If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
LIBAN M. ABDI, UNPUBLISHED
March 25, 2021
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v Nos. 349577; 350418
Washtenaw Circuit Court
PROGRESSIVE MICHIGAN INSURANCE LC No. 17-000825-NF
COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellant,
and
MICHIGAN ASSIGNED CLAIMS PLAN and
MICHIGAN AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE
PLACEMENT FACILITY,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
JOHN DOE INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant.
Before: FORT HOOD, P.J., and GADOLA and LETICA, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In these consolidated appeals, defendant Progressive Michigan Insurance Company
(Progressive) appeals on delayed leave granted the order of the trial court denying Progressive’s
motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) of plaintiff’s claim for personal
protection insurance (PIP) benefits under the no-fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq. Progressive also
appeals by leave granted the order of clarification issued by the trial court declaring as a matter of
law that Progressive’s policy of no-fault insurance was in effect at the time of plaintiff’s auto
accident. We reverse and remand.
-1-
I. FACTS
These appeals arise from an auto accident and the resulting lawsuit. On Friday, September
23, 2016, plaintiff, a resident of Ohio, drove to Michigan to buy a 2001 Freightliner semi-truck
(the truck) from Jeffrey Draper, the owner of Michigan Truck Leasing, LLC (Michigan Truck).
Draper advertised the truck for sale on Craigslist, and plaintiff arranged to meet Draper at his shop
in Millington, Michigan to look at the truck.
Plaintiff arrived at Draper’s shop at approximately 5:00 p.m. After inspecting and driving
the truck, plaintiff purchased it, giving Draper $7,000 in cash. Draper and plaintiff signed the
truck’s certificate of title, which Draper gave to plaintiff after listing the sale price and the truck’s
odometer reading on the certificate. Draper removed the license plate and all the decals from the
truck, and removed the registration and certificate of insurance from the inside of the truck before
plaintiff drove the truck away.
The parties do not dispute that Michigan Truck had a policy of commercial automobile
insurance through Progressive and that the truck was listed on the policy as a scheduled vehicle.
The policy issued by Progressive to Michigan Truck included an automatic termination clause,
which provided in part:
If an insured auto is sold or transferred, any insurance provided by this policy will
terminate as to that insured auto on the effective date of the sale or transfer.
According to Draper, on the evening of September 23, 2016, he told plaintiff that plaintiff
was not covered under Michigan Truck’s insurance, and offered to allow plaintiff to leave the truck
at Draper’s shop until plaintiff could obtain a license, registration, and insurance for the truck.
Plaintiff, however, chose to drive the truck away that evening without a license plate or registration
for the truck. Later that evening, plaintiff was driving the truck on US-23 in Hartland Township,
Michigan, when he lost control of the truck, crossed the median, and struck a semi-truck driven by
Aurel Roma; both plaintiff and Roma were injured. Plaintiff testified that he has no memory of
the events on September 23, 2016, and only remembers waking up in the hospital. Draper testified
that he called his insurance agent on Monday, September 26, 2016, to cancel coverage on the truck.
Plaintiff initiated this action against Progressive, the Michigan Automobile Insurance
Placement Facility (MAIPF), the Michigan Assigned Claims Plan (MACP), and John Doe
Insurance Company. Plaintiff alleged that Progressive insured the truck at the time of the accident,
and that Progressive had breached its insurance policy by refusing to pay PIP benefits to plaintiff.
Plaintiff further alleged that if Progressive was not the priority insurer under the no-fault act, then
the MAIPF or the MACP, or the insurance company to which his claim for PIP benefits would be
assigned (the John Doe Insurance Company), was first in priority under the no-fault act to pay the
benefits.
Progressive moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), contending that (1)
it did not insure the truck at the time of the accident, (2) Progressive was not in the order of priority
under MCL 500.3114 because it was not the insurer of either the owner or registrant of the truck
at the time of the accident, and (3) under MCL 500.3113 plaintiff was precluded from recovering
PIP benefits. In response, plaintiff argued that (1) coverage under Progressive’s insurance policy
-2-
did not terminate at the moment of sale, but rather terminated at 12:01 a.m. on September 24, 2016,
the first minute of the next day, (2) Draper owned the truck at the time of the accident because
Draper still had an insurable interest in the truck, (3) plaintiff was not disqualified from receiving
benefits under MCL 500.3113 because the truck was registered in the state of Michigan at the time
of the accident, and (4) if Progressive’s insurance policy was not in effect as to the truck at the
time of the accident, plaintiff was entitled to PIP benefits from the MACP.
After a hearing, the trial court took Progressive’s motion for summary disposition under
advisement. On September 7, 2018, plaintiff filed a supplemental response to Progressive’s
motion for summary disposition, relying upon deposition testimony by Draper in a related case
pending in Livingston Circuit Court in which Draper testified that he “could have” told plaintiff
that he was not going to cancel the insurance on the truck until the following Monday. Plaintiff
argued that there was coverage under the Progressive policy because Draper advised plaintiff that
the truck was insured. Progressive disputed the deposition testimony and argued that Draper had
no authority to bind coverage from Progressive in contravention of the automatic termination
clause.
On March 6, 2019, plaintiff filed a second supplemental response to Progressive’s motion
for summary disposition, relying upon Progressive Express Ins Co v MSK Logistics, LLC,
unpublished opinion of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, issued
June 24, 2016 (Docket No. 15-61804-CIV), in which a federal district court in Florida held that an
insurance policy containing a similar automatic termination clause did not terminate until 12:01
a.m. the day following the event that triggered the termination clause. On March 26, 2019, the
trial court denied Progressive’s motion for summary disposition “[f]or the reasons stated by
plaintiff in opposition to Progressive’s motion, including the reasons stated in plaintiff’s latest
supplemental brief.” The trial court thereafter denied Progressive’s motion for reconsideration.
Plaintiff moved for clarification of the trial court’s March 26, 2019 order, seeking an order
that it could present in the Livingston Circuit Court action as dispositive of the issue whether
Progressive’s policy had been in effect at the time of the accident. Progressive opposed the motion
for clarification. After a hearing, the trial court granted plaintiff’s motion, holding in pertinent
part:
The court finds that while there may be a factual dispute as to whether
Progressive’s insured sought to cancel the policy before plaintiff’s auto accident,
nevertheless, for the reasons stated in Plaintiff’s supplemental response brief dated
March 6, 2019, the court determines as a matter of law that the Progressive
insurance policy was in effect at the time of the accident.
-3-
This Court thereafter granted Progressive’s application for delayed leave to appeal the order of the
trial court denying its motion for summary disposition,1 and granted leave to appeal the trial court’s
order of clarification.2
II. DISCUSSION
Progressive contends that the trial court erred by denying its motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). Progressive argues that it was entitled to summary
disposition because (1) Progressive is not the priority insurer under MCL 500.3114, (2)
Progressive’s policy was not in effect at the time of the accident, and (3) plaintiff is precluded
from PIP benefits under MCL 500.3113. We agree that Progressive was entitled to summary
disposition.
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo a trial court’s decision to grant or deny summary disposition. Meemic
Ins Co v Fortson, 506 Mich 287, 296; 954 NW2d 115 (2020). A motion for summary disposition
under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of a claim. El-Khalil v Oakwood
Healthcare, Inc, 504 Mich 152, 160; 934 NW2d 665 (2019). When reviewing an order granting
summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), this Court considers all documentary evidence
submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. Summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is warranted when there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. “A genuine issue of
material fact exists when the record leaves open an issue upon which reasonable minds might
differ.” Johnson v Vanderkooi, 502 Mich 751, 761; 918 NW2d 785 (2018) (quotation marks and
citations omitted).
We also review de novo issues involving the interpretation of statutes and of contracts.
Titan Ins Co v Hyten, 491 Mich 547, 553; 817 NW2d 562 (2012). Similarly, the priority of insurers
under the no-fault act is a question of statutory interpretation that this Court reviews de novo. See
Titan Ins Co v American Country Ins Co, 312 Mich App 291, 296; 876 NW2d 853 (2015).
B. MCL 500.3114
The priority statutes of the no-fault act, MCL 500.3114 and MCL 500.3115, establish
against whom an individual may make a claim for benefits under the act. Covenant Med Ctr, Inc
v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 500 Mich 191, 215; 895 NW2d 490 (2017). Under the priority
statutes, a person injured in a motor vehicle accident generally is required to first seek
compensation from his or her own no-fault insurer, regardless of whether that person’s own vehicle
was involved in the accident. MCL 500.3114(1); see Corwin v DaimlerChrysler Ins Co, 296 Mich
1
Abdi v Progressive Mich Ins Co, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered November 4,
2019 (Docket No. 349577).
2
Abdi v Progressive Mich Ins Co, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered November 4,
2019 (Docket No. 350418).
-4-
App 242, 262; 819 NW2d 68 (2012). This was true under MCL 500.3114 at the time of the
accident in this case, unless one of the exceptions enumerated in former MCL 500.3114(2), (3), or
(5) applied. Duckworth v Cherokee Ins Co, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2020)
(Docket No. 347865); slip op at ___.
At the time relevant to this case, MCL 500.31143 provided for the following priority of
insurers:
(1) Except as provided in subsections (2), (3), and (5), a personal protection
insurance policy described in section 3101(1) [MCL 500.3101] applies to
accidental bodily injury to the person named in the policy, the person’s spouse, and
a relative of either domiciled in the same household, if the injury arises from a
motor vehicle accident. . . .
(2) A person suffering accidental bodily injury while an operator or a passenger of
a motor vehicle operated in the business of transporting passengers shall receive
the personal protection insurance benefits to which the person is entitled from the
insurer of the motor vehicle. . . .
(3) An employee, his or her spouse, or a relative of either domiciled in the same
household, who suffers accidental bodily injury while an occupant of a motor
vehicle owned or registered by the employer, shall receive personal protection
insurance benefits to which the employee is entitled from the insurer of the
furnished vehicle.
(4) Except as provided in subsections (1) to (3), a person suffering accidental bodily
injury arising from a motor vehicle accident while an occupant of a motor vehicle
shall claim personal protection insurance benefits from insurers in the following
order of priority:
(a) The insurer of the owner or registrant of the vehicle occupied.
(b) The insurer of the operator of the vehicle occupied.
(5) A person suffering accidental bodily injury arising from a motor vehicle
accident which shows evidence of the involvement of a motor vehicle while an
operator or passenger of a motorcycle shall claim personal protection insurance
benefits from insurers in the following order of priority. . . . [Former MCL
500.3114, as amended by 2002 PA 38.]
Thus, PIP benefits under the no-fault act are recoverable under former MCL 500.3114(1)
by “the person named in the policy, the person’s spouse, and a relative of either domiciled in the
3
MCL 500.3114(4) was amended by 2019 PA 21, and now provides that if there is no personal,
spousal, or household policy applicable under MCL 500.3114(1), or under (2) or (3), the injured
person must seek PIP benefits through the MACP.
-5-
same household, if the injury arises from a motor vehicle accident.” Lewis v Farmers Ins Exch,
315 Mich App 202, 210; 888 NW2d 916 (2016) (citation omitted). In this case, the parties do not
dispute that plaintiff is not a person named in the Progressive policy, nor is he a spouse of a person
named in the policy, and he is not a relative of either domiciled in the same household. The
Progressive policy issued to Michigan Truck therefore does not provide coverage to plaintiff. See
Shelton v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 318 Mich App 648, 654; 899 NW2d 744 (2017). Similarly,
sections (2), (3), and (5) do not apply; plaintiff did not suffer bodily injury while an operator or a
passenger of a motor vehicle operated in the business of transporting passengers, while an occupant
of a motor vehicle owned or registered by his employer, or while an operator or passenger of a
motorcycle.
If no policy of insurance applies to a plaintiff under MCL 500.3114(1), and no exception
applies under MCL 500.3114(2), (3), or (5), the question is whether there is an applicable insurer
under MCL 500.3114(4). In this case, plaintiff sought PIP benefits under former MCL
500.3114(4), which permits an injured person to claim PIP benefits from an insurer if the person
(1) suffered accidental bodily injury arising from a motor vehicle accident, and (2) the injury
occurred while the person was an occupant of a motor vehicle. The parties do not dispute that
plaintiff met these criteria; therefore, under subsection (4) he would be permitted to seek PIP
benefits first from “the insurer of the owner or registrant of the vehicle occupied,”4 and then from
“the insurer of the operator of the vehicle occupied.” MCL 500.3114(4). Here, the parties do not
dispute that plaintiff was the operator of the truck; because Progressive was not plaintiff’s insurer,
MCL 500.3114(4)(b) does not permit plaintiff to seek PIP benefits from Progressive under that
section. Plaintiff was thus entitled to pursue a claim for PIP benefits from Progressive only if
under MCL 500.3114(4)(a) Progressive was the insurer of the owner or of the registrant of the
truck. Because we conclude that plaintiff was the owner of the truck at the time of the accident,
and no one was the registrant of the truck at the time of the accident, plaintiff is not entitled to PIP
benefits from Progressive under MCL 500.3114(4)(a).
The “insurer of the owner or registrant of the vehicle occupied,” as used in MCL
500.3114(4)(a), refers to the insurer of the vehicle’s owner, not the vehicle itself, Farmers Ins
Exch v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 272 Mich App 106, 113; 724 NW2d 485 (2006), and in
fact, “refers only to a particular insurer that has agreed to provide no-fault insurance to an owner
or registrant as required by MCL 500.3101(1) or MCL 500.3102(1).” Turner v Farmers Ins Exch,
___ Mich ___; 953 NW2d 204, 206 (2021). If no such insurer exists, there can be no “insurer of
the owner or registrant of the vehicle occupied,” under former MCL 500.3114(4)(a). Id.
At the time relevant to this case, the no-fault act defined an “owner” of a motor vehicle to
include a person who holds legal title to the vehicle, as follows:
4
Our Supreme Court has noted that “we read the phrase ‘owner or registrant of the vehicle
occupied’ within [MCL 500.3114(4)(a)] to be part of the more complete requirement as stated in
[MCL 500.3101(1)]: ‘The owner or registrant of a motor vehicle required to be registered in this
state’ (emphasis added).” Turner v Farmers Ins Exch, ___ Mich ___; 953 NW2d 204, 206 (2021),
quoting Parks v Detroit Auto Inter-Ins Exch, 426 Mich 191, 203 n 3; 393 NW2d 833 (1986).
-6-
(i) A person renting a motor vehicle or having the use of a motor vehicle,
under a lease or otherwise, for a period that is greater than 30 days.
* * *
(iii) A person that holds the legal title to a motor vehicle or motorcycle,
other than a person engaged in the business of leasing motor vehicles or
motorcycles that is the lessor of a motor vehicle or motorcycle under a lease that
provides for the use of the motor vehicle or motorcycle by the lessee for a period
that is greater than 30 days.
(iv) A person that has the immediate right of possession of a motor vehicle
or motorcycle under an installment sale contract. [former MCL 500.3101(2)(k), as
amended 2014 PA 492.]
The validity of a transfer of a motor vehicle is determined with reference to the relevant
provisions of the motor vehicle code at the time of the transfer. See Taylor v Burdick, 320 Mich
25, 30; 30 NW2d 418 (1948). The requirements for transfers of ownership are set forth in MCL
257.233, and a person cannot transfer ownership of a motor vehicle unless all the requirements of
that statutory section are met. See Basgall v Kovach, 156 Mich App 323, 327; 401 NW2d 638
(1986). Legal title is described in the motor vehicle code, MCL 257.233, as follows:
(1) If the owner of a registered vehicle transfers or assigns the title or interest in the
vehicle, the registration plates issued for the vehicle shall be removed and
transferred to the owner’s spouse, mother, father, sister, brother, or child to whom
title or interest in the vehicle is transferred, or retained and preserved by the owner
for transfer to another vehicle upon application and payment of the required fees.
A person shall not transfer the plates to a vehicle without applying for a proper
certificate of registration describing the vehicle to which the plates are being
transferred, except as provided in section 217(4). If the owner of a registered
vehicle acquires another vehicle without transferring or assigning the title or
interest in the vehicle for which the plates were issued, the owner may have the
plates transferred to the subsequently acquired vehicle upon application and
payment of the required fees.
***
(8) The owner shall indorse on the certificate of title as required by the secretary of
state an assignment of the title with warranty of title in the form printed on the
certificate with a statement of all security interests in the vehicle or in accessories
on the vehicle and deliver or cause the certificate to be mailed or delivered to the
purchaser or transferee at the time of the delivery to the purchaser or transferee of
the vehicle. The certificate shall show the payment or satisfaction of any security
interest as shown on the original title. . . .
(9) Upon the delivery of a motor vehicle and the transfer, sale, or assignment
of the title or interest in a motor vehicle by a person, including a dealer, the effective
date of the transfer of title or interest in the vehicle is the date of signature on either
-7-
the application for title or the assignment of the certificate of title by the purchaser,
transferee, or assignee. [MCL 257.233.]
In this case, the record indicates that Draper filled out the form printed on the certificate of
title for the sale of the truck and that both Draper and plaintiff signed the certificate. The certificate
of title was then delivered to plaintiff before plaintiff drove the truck away from Draper’s shop.
See Perry v Golling Chrysler Plymouth Jeep, Inc, 477 Mich 62, 64; 729 NW2d 500 (2007) (under
MCL 257.233(9), title transfers to the purchaser when the purchaser signs the certificate of title or
the application for title is signed, not when it is delivered to the Secretary of State). The record
therefore demonstrates that plaintiff held legal title to the truck, and was thus the owner of the
truck, at the time of the accident.
The word “registrant” is not defined in the no-fault act, see Titan Ins Co v State Farm Mut
Auto Ins Co, 296 Mich App 75, 86; 817 NW2d 621 (2012), but the terms “owner” and “registrant”
are not synonymous under the act. Clevenger v Allstate Ins Co, 443 Mich 646, 658; 505 NW2d
553 (1993). In Clevenger, our Supreme Court explained that a seller of a vehicle destroys the
presumption that the vehicle is registered by removing the plate, registration certificate, and
insurance certificate from the vehicle. The Court explained:
We read these provisions of the vehicle code and the no-fault insurance act
in pari materia as indicating that an unexpired registration plate affixed to the
vehicle serves as presumptive evidence that the vehicle is validly registered with
the Secretary of State, and that it carries the statutorily mandated no-fault
automobile insurance. It logically follows that to destroy that presumption, the
appropriate course of action after the sale of a vehicle is for the seller to remove
the registration plate and the certificates of registration and insurance from
the automobile. [Id. at 660 (emphasis added).]
In this case, the parties do not dispute that before giving plaintiff possession of the truck,
Draper removed the truck’s license plate, registration, and certificate of insurance from the truck.
These actions destroyed the status of Draper or Michigan Truck as registrant of the truck,
Clevenger, 443 Mich at 660, regardless of whether Draper cancelled his registration of the truck
with Michigan’s Secretary of State. Allstate Ins Co v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 230 Mich App
434, 441 n 7; 584 NW2d 355 (1998). Because neither Draper nor Michigan Truck was the
registrant of the truck at the time of the accident, Progressive was not the insurer of the registrant
of the truck at the time of the accident. Because plaintiff failed to establish that he is entitled to
seek PIP benefits from Progressive under MCL 500.3114(4), the trial court erred by denying
Progressive’s motion for summary disposition.
Plaintiff, in an argument not directly responsive to the arguments made by Progressive,
contends that on the day plaintiff purchased the truck, Draper told plaintiff that he would not cancel
the insurance on the truck until the following Monday. Plaintiff argues that Draper thus retained
an insurable interest at the time of the accident, sufficient to support the existence of a valid
insurance policy. See AB Petro Mart, Inc v Ali T Beydoun Ins Agency, Inc, 317 Mich App 290,
298; 892 NW2d 460 (2016). None of the cases cited by plaintiff, however, suggests that to
determine whether Progressive was the insurer of the “owner” or “registrant” of the truck under
MCL 500.3114(4)(a), the Court must engage in an analysis of whether Draper had an insurable
-8-
interest in the truck. In other words, plaintiff has not demonstrated that an analysis regarding
whether Draper had an insurable interest in the truck is relevant to a determining whether Draper
remained the owner or registrant of the truck at the time of the accident. Whether Draper could
have insured the vehicle is irrelevant to the necessary determination whether Progressive did in
fact insure the vehicle at the time of the accident. Because we conclude that Progressive is not the
priority insurer under MCL 500.3114(4), given that it did not insure either the owner or the
registrant of the vehicle at the time of the accident, it is unnecessary for us to reach the question
whether Draper had an insurable interest, or indeed, whether Progressive’s policy was in effect at
the time of the accident.
C. MCL 500.3113
We also conclude that the trial court erred by failing to grant Progressive summary
disposition because plaintiff is precluded from seeking PIP benefits under MCL 500.3113. At the
time of the accident in this case, MCL 500.3113 provided, in part:
A person is not entitled to be paid personal protection insurance benefits for
accidental bodily injury if at the time of the accident any of the following
circumstances existed:
***
(c) The person was not a resident of this state, was an occupant of a motor vehicle
or motorcycle not registered in this state, and the motor vehicle or motorcycle was
not insured by an insurer that has filed a certification in compliance with section
3163. [Former MCL 500.3113, as amended by 2014 PA 489.]
For a plaintiff to be excluded from PIP benefits under MCL 500.3113(c), all three
conditions of that statutory section must be met. See Perkins v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 301 Mich
App 658, 663; 837 NW2d 32 (2013). In this case, the parties do not dispute that plaintiff was a
resident of Ohio, and not Michigan, at the time of the accident. Second, as discussed, substantial
caselaw supports the conclusion that the truck was no longer registered in Michigan at the time of
the accident. Third, the parties do not dispute that plaintiff was not insured by an out-of-state
insurer that had filed a certification in compliance with section 3163. Accordingly, MCL
500.3113(c) precludes plaintiff from obtaining no-fault benefits arising from the accident.
Reversed and remanded for entry of summary disposition in favor of Progressive. We do
not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
/s/ Michael F. Gadola
/s/ Anica Letica
-9-