners, a mother and daughter who are natives and citizens of El Salvador,
petition for review of the denial by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) of
their applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).1 We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252.
We uphold the denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection unless
the record “compels a contrary conclusion.” Arteaga v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 940, 944
(9th Cir. 2007). Applying that standard, we deny the petition.
1. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Petitioner failed
to establish a nexus between past or future harm and a protected ground. On remand
from this Court on the government’s unopposed motion, the BIA clarified its
application of the “one central reason” standard to asylum and “a reason” standard
to withholding of removal. See Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 356–60
(9th Cir. 2017). The BIA upheld the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) determination that
the gang members who attempted to extort Petitioner were not motivated by her
imputed membership in the Alvarez-Escobar nuclear family, the family of her
former boyfriend, who is also the father of her child.2 While “economic extortion
1
Because the daughter’s application derives from her mother’s, we refer only to the
mother below.
2
The IJ assumed without deciding that the particular social group asserted by the
Petitioner was cognizable. Because the BIA affirmed the IJ’s nexus finding, it
declined to address whether “imputed membership in the Alvarez-Escobar nuclear
family” was a cognizable particular social group in light of the Attorney General’s
2
on the basis of a protected characteristic can constitute persecution,” Ayala v.
Sessions, 855 F.3d 1012, 1020 (9th Cir. 2017), substantial evidence supports the
conclusion that the extortion in this case was unrelated to a protected ground.
Critical to the BIA’s decision was the absence of any threats or harm to the
parents of Petitioner’s former boyfriend. Not only did Petitioner and her child live
with the parents during the relevant period, but gang members also visited and called
the home to make contact with Petitioner. And yet, as the Petitioner testified and
the IJ found, “the gang consistently left [the Alvarez-Escobar] parents in peace.” In
light of this evidence, the gang members’ references to Petitioner’s former boyfriend
when seeking money and sexual services from her do not compel the conclusion that
her imputed membership in the broader Alvarez-Escobar family was “one central
reason” or “a reason” motivating her tormentors.
2. Substantial evidence supports the denial of CAT relief because Petitioner
failed to establish that it is “more likely than not that a government official or person
acting in an official capacity would torture [the Petitioner] or aid or acquiesce in
[her] torture by others.” See Wakkary v. Holder, 558 F.3d 1049, 1067–68 (9th Cir.
2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although the BIA “recognize[d] the
generalized evidence of crime, violence, and government corruption in El Salvador,”
decision in Matter of L-E-A-, 27 I&N Dec. 581, 589 (A.G. 2019) (holding that
because “most nuclear families are not inherently socially distinct,” a nuclear family
ordinarily does not qualify as a particular social group).
3
it affirmed the IJ’s finding that the Salvadoran government would not acquiesce to
gang violence against Petitioner. The record does not compel a contrary conclusion.
PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.
4
Yajaira Cisneros-Chacon v. Robert Wilkinson
Combined Opinion