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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 20-11489
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 2:19-cv-01067-WHA-CSC
BRENT JACOBY,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
OFFICER LANIER,
in his individual capacity,
CAPTAIN MCKEE,
in his individual capacity,
SGT. HALL,
in his individual capacity,
TERRENCE CALVIN,
Lt., in his individual capacity,
OFFICER CLAY,
in his individual capacity,
Defendants - Appellees.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
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(March 17, 2021)
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Before WILSON, JORDAN, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Brent Jacoby, an Alabama prisoner incarcerated at Elmore Correctional
Facility (Elmore), appeals the dismissal of his compliant filed pursuant to 42
U.S.C. § 1983. The district court denied Jacoby’s request to proceed in forma
pauperis (IFP) based on the “three strikes” rule imposed by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
The district court found that Jacoby previously filed three or more lawsuits that
were dismissed as frivolous and concluded that Jacoby failed to show that he was
in “imminent danger of serious physical injury.” § 1915(g). On appeal, Jacoby
contends that he did demonstrate imminent danger, and therefore the district court
should have allowed him to proceed IFP.
I.
Jacoby claims that multiple prison officials at Elmore used excessive force
against him and that he was in imminent danger of serious physical injury when he
filed his complaint. More specifically, Jacoby claims that on November 20, 2020,
Defendant Officer Lanier pepper-sprayed him and refused to decontaminate him in
violation of the policies of the Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC). The
next day Officer Lanier punched Jacoby in the face and body. Jacoby claimed that
he was in so much pain, he thought he broke his jaw. Two days later, Defendant
Sergeant Hall kicked Jacoby, causing him to fall and injure his chest and ribs. That
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same day, Defendant Officer Clay, who was annoyed by Jacoby’s complaints,
physically and verbally assaulted him. And after Sergeant Hall’s alleged assault,
Defendant Lieutenant Calvin pepper-sprayed Jacoby without provocation and
refused to decontaminate him afterwards, in violation of the ADOC’s policies.
After being sprayed, Jacoby’s eyes and face were burning, and he was barely able
to breathe. He also states that his asthma put him at a higher risk of injury from the
pepper spray. Jacoby claims that he reported the incidents and asked for protective
custody multiple times but was not provided protection.
After these assaults, Jacoby was transferred to Kilby Correctional Facility
(Kilby), where he allegedly suffered additional physical abuse.1 At Kilby, he was
placed on suicide watch and was also treated by medical personnel, who told him
he had two broken ribs. About two weeks later, Jacoby was transferred back to
Elmore. There, some of the Defendants continued to abuse him physically and
verbally. Officer Lanier and Lieutenant Calvin also threatened Jacoby, telling him
that he would not “walk out of prison alive” if he did not drop the suit. Despite
Jacoby’s repeated requests, no personnel at the prison took steps to protect him
from this abuse. 2
1
Jacoby addresses this alleged abuse in a companion case, Jacoby v. Young, No. 20-12044, that
is also pending in this court.
2
Some of this information comes from Jacoby’s objection to the magistrate judge’s
Report and Recommendation. We can consider allegations of imminent harm in documents
other than the complaint—in deciding what documents we can consider we should ask “whether
some timely filing avers facts suggesting a prisoner was under imminent danger of serious
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On December 8, 2019, Jacoby filed his complaint alleging, inter alia,
excessive force in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. A magistrate judge issued a
Report and Recommendation (R&R) concluding that Jacoby was not eligible to
proceed IFP as he had at least three previous appeals dismissed as frivolous or for
failure to state a claim, and he did not sufficiently demonstrate he was “under
imminent danger of serious physical injury” as required to overcome the three
strikes rule under § 1915(g). Jacoby filed a response objecting to the R&R.
Nonetheless, the district court accepted the R&R, finding that Jacoby could not
proceed IFP. This appeal followed. 3
II.
We review a dismissal pursuant to § 1915(g) de novo. Miller v. Donald, 541
F.3d 1091, 1100 (11th Cir. 2008). To consider whether a plaintiff may proceed
physical injury at the time he brought the complaint.” See Asemani v. U.S. Citizenship &
Immigr. Servs., 797 F.3d 1069, 1074–75 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quotation marks omitted and
alteration adopted).
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Initially it was unclear whether we had jurisdiction to hear this appeal. The district
court received Jacoby’s initial notice of appeal on April 15, 2020—outside the thirty-day
deadline for filing an appeal of the district court’s order, which was entered on February 24,
2020. However, the notice was dated March 9, 2020. Under the “prison mailbox” rule, a
prisoner’s notice of appeal will be deemed timely if it is “deposited in the institution’s internal
mail system on or before the last day for filing and . . . accompanied by . . . a declaration . . .
setting out the date of deposit and stating that first-class postage is being prepaid.” Fed. R. App.
P. 4(c)(1). And if a prisoner fails to include this declaration, we have discretion to “permit the
later filing of a declaration.” Id.
Jacoby did not file a declaration with his notice of appeal but filed a motion for leave to
file a declaration pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 4(c)(1)(B). In his proposed declaration, Jacoby
states, under penalty of perjury, that his notice of appeal was deposited in his prison’s mail
system on March 9, 2020. We hereby grant his motion, and therefore his declaration is now part
of the record on appeal. Accordingly, we consider Jacoby’s appeal to be timely filed.
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IFP under § 1915(g), we look to the complaint as a whole, accept all the allegations
therein as true, and construe it liberally. See Brown v. Johnson, 387 F.3d 1344,
1350 (11th Cir. 2004); see also Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263
(11th Cir. 1998) (per curiam) (explaining that “[p]ro se pleadings are held to a less
stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys” (emphasis omitted)).
III.
Generally, a person who wishes to file a lawsuit in federal court must pay a
filing fee before the case may move forward. 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). If a prisoner is
unable to pay the fee up front, however, the district court may allow that prisoner
to pay in installments within his means and proceed IFP. Id. § 1915(a)–(b).
A prisoner’s right to proceed IFP is limited by the “three strikes” rule, which
provides:
In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action [IFP] . . . if
the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while
incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action
or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed
on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to
state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the
prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical
injury.
Id. § 1915(g). On appeal, Jacoby does not challenge the district court’s
determination that he has three strikes under § 1915(g). Therefore, the sole issue
before us is whether the district court correctly found that Jacoby failed to show
“imminent danger of serious physical injury.” Id.
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A plaintiff with three strikes under § 1915(g) can proceed IFP if he is in
“imminent danger of serious physical injury” at the time the complaint is filed.
Medberry v. Butler, 185 F.3d 1189, 1192–93 (11th Cir. 1999). Thus, “a prisoner's
allegation that he faced imminent danger sometime in the past is an insufficient
basis to allow him to proceed [IFP].” Id. at 1193. However, a plaintiff’s recount
of past injuries can sometimes reveal an “ongoing pattern of acts” and a threat of
future harm sufficient to meet the § 1915(g) standard. Chavis v. Chappius, 618
F.3d 162, 170–71 (2d Cir. 2010).
Jacoby adequately alleged that he was in imminent danger of serious
physical injury. Although Jacoby’s complaint and other filings are not models of
clarity, he identifies the defendants by name and alleges past harms and threats of
future harm specific enough to satisfy the imminent danger standard. Jacoby
claimed that the officers at Elmore repeatedly assaulted him. Notably, he was
assaulted on five separate occasions the week before he filed this suit, and the
assaults continued once he returned to Elmore. He also claims that he repeatedly
reported the officers for their wrongful conduct, but no other prison personnel
intervened to protect him. And last, he claims that officers threatened to seriously
harm him if he did not drop the suit. Accepting these allegations as true and
construing them liberally and as a whole, we conclude that Jacoby meets the
standard set out in § 1915(g). Therefore, we vacate the district court’s order
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dismissing Jacoby’s complaint and remand this action for further proceedings.
Jacoby’s complaint was improperly dismissed, but we express no opinion as to the
ultimate merits of Jacoby’s claims.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
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