United States v. Frink

20-1088-cr
United States v. Frink

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
on the 16th day of March, two thousand twenty-one.

PRESENT:
PIERRE N. LEVAL,
GERARD E. LYNCH,
JOSEPH F. BIANCO,
Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________

United States of America,

Appellee,

v. 20-1088-cr

Glyn Frink,

Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________________

FOR APPELLEE: Richard D. Belliss, Thomas R. Sutcliffe,
Assistant United States Attorneys, for
Antoinette T. Bacon, Acting United States
Attorney for the Northern District of New York,
Syracuse, NY.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: Molly K. Corbett, James P. Egan, Assistant
Federal Public Defenders, for Lisa A. Peebles,
Federal Public Defender for the Northern
District of New York, Albany, NY.
 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of

New York (Hurd, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part and VACATED in part,

and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.

Defendant Glyn Frink appeals from a judgment, entered on March 18, 2020, by the United

States District Court for the Northern District of New York (Hurd, J.), following his guilty plea to

a violation of his term of supervised release for failing to report to his probation officer within 72

hours of his release from prison. Frink’s original federal offense was failing to register as a sex

offender and failing to update his registration, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a), for which he

was sentenced to a 27-month term of imprisonment and a 15-year term of supervised release.

Since his release on the underlying federal conviction in 2013, Frink’s supervised release has been

revoked by the district court on 6 prior occasions with the imposition of terms of imprisonment

ranging from 6 months to 15 months, and additional periods of supervision to follow on each

occasion.

With respect to this seventh revocation of supervised release, the district court sentenced

Frink to an above-Guidelines sentence of 24 months’ imprisonment, which was the statutory

maximum, to be followed by 15 years of additional supervised release. On appeal, Frink argues

that both the term of imprisonment and the length of the additional supervised release are

procedurally and substantively unreasonable. Frink also challenges the imposition of four special

conditions of supervised release. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts,

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procedural history, and issues on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to explain our

decision.

Sentences arising from violations of supervised release are reviewed under the same

standard “as for sentencing generally: whether the sentence imposed is reasonable.” United States

v. Brooks, 889 F.3d 95, 100 (2d Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). Reasonableness

is reviewed under a “deferential abuse-of-discretion standard,” see United States v. Betts, 886 F.3d

198, 201 (2d Cir. 2018), and the Second Circuit reviews the reasonableness of a district court’s

sentence both procedurally and substantively, see United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189-90

(2d Cir. 2008) (en banc). Thus, we have explained that “we will affirm [a] district court’s

sentence [for violation of supervised release] provided (1) the district court considered the

applicable policy statements; (2) the sentence is within the statutory maximum; and (3) the

sentence is reasonable.” United States v. Anderson, 15 F.3d 278, 284 (2d Cir. 1994).

I. Procedural Reasonableness

Frink argues that “[t]he district court failed to provide an adequate statement with

specificity as to its reasons for imposing the above guidelines sentence of imprisonment combined

with a 15-year term of supervised release.” Appellant’s Br. at 17.

A sentence is procedurally unreasonable if the district court “fails to calculate (or

improperly calculates) the Sentencing Guidelines range, treats the Sentencing Guidelines as

mandatory, fails to consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors, selects a sentence based on clearly

erroneous facts, or fails adequately to explain the chosen sentence.” United States v. Genao, 869

F.3d 136, 140 (2d Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). The district court must state its

reasons for sentencing in open court in compliance with 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c), but this Court has

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previously declined to prescribe “precise standards for assessing whether a district court’s

explanation of its reason for imposing a non-Guidelines sentence is sufficient.” United States v.

Pereira, 465 F.3d 515, 524 (2d Cir. 2006). Importantly, this Court does not reduce the district

courts to “robotic incantations” when sentencing just to assure that they have weighed the Section

3553(a) factors. United States v. Smith, 949 F.3d 60, 66 (2d Cir 2020). Moreover, we “require

less rigorous specificity where . . . a court sentences a defendant for violation of supervised

release.” United States v. Aldeen, 792 F.3d 247, 253 (2d Cir. 2015), superseded by statute on

other grounds as recognized in Smith, 949 F.3d at 64.

Where, as here, the defendant failed to raise the procedural objections at sentencing, we

review such challenges for plain error. United States v. Verkhoglyad, 516 F.3d 122, 128 (2d Cir.

2008). Under the plain error standard, Frink bears the burden of showing: (1) there was an error;

(2) the error is clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute; (3) the error affected his

substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means it affected the outcome of the district court

proceedings; and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of

judicial proceedings. United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262 (2010). We conclude that the

district court’s reasoning satisfies plain error review both as to the 24-month term of imprisonment

and the 15-year additional term of supervised release.

With respect to the term of imprisonment, the district court explicitly noted its awareness

of the policy statements contained in the United States Sentencing Guidelines, which resulted in

an advisory Guidelines range of 6 to 12 months’ imprisonment in connection with a Grade C

violation. After hearing from the parties, the district then explained its reasons for imposing the

above-Guidelines sentence for this violation, which involved failing to report to his probation

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officer within 72 hours of his release from prison on his sixth revocation, and then being a fugitive

for approximately 9 months before his arrest. 1 More specifically, the district court emphasized

that this was the seventh time that Frink had violated the terms and conditions of his supervised

release, and noted the extraordinary nature of Frink’s non-compliance over many years. See

App’x at 70 (“[Y]ou’ve been before me more times than anyone else in my career on the federal

bench . . . .”). In addition, the district court directly addressed Frink’s statement that he was now

prepared to comply with the law, by reiterating that Frink had said “the same thing to [the court] a

number of times before” and, as a result, the district court was “a little bit skeptical” of Frink’s

new promises. Id. at 70-71. As to Frink’s argument that he did not “[get] in trouble” during the

many months that he failed to report to his probation officer, id. at 70, the district court noted that

Frink’s claim could not be verified, because he thwarted any supervision during that time by not

reporting. In short, we conclude that the district court did not plainly err in providing its reasoning

with respect to the above-Guidelines sentence.

We similarly conclude that there was no procedural plain error with respect to the

imposition of an additional 15-year term of supervised release. We have never held that, in

explaining its sentence, a district court is required to provide separate reasoning for the length of

supervised release. See, e.g., United States v. Sero, 520 F.3d 187, 192 (2d Cir. 2008) (rejecting a

challenge to the “seemingly automatic” term of supervised release where the term was consistent

with the Guidelines and the district court discussed the Section 3553(a) factors generally); see also

United States v. Mostafa, 299 F. App’x 86, 88 (2d Cir. 2008) (“In the absence of authority to the

1
Although Frink stated that he was “on the run” for “11 months,” App’x at 65, the record reflects
that it was approximately 9 months.

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contrary, we cannot conclude that the District Court’s imposition of a term of supervised release

without a separate statement [of supporting reasons] in open court constituted an error of any kind

that affected substantial rights.”); accord United States v. Durand, 616 F. App’x 22, 23 (2d Cir.

2015). Moreover, in this case, the district court’s factual basis for the length of supervised release

was apparent from the record based upon its reasoning as to the sentence overall, as well as the

fact that the district court had originally imposed a 15-year supervised release term, and Frink had

demonstrated the continuing need for long-term supervision due to his 6 revocations over a period

of approximately 6 years. In fact, for each of the prior revocations, the district court consistently

imposed an additional term of supervision of between 10 and 14 years. Accordingly, we conclude

that the failure to separately explain the reason for Frink’s length of additional supervised release

was not plain error.

II. Substantive Reasonableness

Frink also argues that the district court’s above-Guidelines sentence of 24-months’

imprisonment, as well as the 15-year term of supervised release, were substantively unreasonable.

We disagree. 2

When reviewing for substantive reasonableness, this Court is required to analyze the

“totality of the circumstances, giving due deference to the sentencing judge’s exercise of

discretion, and bearing in mind the institutional advantages of district courts.” United States v.

Brown, 843 F.3d 74, 80 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). The review is

2
We have not yet “decided whether plain error review applies to an unpreserved challenge to the
substantive reasonableness of a sentence,” United States v. Thavaraja, 740 F.3d 253, 258 n.4 (2d Cir. 2014),
and we do not do so now because Frink’s substantive reasonableness challenge fails even under the abuse-
of-discretion standard.

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deferential, and this Court should only set aside sentences that are “shockingly high, shockingly

low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of law that allowing them to stand would damage the

administration of justice.” United States v. Muzio, 966 F.3d 61, 64 (2d Cir. 2020) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

Although this was an above-Guidelines sentence, it was reasonable for the district court to

conclude that the Guidelines range of 6 to 12 months did not adequately account for Frink’s pattern

of prior violations. Indeed, the advisory range under the policy statements is not impacted by

prior violations and, thus, the 6-to-12-month advisory Guidelines range had stayed constant

throughout Frink’s 7 revocation proceedings. See, e.g., United States v. Smith, 224 F. App’x 133,

135 (2d Cir. 2007) (“Our case law makes clear that repeated violations of the terms of supervised

release can justify the imposition of a term of imprisonment greater than that suggested by the

relevant policy statements.”). Moreover, the district court has imposed 5 sentences within the

Guidelines range for prior revocations, only to have Frink violate his conditions of supervised

release again. Even when the district court imposed a 15-month term of imprisonment on the

sixth violation for failing to report to his probation officer within 72 hours of release, that above-

Guidelines sentence did not sufficiently deter Frink. Instead, he failed to report to his probation

officer yet again upon his release from prison and “went on the run” for many months until his

arrest on this seventh violation. App’x at 65. Under these circumstances, especially in light of

Frink’s lengthy revocation history and the risk to the community posed by his persistent

unwillingness even to report to his probation officer, we cannot conclude that the 24-month term

of imprisonment was “shockingly high, . . . or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of law.”

Muzio, 966 F.3d at 64 (internal quotation marks omitted).

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 Frink’s substantive reasonableness challenge to his 15-year term of supervised release also

fails. Frink’s 2003 state conviction involving his sexual abuse of two 13-year-old girls, and his

original federal conviction in 2011, for failing to register as a sex offender and failing to update

his registration in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2250, carried a maximum supervised release term of

life under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k). Moreover, under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h) and U.S.S.G. §

7B1.3(g)(2), the district court still had the authority to impose a life term of supervised release

following Frink’s revocation. See United States v. Cassesse, 685 F.3d 186, 190 (2d Cir. 2012)

(clarifying that 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h) provides that “[t]he length of [supervised release] shall not

exceed the term of supervised release authorized by statute for the offense that resulted in the

original term of supervised release”). Here, in addition to the need for long-term supervision

prompted by the nature of his state conviction and his subsequent failure to register as a sex

offender, Frink’s other revocations of supervised release (which included using cocaine,

unsuccessful discharge from a residential reentry center, and multiple failures to report to his

probation officer within 72 hours of release from prison) further justified the length of his new

term of supervised release. See, e.g., United States v. Leon, 663 F.3d 552, 555 (2d Cir. 2011); see

also United States v. Quarterman, 800 F. App’x 56, 58 (2d Cir. 2020) (“Far from suggesting that

the additional term of supervised release is substantively unreasonable, [the defendant’s] ongoing

failures to comply with his terms of release weigh in favor [of] greater supervision.”). In fact, in

the approximately 9 years that followed his underlying 2011 federal conviction, Frink has

completed only about 10 months of supervised release (excluding the months that he failed to

report to his probation officer). Although Frink argues that the district court should have

considered his age and seen his lifestyle changes as evidence that he is “well on his way to

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rehabilitation,” Appellant’s Br. at 18, the district court was well within its discretion in concluding

that Frink needed long-term supervision, notwithstanding his age and any new efforts he was

making to rehabilitate himself and comply with the law. Accordingly, we conclude that the 15-

year term of supervised release was also substantively reasonable.

III. Special Conditions of Supervised Release

Frink argues that the district court imposed four special conditions of supervised release

“one of which is void for vagueness and three of which impose a greater deprivation on [his] liberty

interests than necessary, and are unrelated to [the] relevant sentenc[ing] factors.” Appellant’s Br.

at 19. Although we review special conditions for plain error when the defendant received notice

of these conditions prior to sentencing and failed to object to them, see United States v. Dupes,

513 F.3d 338, 343 (2d Cir. 2008), there is no indication in this record that Frink received any

advance notice that these special conditions were going to be imposed at sentencing, and the

district court did not even orally pronounce them at sentencing, see United States v. Eaglin, 913

F.3d 88, 94 (2d Cir. 2019) (a district court “must make an individualized assessment when

determining whether to impose a special condition of supervised release, and . . . state on the record

the reason for imposing it” (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Moreover,

although one of the challenged special conditions was identical or substantially identical to a

special condition previously imposed, the other three challenged conditions were new. In any

event, under either an abuse of discretion or a plain error standard of review, the challenged

conditions must be vacated.

A. Special Condition 5

Frink seeks vacatur of Special Condition 5, which states that Frink “must not communicate,

9
or otherwise interact, with, either directly or through someone, without first obtaining the

permission of the probation officer.” App’x at 78. Frink argues that this condition is

unconstitutionally vague. We agree.

In compliance with due process requirements, conditions of supervised release must be

clear enough to inform the defendant of what conduct “will result in his being returned to prison.”

United States v. MacMillen, 544 F.3d 71, 76 (2d Cir. 2008). Therefore, a condition of supervised

release will be found unconstitutionally vague if “[people] of common intelligence must

necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application.” Id. With respect to the no-

contact restriction set forth in Special Condition 5, it appears that the condition may have been

written in error or not completed, as it does not identify the person or category of people with

whom Frink must not have contact. In short, the no-contact restriction, as written, cannot support

a finding that someone of common intelligence would understand its meaning, and therefore is

unconstitutionally vague. Accordingly, Special Condition 5 must be vacated.

B. Special Conditions 8-10

Frink also challenges three other special conditions of supervised release which:

(1) establish monitoring conditions for his internet access devices (Special Condition 8);

(2) impose a requirement that Frink inform potential employers of the nature of his conviction,

and the fact that the conviction was facilitated by the use of a computer, if a computer is part of

his employment (Special Condition 9); and (3) prohibit the viewing, accessing, or possessing of

sexually explicit materials, including adult pornography (Special Condition 10).

“District courts possess broad discretion in imposing conditions of supervised release.”

United States v. Betts, 886 F.3d 198, 202 (2d Cir. 2018). A district court may impose special

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conditions that are reasonably related to “the nature and circumstances of the offense and the

history and characteristics of the defendant,” “the need for the sentence imposed to afford adequate

deterrence to criminal conduct,” “the need to protect the public from further crimes of the

defendant,” and “the need to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training,

medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most effective manner,” which “involve no

greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary” for these purposes. U.S.S.G.

§ 5D1.3(b); see also United States v. Myers, 426 F.3d 117, 123-24 (2d Cir. 2005). Nevertheless,

a district court’s discretion to impose special conditions is not untrammeled, and we will “carefully

scrutinize unusual and severe conditions.” Myers, 426 F.3d at 124 (internal quotation marks

omitted). When determining whether to impose special conditions, “[a] district court is required

to make an individualized assessment . . . , and to state on the record the reason for imposing it;

the failure to do so is error.” Betts, 886 F.3d at 202. However, even when the district court does

not provide such an explanation, the condition at issue can be upheld “if the district court’s

reasoning is self-evident in the record.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

Both Frink and the government agree, and our review of the record confirms, that the district

court did not adequately articulate its reasons for imposing Special Conditions 8 through 10. The

district court gave no reason at all for the imposition of any of these conditions. Moreover, for

the special condition that had been imposed previously (Special Condition 10), the government

concedes that no reasoning was provided at any prior sentencing proceeding. Nor is the district

court’s reasoning as to the individualized need for these conditions self-evident in the record. For

example, although Frink is a convicted sex offender, nothing in the record suggests that the

underlying state conviction involved the use of computers, or that an internet access device was

11
involved in the conduct underlying any of Frink’s convictions or violations of supervised release.

Thus, the necessary justification for Special Conditions 8 and 9 is far from clear. Similarly, we

have emphasized that Special Condition 10, which includes a ban on adult pornography, should

not be applied automatically to any supervised release term for a defendant convicted of a sex

offense. See Eaglin, 913 F.3d at 100 (“Before imposing a special condition such as this ban on

adult pornography, a district court must make factual findings supporting its view that the

condition is designed to address a realistic danger and that the deprivation the condition creates is

no greater than reasonably necessary to serve the sentencing factors.”). Thus, we conclude that

the district court failed to explain how Special Conditions 8 through 10 are reasonably related to

any of the factors outlined in Section 5D1.3(b). Accordingly, Special Conditions 8 through 10

are vacated, and the case is remanded for further consideration. Upon remand, the district court

should either articulate individualized reasons for imposing Special Conditions 8 through 10 or

remove those special conditions.

* * *

We have considered all of Frink’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part and VACATED in part,

and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.

FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

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