NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 12 2021
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
YOGESHKUMAR PATEL, No. 19-17095
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 3:17-cv-00860-JD
v.
MEMORANDUM*
TRACY RENAUD, in her official capacity,
Senior Official Performing the Duties of the
Director, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration
Services, U.S. Department of Homeland
Security1; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California
James Donato, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted March 10, 2021**
San Francisco, California
1
On January 20, 2021, Tracy Renaud replaced Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II as
the temporary head of USCIS and was automatically substituted as a defendant.
See Fed. R. App. P. 43(c). Other defendants have been similarly substituted.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Before: GOULD and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and ERICKSEN,*** District
Judge.
Plaintiff Yogeshkumar Patel, a U.S. citizen, filed a family-sponsored visa
petition for his wife, Maimi Murakami, a noncitizen. United States Citizenship
and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) denied the petition because, pursuant to the
Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act (“AWA”), Pub. L. No. 109-248, 120
Stat. 587 (2006), it could not conclude that Patel, who had served three years in
prison for a sex offense against a minor, posed “no risk” to his wife.2 Patel sued in
district court, alleging multiple constitutional violations, and the district court
dismissed Patel’s claims under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and
12(b)(6). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.3
Patel first contends that, because the AWA took effect after he committed
the crime at issue, the government violated the Ex Post Facto Clause, U.S. Const.
art. I, § 9, cl. 3, by applying the AWA to his petition. We disagree. As the district
***
The Honorable Joan N. Ericksen, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota, sitting by designation.
2
In 2004, Patel was convicted of using the internet to induce minors to
engage in sexual activity. Patel does not dispute that his conviction qualifies as a
“specified offense against a minor” under the AWA. See 34 U.S.C. § 20911(7); 8
U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(A)(viii)(II).
3
Patel raised substantive and procedural due process claims in the district
court, but he does not challenge the dismissal of those claims on appeal, so we do
not address them here.
2
court correctly concluded, this argument is foreclosed by our decision in Gebhardt
v. Nielsen, 879 F.3d 980 (9th Cir. 2018). In Gebhardt, we held that applying the
AWA to situations in which the crime predated the AWA’s enactment did not
violate the Ex Post Facto Clause. Id. at 987. Patel attempts to distinguish
Gebhardt by pointing out that the plaintiff in that case filed petitions for his wife
and her three children, whereas Patel only petitions for legal status for his wife.
See id. at 983. According to Patel, because the AWA is directed first and foremost
at protecting children and his wife is an adult, the Ex Post Facto analysis is
different in his case. But in Gebhardt, our analysis did not distinguish the wife
from the three children, or otherwise suggest that the analysis hinged on the age of
the visa beneficiary. See id. at 986-87.
Patel’s separate retroactivity argument also fails. The AWA addresses
“dangers that arise postenactment” and therefore operates prospectively. Cf.
Vartelas v. Holder, 566 U.S. 257, 271 n.7 (2012) (explaining that “laws prohibiting
persons convicted of a sex crime against a victim under 16 years of age from
working in jobs involving frequent contact with minors . . . do not operate
retroactively” because “they address dangers that arise postenactment”); Gebhardt,
879 F.3d at 986 (explaining that the AWA created a “civil, non-punitive scheme”
that “focuses on prevention—not punishment”); United States v. Elk Shoulder, 738
F.3d 948, 957 (9th Cir. 2013) (“[S]tatutes imposing requirements on previously
3
convicted individuals in order to address ‘dangers that arise postenactment’ are not
retroactive.” (quoting Vartelas, 566 U.S. at 271 n.7)).
Lastly, Patel’s equal protection claim was correctly dismissed for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction under Gebhardt, 879 F.3d at 988-89.4 Patel contends
the AWA impermissibly distinguishes between petitioners who have qualifying
convictions and visa beneficiaries who have qualifying convictions. But this is the
wrong point of comparison. The AWA only differentiates petitioners who have
been convicted of a “specified offense against a minor” from those who have not,
so convicted sex offenders is the relevant classification for an equal protection
challenge. See 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(A)(viii). Because the law creates “a
classification neither involving fundamental rights nor proceeding along suspect
lines,” it is subject to rational basis review. Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 319
(1993). The AWA easily satisfies this low standard, as Congress could have
determined that sex offenders are more likely to pose a risk to family members and
4
In his Second Amended Complaint, Patel mistakenly brought his equal
protection challenge under the Fourteenth Amendment, which only applies to state
actors, as opposed to the Fifth Amendment, which encompasses a guarantee of
equal protection and which applies to the federal defendants in this action. We
construe Patel’s equal protection claim as though it were brought under the Fifth
Amendment, and the change does not impact our equal protection analysis. See
Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U.S. 636, 638 n.2 (1975) (“This Court’s approach
to Fifth Amendment equal protection claims has always been precisely the same as
to equal protection claims under the Fourteenth Amendment.”).
4
therefore should be required to make an affirmative showing that they pose “no
risk” to the intended visa beneficiary before regaining the privilege of applying for
a family-sponsored visa. That the law is imperfect does not make it irrational. See
Vance v. Bradley, 440 U.S. 93, 108 (1979) (“Even if the classification involved
here is to some extent both underinclusive and overinclusive, and hence the line
drawn by Congress imperfect, it is nevertheless the rule that in a case like this
perfection is by no means required.” (quotation marks omitted)). Accordingly, we
hold that Patel’s equal protection claim is not colorable and was appropriately
dismissed under Rule 12(b)(1). Cf. Gebhardt, 879 F.3d at 988-89 (holding we lack
jurisdiction to review non-colorable constitutional claims challenging the AWA
and affirming dismissal of substantive and procedural due process challenges to the
AWA under Rule 12(b)(1) because neither claim was colorable).
AFFIRMED.
5