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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
29 Nebraska Appellate Reports
WRIGHT v. H & S CONTRACTING
Cite as 29 Neb. App. 581
Emmet Wright, Personal Representative of
the Estate of Gerardo Navarro Robles, deceased,
and Veronica Ramirez, as dependent of Gerardo
Navarro Robles, deceased, appellants, v. H & S
Contracting, Inc., and Travelers Property
Casualty Company of America, its
workers’ compensation insurance
carrier, appellees.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed March 9, 2021. No. A-20-175.
1. Workers’ Compensation: Appeal and Error. An appellate court may
modify, reverse, or set aside a compensation court decision only when
(1) the compensation court acted without or in excess of its powers; (2)
the judgment, order, or award was procured by fraud; (3) there is not
sufficient competent evidence in the record to warrant the making of the
order, judgment, or award; or (4) the findings of fact by the compensa-
tion court do not support the order or award.
2. ____: ____. On appellate review, the factual findings made by the trial
judge of the compensation court have the effect of a jury verdict and
will not be disturbed unless clearly wrong.
3. Workers’ Compensation: Judgments: Appeal and Error. In testing
the sufficiency of the evidence to support the findings of fact in a work-
ers’ compensation case, an appellate court considers the evidence in the
light most favorable to the successful party, every controverted fact must
be resolved in favor of the successful party, and the appellate court gives
the successful party the benefit of every inference reasonably deducible
from the evidence.
4. Employer and Employee: Independent Contractor: Master and
Servant. A person’s status as an employee or an independent contractor
is a question of fact; however, where the facts are not in dispute and
where the inference is clear that there is, or is not, a master and servant
relationship, the matter is a question of law.
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
29 Nebraska Appellate Reports
WRIGHT v. H & S CONTRACTING
Cite as 29 Neb. App. 581
5. Employer and Employee: Independent Contractor. There is no single
test for determining whether one performs services for another as an
employee or as an independent contractor; rather, the following factors
must be considered: (1) the extent of control which, by the agreement,
the employer may exercise over the details of the work; (2) whether the
one employed is engaged in a distinct occupation or business; (3) the
kind of occupation, with reference to whether, in the locality, the work is
usually done under the direction of the employer or by a specialist with-
out supervision; (4) the skill required in the particular occupation; (5)
whether the employer or the one employed supplies the instrumentali-
ties, tools, and the place of work for the person doing the work; (6) the
length of time for which the one employed is engaged; (7) the method of
payment, whether by the time or by the job; (8) whether the work is part
of the regular business of the employer; (9) whether the parties believe
they are creating an agency relationship; and (10) whether the employer
is or is not in business.
6. Workers’ Compensation: Employer and Employee: Independent
Contractor. The protections provided under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-116
(Reissue 2010) are to ensure that companies cannot use subcontractors
to absolve them of the responsibility to ensure that employees are prop-
erly insured under the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act.
Appeal from the Workers’ Compensation Court: James R.
Coe, Judge. Affirmed.
Justin High, of High & Younes, L.L.C., for appellants.
James D. Garriott and, on brief, John A. McWilliams, of
Cassem, Tierney, Adams, Gotch & Douglas, for appellee H & S
Contracting, Inc.
CeCelia C. Ibson, of Ibson Law Firm, for appellee Travelers
Property Casualty Company of America.
Riedmann, Bishop, and Welch, Judges.
Riedmann, Judge.
INTRODUCTION
Gerardo Navarro Robles (Robles) was installing roofing/
siding when he fell from the roof, sustained injuries, and
later died. The personal representative of his estate and Robles’
widow sought workers’ compensation benefits, claiming that
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
29 Nebraska Appellate Reports
WRIGHT v. H & S CONTRACTING
Cite as 29 Neb. App. 581
the contractor who hired him was either his employer or
his statutory employer. The Nebraska Workers’ Compensation
Court determined that Robles was an independent contractor
and that the contractor who hired him was not obligated to
provide benefits. Finding no error by the compensation court,
we affirm.
BACKGROUND
H & S Contracting, Inc. (H&S), hired Robles to perform sid-
ing work on a jobsite. While working on September 29, 2015,
he fell from the roof. His fall paralyzed him from the neck
down, and this injury ultimately contributed to his death on
August 8, 2018. Emmet Wright, the personal representative of
Robles’ estate, and Veronica Ramirez, Robles’ widow (collec-
tively the appellants), brought a workers’ compensation claim
against H&S. The appellants claim either that Robles was an
employee of H&S or that H&S was his statutory employer.
H&S denied the allegations, affirmatively alleging that Robles
was not its employee.
Testimony during the workers’ compensation hearing showed
that at the time of his accident, Robles owned his own roofing
company, Navarro Roofing, and always represented himself
as the owner of the company. Robles performed jobs for H&S
intermittently since 2008. He sent H&S an invoice for each
project he completed. H&S paid Robles per job, based on its
size, as opposed to an hourly wage that it paid to its employ-
ees. H&S issued him a 1099 tax form for each year, including
the year 2015; it never issued him a W-2 tax form. Robles was
free to turn down a job from H&S and could freely work for
another company, which he periodically did.
Navarro Roofing had its own checking account and filed
tax returns. Robles deducted substantial business expenses for
vehicles, contract labor, and insurance. He also depreciated
and amortized certain business equipment. He indicated on
his federal tax returns from 2010 through 2013 that he was
an independent contractor by filing a self-employment tax
form. Despite being urged by his insurance agent to purchase
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29 Nebraska Appellate Reports
WRIGHT v. H & S CONTRACTING
Cite as 29 Neb. App. 581
workers’ compensation insurance, Robles consistently refused.
He did, however, carry general liability insurance.
H&S did not supervise Robles or his work crew on how to
complete a job; rather, Robles supervised his own crew. H&S
did, however, ensure that the job was completed and that work
materials were cleaned up at the jobsite. It would also do a
quality control inspection and check on the job periodically
if supervisors had time to do so. Additionally, H&S did not
set Robles’ hours or work schedule and did not control how
he completed the work, although he was expected to follow
the customer’s expectations and manufacturer warranties for
each job.
H&S supplied the materials and items such as trailers and
nails for each job. However, Robles supplied his own tools and
equipment, including “ladders, scaffolding, nail guns, compres-
sors” and “a hammer” and “nail pouch.”
The insurance agent for H&S at all relevant times was
also the insurance agent for Navarro Roofing. On or about
September 9, 2015, her office received a request from Travelers
Property Casualty Company of America (Travelers), H&S’
workers’ compensation insurance carrier, asking for Robles’
certificate of workers’ compensation insurance. Her office for-
warded a certificate of insurance that inadvertently indicated
that Navarro Roofing carried workers’ compensation insurance.
Shortly thereafter, the insurance agent contacted Travelers to
tell it that coverage was erroneously indicated. As a result,
when Travelers performed its audit of H&S’ payroll in August
2016, it recalculated H&S’ insurance premium based upon
payroll that included payments made to Robles. According to
H&S’ office manager, he contested the inclusion of payments
to Robles, and Travelers issued a premium adjustment, based
upon payroll that excluded payments made to Robles. H&S’
office manager testified that H&S never paid the premium that
included Robles’ wages.
The compensation court determined that Robles was an
independent contractor and dismissed his claim. The appellants
filed a timely appeal.
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
29 Nebraska Appellate Reports
WRIGHT v. H & S CONTRACTING
Cite as 29 Neb. App. 581
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
The appellants assert, rephrased and renumbered, that the
compensation court erred in (1) finding Robles was not an
employee of H&S; (2) determining the statutory employer doc-
trine did not apply; and (3) finding that an insurer may treat an
individual as an employee and collect a premium on that basis,
but refuse to provide insurance coverage for him or her.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] Pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-185 (Cum. Supp. 2020),
an appellate court may modify, reverse, or set aside a compen-
sation court decision only when (1) the compensation court
acted without or in excess of its powers; (2) the judgment,
order, or award was procured by fraud; (3) there is not suffi-
cient competent evidence in the record to warrant the making
of the order, judgment, or award; or (4) the findings of fact
by the compensation court do not support the order or award.
Aboytes-Mosqueda v. LFA Inc., 306 Neb. 277, 944 N.W.2d
765 (2020).
[2,3] On appellate review, the factual findings made by the
trial judge of the compensation court have the effect of a jury
verdict and will not be disturbed unless clearly wrong. Id. In
testing the sufficiency of the evidence to support the findings
of fact in a workers’ compensation case, an appellate court con-
siders the evidence in the light most favorable to the successful
party, every controverted fact must be resolved in favor of the
successful party, and the appellate court gives the successful
party the benefit of every inference reasonably deducible from
the evidence. Id.
ANALYSIS
Robles Was Not Employee
of H&S.
The appellants claim the compensation court erred in deter-
mining that Robles was an independent contractor of H&S
rather than its employee. We disagree.
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
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WRIGHT v. H & S CONTRACTING
Cite as 29 Neb. App. 581
[4] A person’s status as an employee or an independent con-
tractor is a question of fact; however, where the facts are not
in dispute and where the inference is clear that there is, or is
not, a master and servant relationship, the matter is a question
of law. Aboytes-Mosqueda v. LFA Inc., supra.
[5] There is no single test for determining whether one per-
forms services for another as an employee or as an indepen
dent contractor; rather, the following factors must be consid-
ered: (1) the extent of control which, by the agreement, the
employer may exercise over the details of the work; (2) whether
the one employed is engaged in a distinct occupation or busi-
ness; (3) the kind of occupation, with reference to whether, in
the locality, the work is usually done under the direction of the
employer or by a specialist without supervision; (4) the skill
required in the particular occupation; (5) whether the employer
or the one employed supplies the instrumentalities, tools, and
the place of work for the person doing the work; (6) the length
of time for which the one employed is engaged; (7) the method
of payment, whether by the time or by the job; (8) whether
the work is part of the regular business of the employer; (9)
whether the parties believe they are creating an agency rela-
tionship; and (10) whether the employer is or is not in busi-
ness. Id. See, also, Larson v. Hometown Communications, Inc.,
248 Neb. 942, 540 N.W.2d 339 (1995).
Many of these factors militate against a finding that Robles
was an employee of H&S. The extent of control and super
vision on the part of H&S was minimal, as testimony showed
that H&S supervisors rarely oversaw Robles’ work, and cer-
tainly not on a day-to-day basis. While supervisors would
periodically check on Robles, he was left to manage his own
work schedule, was allowed to supervise the work himself, and
was never told how to complete a job.
The second factor in favor of Robles’ being classified
as an independent contractor is that Robles did business as
“Navarro Roofing.” His widow iterated in her testimony that he
owned Navarro Roofing. This company had its own checking
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
29 Nebraska Appellate Reports
WRIGHT v. H & S CONTRACTING
Cite as 29 Neb. App. 581
account in that name, and Robles filed his tax returns under the
business’ name as a construction and roofing profession.
Robles also provided his own tools and instrumentalities for
the work, indicating he was not H&S’ employee. While H&S
supplied the basic materials necessary to do the actual work,
testimony indicated Robles supplied his own tools. This is also
supported by his 2011 tax return, in which Robles indicated
depreciation of equipment for Navarro Roofing. Therefore, this
factor weighs in favor of Robles’ being classified as an inde-
pendent contractor.
The method of payment for Robles’ work was per job rather
than hourly. Testimony showed that H&S employees were
paid hourly, while Robles was paid per job, depending upon
the size of the job. Employees are normally compensated by
the hour, and independent contractors are compensated by the
job. See Stephens v. Celeryvale Transport, Inc., 205 Neb. 12,
286 N.W.2d 420 (1979). H&S’ compensation of Robles per job
favors Robles’ status as an independent contractor.
No evidence exists that H&S and Robles intended to create
an agency relationship. In fact, an H&S representative testified
that H&S offered to hire Robles as an employee, but Robles
refused because he liked his “winters off.” H&S employees
also testified they did not consider Robles to be an H&S
employee. A lack of intent to create an agency relationship
indicates Robles was more likely an independent contractor
than an employee.
The appellants argue that the compensation court “incor-
rectly relied upon” and “incorrectly ignored” certain facts that
were adduced at trial. Brief for appellants at 31, 32. However,
findings of fact made by the compensation court after review
have the same force and effect as a jury verdict and will not
be set aside unless clearly erroneous. Rogers v. Jack’s Supper
Club, 304 Neb. 605, 935 N.W.2d 754 (2019). The majority of
the factors, including the extent of control by Robles, Robles’
engagement in a distinct occupation, the lack of supervision by
H&S, Robles’ supplying his own tools, H&S’ paying Robles
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
29 Nebraska Appellate Reports
WRIGHT v. H & S CONTRACTING
Cite as 29 Neb. App. 581
per job, and the lack of indication that the parties believed
they were creating an agency relationship, all weigh in favor of
the compensation court’s finding that Robles was an indepen-
dent contractor.
Based upon the factors set forth in Larson v. Hometown
Communications, Inc., supra, we conclude that the compensa-
tion court’s factual determination was not clearly erroneous.
H&S Was Not Robles’
Statutory Employer.
The appellants argue the compensation court erred in dis-
missing their claim because the evidence showed H&S was
a statutory employer under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-116 (Reissue
2010). Section 48-116 states:
Any person, firm, or corporation creating or carry-
ing into operation any scheme, artifice, or device to
enable him or her, them, or it to execute work without
being responsible to the workers for the provisions of the
Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act shall be included
in the term employer, and with the immediate employer
shall be jointly and severally liable to pay the compensa-
tion herein provided for and be subject to all the provi-
sions of such act. This section, however, shall not be
construed as applying to an owner who lets a contract to
a contractor in good faith, or a contractor, who, in good
faith, lets to a subcontractor a portion of his or her con-
tract, if the owner or principal contractor, as the case may
be, requires the contractor or subcontractor, respectively,
to procure a policy or policies of insurance from an insur-
ance company licensed to write such insurance in this
state, which policy or policies of insurance shall guaran-
tee payment of compensation according to the Nebraska
Workers’ Compensation Act to injured workers.
[6] The Nebraska Supreme Court has determined that “the
protections provided under § 48-116 are to ensure that compa-
nies cannot use subcontractors to absolve them of the respon-
sibility to ensure that employees are properly insured under
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
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WRIGHT v. H & S CONTRACTING
Cite as 29 Neb. App. 581
the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act.” Aboytes-Mosqueda
v. LFA Inc., 306 Neb. 277, 283, 944 N.W.2d 765, 770 (2020).
See Martinez v. CMR Constr. & Roofing of Texas, 302 Neb.
618, 924 N.W.2d 326 (2019). As the Supreme Court explained:
[I]t is clear from our case law and the language of
§ 48-116 that liability under § 48-116 presupposes that
the injured worker was an “employee” of the subcon-
tractor, to whom the subcontractor had an obligation
to procure workers’ compensation insurance protection.
We have found liability under § 48-116 only when the
claimant was an employee of the subcontractor and the
principal contractor failed to require the subcontrac-
tor to carry the proper insurance. Thus, the applicabil-
ity of 48-116 depends on whether or not [the injured
party] is an employee . . . under the Nebraska Workers’
Compensation Act.
Aboytes-Mosqueda v. LFA Inc., 306 Neb. at 284, 944 N.W.2d at
771. Thus, the question we must address is whether Robles was
an employee of Navarro Roofing as defined by statute.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-115 (Reissue 2010) defines “employee”
and “worker” synonymously, stating that “employee and
worker are used interchangeably and have the same meaning
throughout the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act.” Section
48-115(10) explains that “employee” and “worker” include
“[e]ach individual employer, partner, limited liability company
member, or self-employed person who is actually engaged in
the individual employer’s, partnership’s, limited liability com-
pany’s, or self-employed person’s business on a substantially
full-time basis who elects to bring himself or herself within
the provisions of the Nebraska Worker’s Compensation Act.”
Testimony from multiple witnesses confirmed that Robles was
the owner of Navarro Roofing. He filed federal tax returns
identifying himself as self-employed. Despite recommenda-
tions from his insurance agent to obtain workers’ compensation
insurance, he consistently declined.
Because Robles was a self-employed person engaged in
his own self-employed business and elected not to bring
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
29 Nebraska Appellate Reports
WRIGHT v. H & S CONTRACTING
Cite as 29 Neb. App. 581
himself within the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act, he is
not considered an employee as defined in § 48-115. As such,
the statutory employer provision does not provide him cover-
age, because it affords protection for employees of a subcon-
tractor who were injured on the job. See § 48-116.
Specifically, the Supreme Court has found that under
§ 48-116,
when a contractor fails to require a subcontractor to carry
workmen’s compensation insurance and an employee of
the latter sustains a job-related injury, the contractor is
a statutory employer and, with the immediate employer
subcontractor, is jointly and severally liable to pay com-
pensation under . . . the Workmen’s Compensation Act.
Rogers v. Hansen, 211 Neb. 132, 136, 317 N.W.2d 905, 908
(1982) (emphasis supplied). See Duffy Brothers Constr. Co. v.
Pistone Builders, Inc., 207 Neb. 360, 299 N.W.2d 170 (1980).
Here, Robles was not an “employee of the latter.” Rather, he
was self-employed as the owner of Navarro Roofing and chose
not to obtain workers’ compensation insurance; therefore, he
does not fit within the purview of § 48-116.
Travelers’ Premium
and Coverage.
The appellants assign as error that the compensation court
erred in finding that an “insurer may treat an individual as
an employee and collect premium on that basis, then refuse
to cover that individual when he sustains a catastrophic acci-
dent.” They argue that “there is ample evidence premium was
collected based on . . . Robles’s additional payroll and a lack
of evidence that payroll was returned.” Brief for appellants
at 26.
The appellants ignore that there is a conflict in the evi-
dence as to whether H&S ever paid the increased premium.
Although the insurance agent testified that her file did not
contain any reference to a premium refund once the audit was
complete, H&S’ office manager testified that he never paid
the increased premium. The court did not address this conflict
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29 Nebraska Appellate Reports
WRIGHT v. H & S CONTRACTING
Cite as 29 Neb. App. 581
in the evidence, focusing instead upon the facts that H&S
requested Robles’ earnings be removed prior to the date of his
accident and that the amount of premium was reduced follow-
ing its request. Because the court was considering potential
payment of a premium as an “eleventh factor” of the 10-factor
test set forth in Larson v. Hometown Communications, Inc.,
248 Neb. 942, 540 N.W.2d 339 (1995), we find no error weigh-
ing this factor in favor of a finding that Robles was an inde-
pendent contractor.
The appellants take issue with the consideration of cover-
age as a factor of the Larson test, arguing the district court
“failed to adequately consider the coverage issues argued in
Appellants’ closing brief and instead considered Travelers’
conduct as an eleventh element of the Larson ten factor test.”
Brief for appellants at 25. The appellants’ closing brief is not
contained in our record; therefore, we are unable to assess
whether the arguments advanced on appeal are the same as
those made to the compensation court. Because our record
does not contain any indication that arguments related to the
specific provisions of Travelers’ policy mandate coverage,
we will not address such argument on appeal. See Cattle Nat.
Bank & Trust Co. v. Watson, 293 Neb. 943, 880 N.W.2d 906
(2016). The appellants also argue that Travelers’ current posi-
tion is inconsistent with the position it has taken in other liti-
gation; however, because our record does not indicate that this
argument was presented to the compensation court, we do not
address it.
We find no error in the compensation court’s determina-
tion that the underwriting and audit procedures presented in
the record do not require a determination that Robles was an
employee of H&S.
CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the order of the
compensation court dismissing the appellants’ complaint.
Affirmed.