April 7, 2021
Supreme Court
No. 2019-203-Appeal.
(PM 17-3276)
Irwin Shorr, as beneficiary of the Trust :
of Anna H. Blankstein
v. :
Herbert Harris, as Trustee of the Trust
of Anna H. Blankstein. :
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision
before publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers
are requested to notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme
Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone (401) 222-3258 or
Email opinionanalyst@courts.ri.gov, of any typographical
or other formal errors in order that corrections may be
made before the opinion is published.
Supreme Court
No. 2019-203-Appeal.
(PM 17-3276)
Irwin Shorr, as beneficiary of the Trust :
of Anna H. Blankstein
v. :
Herbert Harris, as Trustee of the Trust
of Anna H. Blankstein. :
Present: Suttell, C.J., Robinson, and Lynch Prata, JJ.
OPINION
Chief Justice Suttell, for the Court. The plaintiff, Irwin Shorr, as
beneficiary of the Trust of Anna H. Blankstein, appeals from a Superior Court
judgment granting summary judgment in favor of the defendant, Herbert Harris, as
trustee of the Trust of Anna H. Blankstein. Shorr contends on appeal that the hearing
justice erred in granting Harris’s motion for summary judgment. This case came
before the Supreme Court pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and
show cause why the issues raised in this appeal should not be summarily decided.
After considering the parties’ written and oral submissions and reviewing the record,
we conclude that cause has not been shown and that this case may be decided without
further briefing or argument. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the
judgment of the Superior Court.
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I
Facts and Travel
In 1991, Anna Blankstein was a resident of the State of Rhode Island. At that
time, defendant served as counsel for Blankstein. The defendant drafted a revocable
inter vivos trust agreement (the trust) and a “pour over will” (the will) on behalf of
Blankstein. The trustees of the trust were Blankstein, defendant, and Sophie
Garelick. Under the terms of the trust,
“[t]he Trustees shall hold, manage, invest, and reinvest the
trust estate, and shall collect the income thereof and shall
dispose of the net income and principal as follows:
“(a) During the lifetime of the Settlor, the Trustees shall
pay to the Settlor all of the net income in monthly
installments. * * *
“(b) Upon the death of the Settlor the other named
Trustees are to utilize the proceeds of the Trust Corpus and
make the following specific bequests[.]”
On May 9, 1991, Blankstein reviewed, approved, and duly executed the trust
and the will. Blankstein modified the trust several times throughout her life; the last
modification occurred on April 28, 2003. On January 14, 2011, Blankstein died in
Providence, Rhode Island. Upon her death, the sums designated to pass as specific
bequests in the trust were distributed.
The plaintiff was a sum-certain beneficiary of the trust, designated to receive
a specific bequest of $2,000. After Blankstein’s death, plaintiff received a letter
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from defendant, dated February 20, 2011, and a release setting forth the amount of
$2,000. On March 4, 2011, plaintiff requested an accounting of the trust from
defendant. On March 15, 2011, defendant responded, in a letter, stating that plaintiff
was not entitled to any accounting of the trust or copies thereof.
On December 6, 2011, plaintiff was appointed as administrator of
Blankstein’s estate by the Providence Probate Court. On September 6, 2012, the
Providence Probate Court entered an order granting plaintiff permission to depose
defendant in South Carolina. The plaintiff filed a notice of deposition and subpoena
in the Court of Common Pleas, Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, County of Georgetown,
South Carolina. The subpoena requested the following:
“A copy of the Trust of Anna H. Blankstein and all of its
modifications; Records of any and all transfers of assets to
the trust since its inception; records of any assets of Anna
H. Blankstein transferred to or payments made to Herbert
E. Harris, Jr. Esq. individually from the trust since its
inception; Records of any assets of Anna Blankstein
transferred to or payments made to Herbert E. Harris Jr.
Esq. from Anna H. Blankstein (not from the trust), during
the past ten (10) years; An inventory of Anna Blankstein’s
personal property, tangible and intangible, under the
custody and control of Herbert E. Harris Jr. Esq. at the time
of Anna Blankstein’s death; and records of any and all
bank accounts in the name of Herbert E. Harris Jr. Esq. for
the (10) years preceding the death of Anna H. Blankstein.”
The defendant then filed a motion to quash the subpoena.
On July 13, 2017, plaintiff filed a complaint in the Providence County
Superior Court for an accounting pursuant to G.L. 1956 § 18-13-15(b) of the Rhode
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Island Uniform Custodial Trust Act (Custodial Trust Act or RIUCTA). The plaintiff
sought a copy of the trust, full accounting of the trust, records of transfers of assets
to the trust, records of Blankstein’s assets or payments made to defendant from the
trust, records of Blankstein’s assets or payments made to defendant during the past
ten years, and an inventory of Blankstein’s personal property under the custody and
control of defendant at the time of Blankstein’s death. The defendant answered and
filed a counterclaim requesting compensatory damages in the amount of $30,000 for
the time and money spent addressing these issues and for emotional distress caused
by plaintiff.
On August 7, 2018, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment on the
basis that there was no genuine issue of material fact and that he was entitled to
summary judgment in his favor. The defendant contended that, by its terms, the trust
was not a custodial trust, and, therefore, plaintiff was not entitled to an accounting
of the trust. In opposition to the motion for summary judgment, plaintiff contended
that there remained genuine issues of material fact regarding whether defendant had
complied with the terms of the trust. The plaintiff also argued that the trust
“touch[ed] most of the bases” under the Custodial Trust Act so as to establish the
trust as a custodial trust.
After two hearings, on February 27 and March 22, 2019, and an in camera
review of the trust, the trial justice found in favor of defendant and granted summary
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judgment. She found that Blankstein had not “complied with the statutory
requirements for the creation of a custodial trust under the Rhode Island Uniform
Custodial Trust Act.” Further, she stated that “there are absolutely no indicia or
terms set for the subject trust that would support a finding that Miss Blankstein
created the trust pursuant to the Uniform Custodial Trust Act.” An order entered on
April 2, 2019, granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
On April 1, 2019, plaintiff filed a premature notice of appeal. We remanded
this case to the Superior Court for consideration of whether judgment should be
entered in accordance with Rule 54(b) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil
Procedure. Judgment entered on August 3, 2020, and, therefore, we accept
plaintiff’s appeal as timely. See Goddard v. APG Security-RI, LLC, 134 A.3d 173,
175 (R.I. 2016) (treating a premature notice of appeal as timely filed).
II
Standard of Review
“This Court will review the grant of a motion for summary judgment de novo,
employing the same standards and rules used by the hearing justice.” Lehigh Cement
Co. v. Quinn, 173 A.3d 1272, 1275 (R.I. 2017) (quoting Newstone Development,
LLC v. East Pacific, LLC, 140 A.3d 100, 103 (R.I. 2016)). “We will affirm a
summary judgment if, after reviewing the admissible evidence in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party, we conclude that no genuine issue of material fact
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exists and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Midland
Funding LLC v. Raposo, 222 A.3d 484, 486 (R.I. 2019) (quoting American Express
Bank, FSB v. Johnson, 945 A.2d 297, 299 (R.I. 2008)). “A litigant opposing a
motion for summary judgment has the burden of proving by competent evidence the
existence of a disputed issue of material fact and cannot rest upon mere allegations
or denials in the pleadings, mere conclusions or mere legal opinions.” Id. (brackets
omitted) (quoting American Express Bank, 945 A.2d at 299). “It is a fundamental
principle that summary judgment is a drastic remedy, and a motion for summary
judgment should be dealt with cautiously.” Lehigh Cement Co., 173 A.3d at 1275
(brackets omitted) (quoting Botelho v. City of Pawtucket School Department, 130
A.3d 172, 176 (R.I. 2016)).
III
Discussion
On appeal, plaintiff argues that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to
whether defendant complied with the terms of the trust and consulted or involved
the cotrustee in the final accounting or the distribution of the trust assets. He also
argues that the hearing justice made several errors in determining that plaintiff did
not have standing to request an accounting of the trust. First, plaintiff argues that
the hearing justice erred in relying on Miller v. Saunders, 80 A.3d 44 (R.I. 2013), in
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making her decision. Second, plaintiff argues that the hearing justice erred in failing
to address plaintiff’s standing as the administrator of Blankstein’s estate.
A
Rhode Island Uniform Custodial Trust Act
We have previously had occasion to examine the pertinent provisions of the
Custodial Trust Act. See Miller, 80 A.3d at 48-51. To establish a custodial trust, one
must comply with the Custodial Trust Act. See id. at 50. The relevant sections of
that act state:
“(a) A person may create a custodial trust of property by a
written transfer of the property to another person,
evidenced by registration or by other instrument of
transfer, executed in any lawful manner, naming as
beneficiary an individual who may be the transferor, in
which the transferee is designated, in substance, as
custodial trustee under this chapter.
“(b) A person may create a custodial trust of property by a
written declaration, evidenced by registration of the
property or by other instrument of declaration executed in
any lawful manner, describing the property and naming as
beneficiary an individual other than the declarant, in which
the declarant as titleholder is designated, in substance, as
custodial trustee under this chapter. A registration or other
declaration of trust for the sole benefit of the declarant is
not a custodial trust under this chapter.” Section 18-13-2.
Further, under § 18-13-15(b), “[a] beneficiary * * * may petition the court for an
accounting by the custodial trustee or the custodial trustee’s legal representative.”
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B
The Terms of the Trust
The plaintiff’s argument on appeal turns on whether the trust meets the
statutory requirements under the Custodial Trust Act to establish a custodial trust.
The plaintiff asserts that “there are a number of features of [the trust] that are in
common with a custodial trust.” Therefore, plaintiff argues that this is sufficient to
establish a custodial trust.
“This Court reviews questions of statutory construction and interpretation de
novo.” Miller, 80 A.3d at 50 (quoting Morel v. Napolitano, 64 A.3d 1176, 1179 (R.I.
2013)). “When * * * statutory language is clear and unambiguous, we give the words
their plain and ordinary meaning.” Id. (quoting Morel, 64 A.3d at 1179). After
previously examining RIUCTA, we held that its language was unambiguous to the
effect that the Act “does not require a verbatim recitation of the statute’s suggested
language for the creation of a valid custodial trust.” Id.
Here, the trust did not name defendant or Garelick as custodial trustee for the
benefit of the beneficiary of the trust but rather named them as “the other Trustees.”
See contra Miller, 80 A.3d at 50 (finding that the deceased “identified ‘Kristin
Saunders as custodial trustee for the benefit of [his] minor children[,]’” and,
therefore, concluding that “it is clear that he in fact created a custodial trust pursuant
to RIUCTA”). The plaintiff has not pointed to any evidence in the record that
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defendant or Garelick were intended to be or were designated as being custodial
trustees. Nor do we find any evidence that Blankstein intended to create a custodial
trust.
Under the Custodial Trust Act, a custodial trustee holds property for the
benefit of the beneficiary. However, during Blankstein’s life, the trustees held the
property for the sole benefit of Blankstein herself, a circumstance specifically
exempted under the provisions of § 18-13-2(b). If we were to accept plaintiff’s broad
interpretation of the act, then any trust with a designated trustee could be considered
a custodial trust; this would directly contravene the purpose of RIUCTA. See
§ 18-13-2(h). A custodial trust is a creature of statute. It “does not displace or
restrict other means of creating trusts.” Section 18-13-2(h). Any trust that does not
comport with the statute is enforceable—it is simply not considered a custodial trust.
Id. It is clear to us that Blankstein did not create a custodial trust because the trust
did not meet the requirements set forth in RIUCTA.
C
The Plaintiff’s Standing as the Administrator of the Estate
The plaintiff also argues that he has standing to request an accounting of the
trust in view of his status as the administrator of the estate, and he asserts that as
administrator he “slips into the shoes” of Blankstein and has the right to any reports
or accounting due to Blankstein under the trust.
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Under the provisions of Blankstein’s will, her entire residuary estate, after the
payment of debts and expenses, was bequeathed to the other trustees to be
administered under the terms of the trust. Thus, her assets became part of the trust
estate and not the probate estate. See Filippi v. Filippi, 818 A.2d 608, 629 (R.I. 2003)
(examining a pour-over provision in a will, this Court concluded “that a revocable
inter vivos trust receives the same treatment in equity as a trust and is not more
similar to a will contest”). As such, we are of the opinion that plaintiff lacked the
authority to request an accounting from defendant either under RIUCTA or under
common law.
For these reasons, we hold that the plaintiff did not have standing as the
administrator of the estate to request an accounting.
IV
Conclusion
For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.
The record shall be returned to the Superior Court.
Justice Goldberg and Justice Long did not participate.
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STATE OF RHODE ISLAND
SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE
Licht Judicial Complex
250 Benefit Street
Providence, RI 02903
OPINION COVER SHEET
Irwin Shorr, as beneficiary of the Trust of Anna H.
Title of Case Blankstein v. Herbert Harris, as Trustee of the Trust
of Anna H. Blankstein.
No. 2019-203-Appeal.
Case Number
(PM 17-3276)
Date Opinion Filed April 7, 2021
Justices Suttell, C.J., Robinson, and Lynch Prata, JJ.
Written By Chief Justice Paul A. Suttell
Source of Appeal Providence County Superior Court
Judicial Officer from Lower Court Associate Justice Melissa A. Long
For Plaintiff:
Jeffrey B. Pine, Esq.
Attorney(s) on Appeal
For Defendant:
Carol A. Zangari, Esq.
SU-CMS-02A (revised June 2020)