If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
March 25, 2021
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 348009
Jackson Circuit Court
TIMOTHY JOSEPH WHITE, LC No. 17-005235-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and SERVITTO and GLEICHER, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant, Timothy Joseph White, appeals as of right his jury trial conviction of first-
degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I), MCL 750.520b(1)(h)(ii) (victim was mentally incapable,
mentally disabled, mentally incapacitated, or physically helpless and defendant used authority to
coerce the victim). The trial court sentenced defendant to 36 to 70 months’ imprisonment. We
affirm.
The victim in this matter was 35 years old at the time of the offense, but she functioned at
the level of a child between the ages of 6 and 10 years old. Defendant had dated the victim’s
mother for approximately 11 years. On the day of the offense, defendant stayed alone with the
victim at her home while the victim’s mother and brother went to the store. When the victim’s 23-
year-old brother unexpectedly returned, he found defendant “thrusting” on top of the victim on her
bed. The victim disclosed that she had asked defendant to have sex. Defendant had attempted to
penetrate her vagina with his penis, but because it hurt her, he instead rubbed his penis on her
body. The victim’s brother called 911, and the victim’s mother took her to the hospital for an
examination.
Defendant was charged with CSC-I. At trial, the victim testified that on additional
occasions prior to the date of the sentencing offense, defendant had licked her vagina, touched her,
rubbed his penis on her, and put his penis into her vagina. The victim was not sure when the
incidents began, but she reported that the first time it happened, it was defendant’s idea and she
did not know what sex was. The victim testified that defendant told her to keep the sexual acts
secret from her mother. The victim’s mother and brother testified about the victim’s cognitive
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abilities, both stating that the victim had never lived alone and could not be safely left home alone
for more than approximately an hour. The victim’s mother explained that the victim had the
“social skills and mentality” of someone younger than 36 years old, that she had schizophrenia,
and that she had been getting worse for approximately five years. She explained that defendant
was a father figure to the victim, and that she had previously trusted defendant to be alone with
the victim. A psychologist also testified about the victim’s cognitive abilities, and she stated that
the victim functioned at the level of a child between the ages of 6 and 10 years old.
Defendant testified that he had engaged in sexual acts with the victim on four or five
occasions. He stated that he engaged with the victim to pacify her and that he did not have sex
with her when her family was home because it would have been “rude.” Defendant testified that
the victim was independent, and he denied having any authority over her. The jury found
defendant guilty of CSC-I, and the trial court sentenced defendant to 36 to 70 months’
imprisonment.
Defendant appealed to this Court and also moved this Court to remand to the trial court to
allow him to file a motion for a new trial and for resentencing. This Court granted defendant’s
motion. People v White, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered September 26, 2019
(Docket No. 348009). On remand, the trial court ultimately denied defendant’s motion or a new
trial, but the court granted defendant’s motion for resentencing. At resentencing, the trial court
assessed two offense variables (OVs) different points and recalculated the sentencing guidelines.
Defendant’s guidelines did not change, and the trial court resentenced defendant to the same term
of imprisonment.
On appeal, defendant argues first that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to find
that the victim was mentally incapable or disabled.1 We disagree.
This Court reviews de novo a defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.
People v Meissner, 294 Mich App 438, 452; 812 NW2d 37 (2011). This Court views the “evidence
in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether a rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime to have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Id. The reviewing court cannot weigh the evidence to determine if it would reach the same result
as a jury, People v Cain, 238 Mich App 95, 119; 605 NW2d 28 (1999), and must draw all
reasonable inferences and credibility determinations in support of the jury verdict, People v Oros,
502 Mich 229, 239; 917 NW2d 559 (2018). When determining whether the evidence was
sufficient, conflicts in the evidence must be resolved in favor the prosecution. People v Kanaan,
278 Mich App 594, 619; 715 NW2d 57 (2008). This Court does not determine the credibility of
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In his brief on appeal, defendant provides the standard of review for a claim that a verdict was
against the great weight of the evidence. Because defendant did not present this issue in his
statement of issues presented as MCR 7.212(C)(5) requires, and because defendant failed to
actually develop a great-weight-of-the-evidence argument, we need not address it. See English v
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Mich, 263 Mich App 449, 459; 688 NW2d 523 (2004); People v Harris,
261 Mich App 44, 50; 680 NW2d 17 (2004).
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witnesses, as it is the jury’s role to decide who and what to believe. People v Mehall, 454 Mich 1,
6; 557 NW2d 110 (1997).
CSC-I, MCL 750.520b(1)(h)(ii), provides that a person is guilty of that offense if the victim
is “mentally incapable, mentally disabled, mentally incapacitated, or physically helpless” and the
defendant is “in a position of authority over the victim and used this authority to coerce the victim.”
MCL 750.520a(j) provides that to be mentally incapable “means that a person suffers from a
mental disease or defect that renders that person temporarily or permanently incapable of
appraising the nature of his or her conduct.” The ability to appraise the nature of the conduct
“encompass[es] not only an understanding of the physical act but also an appreciation of the
nonphysical factors, including the moral quality of the act, that accompany such an act.” People
v Breck, 230 Mich App 450, 455; 584 NW2d 602 (1998). This Court has recognized that the
rationale behind statutes “prohibiting sexual relations with a mentally incapable person is that such
a person is presumed to be incapable of truly consenting to the sexual act.” Id. Additionally, MCL
750.520a(i) provides that to be mentally disabled “means that a person has a mental illness, is
intellectually disabled, or has a developmental disability.”
Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence was sufficient to
establish that the victim was mentally incapable or disabled. See Meissner, 294 Mich App at 452.
Elisabeth Smith, a psychologist, testified that the victim functioned at the level of a child between
the ages of 6 and 10 years old and that she could be easily manipulated. Specifically, Smith stated
that a person with the victim’s characteristics could be easily talked into doing things without
understanding the consequences. The prosecution introduced into evidence a report that Smith
completed, which indicated that the victim was incapable of “making legal, medical, financial, and
other essential decisions on her own and in her best interest.” Additionally, the victim’s mother
and brother both testified that the victim was unable to take care of herself or safely be on her own
for more than an hour. The victim was not employed, and she received Social Security benefits.
Further, the victim was under a plenary guardianship at the time of the offense because the victim
“was without total capacity to care for herself.” This evidence was sufficient to permit the jury to
find beyond a reasonable doubt that the victim was mentally incapable or disabled. See People v
Cox, 268 Mich App 440, 444; 709 NW2d 152 (2005). Additionally, although defendant argues
that there was insufficient evidence to find that the victim was mentally incapable to consent to
sexual conduct because the victim had “an appreciation for the understanding of the act,” the jury
heard evidence that the victim did not know what sex was the first time that defendant asked her
and she did not have full understanding of other, less consequential social norms. Therefore, the
prosecution provided sufficient evidence from which the jury could conclude beyond a reasonable
doubt that the victim was mentally incapable. See Meissner, 294 Mich App at 452.
Defendant also specifically argues that there was not sufficient evidence to support a
finding that the victim was mentally disabled. However, the jury heard evidence that the victim
had never lived on her own and needed reminders to engage in basic hygiene and to take her
medication. Further, the victim had schizophrenia, and her symptoms would likely never
completely abate. Although defendant’s testimony conflicted with the other witnesses’
testimonies about the victim’s impaired functioning, because he testified that the victim had the
ability to care for herself and consent to sexual acts, it was the jury’s role to determine which, if
any, testimony to believe and how much weight to give it. See People v Bowyer, 108 Mich App
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517, 522; 310 NW2d 445 (1981). Therefore, the prosecution presented sufficient evidence that
the victim was mentally incapable and disabled. See Meissner, 294 Mich App at 452.
Defendant argues next that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to find that he was
an authority figure and used that authority to coerce the victim. We disagree.
A person need not hold a “formal position” in order to have a position of authority over a
victim. People v Reid, 233 Mich App 457, 472; 592 NW2d 767 (1999). A defendant’s authority
can be the result of the victims being in a “position of special vulnerability with respect to the
defendant.” Id. Further, coercion is “not limited to physical violence but is instead determined in
light of all the circumstances.” People v Brown, 197 Mich App 448, 450; 495 NW2d 812 (1992).
In some instances, a “finding of coercion necessitates an examination of whether [the defendant]
was in a position of authority.” See People v Knapp, 244 Mich App 361, 371; 624 NW2d 227
(2001).
Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence was sufficient to
establish that defendant had authority over the victim. See Meissner, 294 Mich App at 452.
Defendant dated the victim’s mother for approximately 11 years before this offense, and he was a
regular visitor to the home during that time. The victim’s mother trusted defendant to be alone
with the victim and considered defendant to be a father figure to the victim because he treated her
as one of his own children. Defendant told the family that he had experience working with
individuals with disabilities, and he would encourage the victim to listen to her mother.
Defendant’s active efforts at supporting the victim and acting as a father figure in the victim’s life
support the jury’s finding beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was an authority figure. See
Reid, 233 Mich App at 455. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find that
defendant was an authority figure for the victim. See Meissner, 294 Mich App at 452.
Additionally, the evidence was sufficient to establish that defendant used his authority to
coerce the victim. See id. Defendant was aware that the victim could be easily manipulated
because he had observed neighbors borrow too much money from her, and he told the victim to
keep the sexual acts secret from her mother, which the victim then did because she did not want
her mother to be angry. Defendant only engaged in the sexual acts when he was alone with the
victim, and he chose to stay alone with her on numerous occasions. Defendant used his
relationship with the family members and their trust of him to be alone with the victim and exploit
her vulnerabilities to engage in sexual acts. Although defendant minimally argues that the trial
court did not properly instruct the jury that it needed to find both that he had authority and that he
used it to coerce the victim, the trial court provided specific instructions on each element of the
offense, including the requirement that defendant was both in a position of authority over the
victim and used that authority to coerce her to submit to the sexual acts. See Knapp, 244 Mich
App at 371. Therefore, the prosecution provided sufficient evidence that defendant used his
authority to coerce the victim. See Meissner, 294 Mich App at 452.
Defendant argues next that he is entitled to resentencing because the trial court improperly
scored OV 10, OV 11, and OV 13. He further argues that resentencing is necessary because his
trial counsel’s failure to object to the scoring of the OVs constituted ineffective assistance of
counsel. We disagree.
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This Court reviews de novo whether a trial court properly interpreted and applied
sentencing guidelines. People v McGraw, 484 Mich 120, 123; 771 NW2d 655 (2009). This Court
reviews for clear error the trial court’s findings in support of points it assesses under the sentencing
guidelines. People v Hardy, 494 Mich 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). The prosecution must
prove by a preponderance of the evidence facts in support of a score. People v Osantowski, 481
Mich 103, 111; 748 NW2d 799 (2008). Clear error exists when this Court is left with a definite
and firm conviction that the trial court made an error. People v Buie, 491 Mich 294, 315-316; 817
NW2d 33 (2012).
Under OV 10, MCL 777.40(b), a trial court properly assesses 10 points when a defendant
“exploited a victim’s physical disability, mental disability, youth or agedness, or a domestic
relationship, or the offender abused his or her authority status.” When determining whether a
victim was vulnerable for the purposes of OV 10, factors that the trial court can consider are as
follows:
(1) the victim’s physical disability, (2) the victim’s mental disability, (3) the
victim’s youth or agedness, (4) the existence of a domestic relationship, (5) whether
the offender abused his or her authority status, (6) whether the offender exploited a
victim by his or her difference in size or strength or both, (7) whether the victim
was intoxicated or under the influence of drugs, or (8) whether the victim was
asleep or unconscious. [People v Cannon, 481 Mich 152, 158-159; 749 NW2d 257
(2008).]
However, the “mere existence of one of these factors does not automatically render the victim
vulnerable.” Id. at 159. OV 10 does not require that a victim’s susceptibility be inherent in the
victim. People v Huston, 489 Mich 451, 466; 802 NW2d 261 (2011).
The sentencing court must review the defendant’s PSIR before the court imposes a
sentence. People v Miles, 454 Mich 90, 97; 559 NW2d 299 (1997). The trial court uses the PSIR
to tailor the sentence to the offense and the offender. People v Lampe, 327 Mich App 104, 120;
933 NW2d 314 (2019). When calculating sentencing guidelines, the trial court may consider all
record evidence, including the Presentence Investigation Report (PSIR), plea admissions, and
testimony. People v McChester, 310 Mich App 354, 358; 873 NW2d 646 (2015). The trial court
may also consider victim-impact statements and may make reasonable inferences from evidence
in the record. People v Earl, 297 Mich App 104, 109-110; 822 NW2d 271 (2012).
The victim in this matter was mentally incapable or disabled. She was vulnerable on the
basis of her low IQ and adaptive living skills, susceptibility to manipulation, inability to care for
herself, and other mental health diagnoses including schizophrenia. Defendant was aware of the
victim’s impaired functioning as he had been her mother’s boyfriend for approximately 11 years
and had been to the home on a regular basis. Defendant attested to having experience with other
individuals who had disabilities, which would seemingly indicate that defendant would have
increased understanding of the victim’s vulnerability. Despite defendant’s clear understanding of
the victim’s disabilities, defendant asked the victim to have sex with him and continued to have
sex with the victim on approximately five occasions when defendant stayed alone with her after
her mother and brother would leave the home.
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Further, defendant intentionally waited to be alone with the victim, refusing to engage in
sexual acts when her family was home when he could be discovered, and told her to keep the
incidents secret. See People v Ackah-Essien, 311 Mich App 13, 37; 874 NW2d 172 (2015). The
prosecution charged defendant with CSC-I on the basis of the victim’s vulnerability and
defendant’s authority over her, and the jury found beyond a reasonable doubt that evidence
supported each element of the offense. See People v McFarlane, 325 Mich App 507, 536; 926
NW2d 339 (2018). Therefore, the trial court properly assessed 10 points for OV 10 because the
victim was vulnerable, and defendant exploited that vulnerability in committing this offense.
A trial court properly assesses 25 points for OV 11, MCL 777.41(b), when a criminal sexual
penetration occurred in addition to the one penetration that formed the basis of the CSC-I. In this
case, the trial court clearly erred by assessing 25 points for OV 11 at defendant’s first sentencing.
See Hardy, 494 Mich at 438. However, the trial court ultimately assessed zero points for OV 11
upon resentencing. Defendant originally challenged OV 11 on appeal because the victim only
testified about one instance of penetration in the sentencing offense. The prosecution agreed that
the trial court improperly assessed points for OV 11, but the prosecution argued that the trial court
should have assessed 25 points for OV 13. On remand, the trial court addressed the issue and
properly assessed zero points for OV 11 and 25 points for OV 13, ultimately resulting in the same
guidelines and same sentence. Therefore, the issue is moot. See People v Richmond, 486 Mich
29, 34; 782 NW2d 187 (2010).
Under OV 13, MCL 777.43(c), a trial court properly assesses 25 points when the “offense
was part of a pattern of felonious criminal activity directly involving 3 or more crimes against a
person.” When a trial court assesses points for OV 13, “a trial court must count all relevant crimes
within a five-year period, including the sentencing offense.” People v Bonilla-Machado, 489 Mich
412, 424; 803 NW2d 217 (2011). The additional crimes need not result in a conviction and can
be established by a preponderance of the evidence. MCL 777.43(2)(a); Osantowski, 481 Mich at
111.
In this case, a preponderance of the evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that
defendant’s action was “part of a pattern of felonious criminal activity involving [three] or more
crimes against a person.” MCL 777.43(1)(c). See Osantowski, 481 Mich at 111. The victim and
defendant both testified about additional sexual acts occurring before the date of the sentencing
offense, including defendant penetrating the victim with his penis and licking the victim. As the
prosecution notes on appeal, “cunnilingus” constitutes sexual penetration. See MCL 750.520a(r).
These prior penetrations would constitute additional charges of CSC-I, with the same elements as
the sentencing offense, and, therefore, the trial court could reasonably infer that three or more
felonious crimes occurred. See Earl, 297 Mich App at 109 (stating that a trial court may rely on
reasonable inferences arising from record evidence when calculating sentencing guidelines).
Although defendant claims that “the sexual acts were between consenting adults,” the jury
found that the victim was mentally incapable. Further, defendant has not shown that the victim
was mentally capable during any of the previous events when the evidence at trial showed that the
victim had mental deficits for most, if not all, of her life. Even if the victim did not provide specific
dates for the assaults, the trial court properly relied on sufficient information from the PSIR and
trial to make a reasonable inference that three or more felonious crimes had occurred within a five-
year period. See MCL 777.43(2)(a). See also People v Petri, 279 Mich App 407, 422; 760 NW2d
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882 (2008). Defendant testified that he initiated sex on at least the first instance, he engaged in
sexual acts with the victim on additional days, and the four or five sexual encounters occurred
within the three weeks before the sentencing offense. The victim had been under a full
guardianship for approximately four months before the sentencing offense because she was
without capacity to care for herself. The trial court properly relied on this information to find that
the sentencing offense was part of a pattern of three or more felonious crimes against a person.
Therefore, the trial court properly assessed points for OV 13 on the basis of defendant sexually
assaulting the victim on at least three occasions within a five-year period, and defendant is not
entitled to be resentenced.
Defendant was also not denied effective assistance of counsel for trial counsel’s failure to
object to any of the OVs. Our review on this issue “is limited to mistakes apparent on the record.”
People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 188; 774 NW2d 714 (2009). For a defendant to establish a
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance
was objectively deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. People v
Fyda, 288 Mich App 446, 450; 793 NW2d 712 (2010). A counsel’s performance was deficient if
it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. See
People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 51; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). Counsel’s performance
prejudiced the defense if there is a reasonable probability that, but for the counsel’s error, the
outcome would have been different. See id. There exists a strong presumption that defense
counsel’s decisions constituted sound strategy. See Heft, 299 Mich App at 83. Failing to raise a
futile objection does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. See People v Moorer, 262
Mich App 64, 76; 683 NW2d 736 (2004).
Defendant has not shown that counsel’s performance was deficient nor that counsel’s
failure to object prejudiced him by failing to object to any of the challenged OVs. See Fyda, 288
Mich App at 450. The trial court properly assessed 10 points for OV 10 at all times, properly
assessed zero points for OV 11 at resentencing, and properly assessed points for OV 13 at
resentencing. Where the trial court ultimately resentenced defendant on the basis of properly
scored guidelines, defendant was not prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to object. As a result,
defendant was not denied effective assistance of counsel, and defendant is not entitled to be
resentenced.
Affirmed.
/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
/s/ Deborah A. Servitto
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
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