RENDERED: APRIL 9, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-0547-WC
DEBORAH ROBBINS FRENCH APPELLANT
PETITION FOR REVIEW OF A DECISION
v. OF THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BOARD
ACTION NO. WC-17-97124
REV-A-SHELF; HON. R. ROLAND APPELLEES
CASE, ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
JUDGE; AND WORKERS’
COMPENSATION BOARD
OPINION
AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: ACREE, DIXON, AND K. THOMPSON, JUDGES.
ACREE, JUDGE: Deborah Robbins French1 appeals the Workers’ Compensation
Board’s (the “Board”) March 23, 2020 opinion, affirming in part and remanding in
part the administrative law judge’s (“ALJ”) award of benefits. She argues the
Board erred by: (1) vacating the ALJ’s award of temporary total disability
1
The administrative law judge and Workers’ Compensation Board both refer to her as
“Robbins.” Accordingly, we do the same.
(“TTD”) benefits; and (2) vacating the ALJ’s enhancement of her permanent
partial disability (“PPD”) benefits by two. Upon careful consideration, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
On January 13, 2017, Robbins sustained injuries while working as a
line leader at Rev-A-Shelf. On that day, she tripped over a misplaced pallet,
causing her to fall on her outstretched left arm. She suffered injuries to her left
wrist, left elbow, and left shoulder. Robbins received medical treatment but
continued working until April 25, 2017. She ultimately underwent left shoulder
surgery on June 2, 2017, performed by Dr. Michael Salamon.
Robbins filed a workers’ compensation action against Rev-A-Shelf.
A final hearing was conducted before the ALJ on July 25, 2019. Among other
things not relevant to this appeal, the parties contested TTD and PPD benefits. The
ALJ found that Robbins returned to work full time on October 2, 20172 and
continued working until her resignation on September 17, 2018. She earned
approximately $1 less per hour during this time. The ALJ further found that TTD
benefits had been paid to Robbins from April 26, 2017 through August 29, 2017,
while she was recovering. However, because she did not return to work until
2
Robbins’ testimony regarding her return to work is inconsistent. In deposition, she testified
that she returned to work on August 30, 2017 and continued working until her resignation on
September 17, 2018. However, at the hearing, she testified, “They sent me back [to work] I want
to say somewhere in August or September. And since I couldn’t perform the job duties, he put
me back off from work until November.”
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October 2, 2017, the ALJ concluded she was entitled to additional TTD benefits
from August 30, 2017 through October 2, 2017.
The ALJ next awarded PPD benefits based upon an impairment rating
of 10%. Because Robbins retained the functional capacity to return to the type of
employment that she had engaged in before her injury, the ALJ did not apply the
three-times multiplier. However, the ALJ found that toward the end of her
employment at Rev-A-Shelf, beginning in July 2018, she began providing private
healthcare for an elderly paraplegic individual, earning $7.00 per hour, working
twenty hours per week. This concurrent employment increased her average
weekly wage so that she was earning equal or greater wages than she was pre-
injury. And, because she no longer earned equal or greater wages – due to her
resignation from Rev-A-Shelf – the ALJ enhanced her PPD benefits by two,
beginning from the date of her resignation on September 17, 2018. KRS3
342.730(1)(c)2.
Rev-A-Shelf moved for reconsideration, asserting Robbins returned to
work on August 30, 2017 instead of October 2, 2017 and, therefore, was not
entitled to TTD benefits. The ALJ noted that Robbins’ deposition testimony
supported Rev-A-Shelf’s contention, but he found the following testimony
persuasive as to when she returned to work:
3
Kentucky Revised Statutes.
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Q. Okay. How long were you off work after your
surgery?
A. They sent me back I want to say somewhere in August
or September. And since I couldn’t perform the job
duties, he put me back off work until November.
(Record (R.) at 384-85.) The ALJ also cited a document reflecting post-injury
earnings, which “indicates no earnings in August 2017, September 2017, October
2017 nor November 2017.”4 The petition for reconsideration was ultimately
denied; Rev-A-Shelf appealed to the Board.
The Board concluded the ALJ’s award of TTD benefits was
predicated upon an improper analysis. It first noted the inconsistencies in Robbins’
testimony relating to the day she returned to work. In deposition, she stated:
Q. Then you were off work from April 26, 2017 until
August 29, 2017. Does that sound right?
A. Sounds right.
Q. Okay. You received some workers’ compensation
payments for the time that you were off work from
April to August; is that right?
A. Yes Ma’am.
Q. Did you miss time from work as a result of your
accident and not receive workers’ compensation
benefits?
A. No, Ma’am.
4
The document referred to does not indicate no earnings were made during this time frame.
Instead, no records were submitted for these months.
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Q. So, you were paid for the time you were off?
A. Yes, Ma’am.
Q. So then, you went back to work for Rev-A-Shelf
somewhere around August 30, 2017 and you
continued working until your resignation in 2018; is
that right?
A. Yes, Ma’am.
Then, at the hearing, Robbins testified:
Q. Okay. How long were you off work after your
surgery?
A. They sent me back I want to say somewhere in
August or September. And since I couldn’t perform
the job duties, he put me back off work until
November.
....
Q. Following your work accident and your surgery that
Dr. Salamon did, you went back to work in August of
2017, correct?
A. Correct.
Q. And you continued working until October of 2018; is
that correct? I have you resigned somewhere around
October 27, 2018.
A. I was thinking it was September, but - - I’m not
exactly sure of the date.
(R. at 426-27.)
The Board concluded:
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Although the ALJ cited to Robbins’ hearing testimony, he
did not reference her previous testimony, or for that
matter, the discrepancy in her testimony at the hearing.
The ALJ also referenced post-injury wage records
submitted by Rev-A-Shelf. While those records indicate
Robbins’ earnings starting near the end of December 2017,
they alone do not establish that she has no earnings prior
to that date. On remand, the ALJ must provide additional
findings supporting his determinations. If the ALJ in fact
determines from the evidence Robbins did not return to
work at the end of August 2017, he must provide a basis
for his determination based upon the entirety of the
evidence. If he determines Robbins indeed retuned to
work, the ALJ must perform the analysis set forth above.[5]
(R. at 435.)
The Board also vacated the ALJ’s enhancement of Robbins’ PPD
benefits by the two-times multiplier, holding:
KRS 342.140(5) states, “[w]hen the employee is working
under concurrent contracts with two (2) or more
employers AND the defendant employer has knowledge
of the employment prior to the injury, his or her wages
from all the employers shall be considered as [if] earned
from the employer liable for compensation.” (emphasis
added). As noted by Rev-A-Shelf, there is no evidence it
was ever notified of Robbins’ concurrent employment.
Robbins bore the burden of proving Rev-A-Shelf was
aware of her concurrent earnings, but there is no evidence
establishing she sustained her burden. While KRS
342.140(5) concerns pre-injury concurrent employment,
we believe satisfying this requirement is equally true in
calculating post-injury wages. We note the holding in Ball
v. Big Elk Creek Coal Co., Inc., 25 S.W.3d 115 (Ky. 2000)
requires pre-injury and post-injury wages to be calculated
5
The Board laid out the appropriate analysis for entitlement to TTD benefits for the ALJ to
follow if, on remand, he determines Robbins returned to work on August 30, 2017.
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similarly. Therefore, it would appear the requirements for
applying concurrent wages pursuant to KRS 342.140(5)
equally applies in both situations.
(R. at 436).
Additionally, it found that Robbins failed to establish whether her
“patient sitting activities” were as an employee or as an independent contractor.
And, because money earned as an independent contractor does not fall within
workers’ compensation coverage, she could not claim these earnings as concurrent
employment. This appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Our review of an opinion of the Workers’ Compensation Board is
limited. We only reverse the Board’s opinion when “the Board has overlooked or
misconstrued controlling statutes or precedent, or committed an error in assessing
the evidence so flagrant as to cause gross injustice.” W. Baptist Hospital v. Kelly,
827 S.W.2d 685, 687-88 (Ky. 1992). In reviewing the Board’s opinion, we look to
the ALJ’s opinion. The ALJ’s findings of fact will not be disturbed if supported by
substantial evidence. Wolf Creek Collieries v. Crum, 673 S.W.2d 735 (Ky. App.
1984). And, the ALJ, as fact-finder, possesses the discretion to judge the
credibility of testimony and weight of evidence. Paramount Foods, Inc. v.
Burkhardt, 695 S.W.2d 418, 419 (Ky. 1985). Our review proceeds accordingly.
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ANALYSIS
On appeal, Robbins contends the Board erred in vacating the ALJ’s
award of TTD benefits and the enhancement of her PPD benefits. We will address
each issue in turn.
TTD Benefits
Temporary total disability “means the condition of an employee who
has not reached maximum medical improvement from an injury and has not
reached a level of improvement that would permit a return to employment.” KRS
342.0011(11)(a). The Board, citing Trane Commercial Systems v. Tipton, laid out
the appropriate analysis for an entitlement to TTD benefits when an employee has
returned to some form of employment:
“[I]t would not be reasonable to terminate the benefits of
an employee when he is released to perform minimal work
but not the type [of work] that is customary or that he was
performing at the time of his injury.” Central Kentucky
Steel v. Wise, 19 S.W.3d at 659. However, it is also not
reasonable, and it does not further the purpose for paying
income benefits, to pay TTD benefits to an injured
employee who has returned to employment simply
because the work differs from what she performed at the
time of injury. Therefore, absent extraordinary
circumstances, an award of TTD benefits is inappropriate
if an injured employee has been released to return to
customary employment, i.e. work within her physical
restrictions and for which she has the experience, training,
and education; and the employee has actually returned to
employment.
481 S.W.3d 800, 807 (Ky. 2016).
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The question before this Court is whether the ALJ’s finding that
Robbins returned to work on October 2, 2017 is supported by substantial evidence.
We conclude it is not.
We first look at the ALJ’s order awarding TTD benefits. According
to the “summary of evidence”:
[Robbins] indicated she continued working after her
accident until April 25, 2017 at which time she was off
work through August 30, 2017 and was released to regular
duty work on October 2, 2017. [Robbins] worked at full
duty from October 2, 2017 through September 17, 2018.
The ALJ opined that he relied on this testimony in support of his finding. This is
the only evidence in the ALJ’s order relating to her return date.
The most substantial evidence in this testimony is Robbins’
statements that she was “released to regular work” and worked at “full duty”
starting October 2, 2017.6 Although this testimony supports a finding that she
returned to full duty on this date, it does not preclude the possibility that she
returned to work at a previous date, possibly performing less than her regular job
functions. Her initial statement that she “was off work through August 30, 2017”
certainly leaves open the door to this scenario. And, it becomes even more likely
when considering the testimony cited in the Board’s opinion. There, Robbins
explicitly acknowledged that she “went back to work for Rev-A-Shelf somewhere
6
Robbins reached maximum medical improvement on October 2, 2017.
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around August 30, 2017 and [] continued working until [her] resignation in 2018.”
Likewise, the evidence cited in the ALJ’s order denying reconsideration does not
support a finding that she returned to work on October 2, 2017.
Simply put, it is unclear when Robbins returned to work.
Accordingly, the ALJ’s finding that she returned on October 2, 2017 is not
supported by substantial evidence. As noted by the Board, the ALJ must make
further findings as to the exact date she returned to work, not when she returned to
full duty. If it concludes she returned on August 30, 2017, it must properly
analyze, as laid out in the Board’s opinion, whether TTD benefits are proper. See
Trane Commercial Systems, 481 S.W.3d at 807.
PPD Benefits
We now turn to whether the Board properly vacated and remanded the
ALJ’s enhancement of Robbins’ PPD benefits by the two-times multiplier pursuant
to KRS 342.730(1)(c)2. KRS 342.730(1)(c)2 provides:
If an employee returns to work at a weekly wage equal to
or greater than the average weekly wage at the time of
injury, the weekly benefit for permanent partial disability
shall be determined under paragraph (b) of this subsection
for each week during which that employment is sustained.
During any period of cessation of that employment,
temporary or permanent, for any reason, with or without
cause, payment of weekly benefits for permanent partial
disability during the period of cessation shall be two (2)
times the amount otherwise payable under paragraph (b)
of this subsection. This provision shall not be construed
so as to extend the duration of payments.
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Citing Ball v. Big Elk Creek Coal Company, Inc., 25 S.W.3d 115 (Ky.
2000), the Board determined the requirements of KRS 342.140, which describes
the method for determining pre-injury average weekly wage, should equally apply
to the calculation of post-injury average weekly wage. And, because Robbins
failed to satisfy KRS 342.140(5) – setting out the requirement that an employer
have knowledge of a claimant’s concurrent employment – the earnings from her
concurrent employment could not be considered in the calculation of her post-
injury average weekly wage.
In Ball, the Supreme Court held that KRS 342.730(1)(c)2 requires a
comparison of pre-injury and post-injury average weekly wages, as opposed to a
weekly review of a worker’s earnings.7 Id. at 118. In arriving at its conclusion, the
Supreme Court recognized that the General Assembly enacted KRS 342.140 as a
method to determine a worker’s earnings by computation of the average weekly
wage. Id. at 117.
We conclude Ball is applicable, and “KRS 342.140 must be utilized to
determine a worker’s post-injury wages under KRS 341.730(1)(c)(2).” See Garcia
v. Cent. Kentucky Processing, Inc., No. 2014-CA-001315-WC, 2015 WL 3643436,
at *2 (Ky. App. Jun. 12, 2015), aff’d, No. 2015-SC-000382-WC, 2016 WL
7
The Ball Court was interpreting a previous version of the statute. However, the statutory
amendment does not affect this analysis.
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2605564 (Ky. May 5, 2016). Accordingly, because Robbins failed to present any
evidence that Rev-A-Shelf was aware of her concurrent employment, she did not
satisfy KRS 342.140(5).
We also agree with the Board that Robbins failed to establish that her
earnings as a home health aide were in the capacity of an employee rather than an
independent contractor. A claimant’s earnings as an independent contractor are
not considered when computing average weekly wages. See Hale v. Bell
Aluminum, 986 S.W.2d 152, 155 (Ky. 1998) (“Since it has previously been
determined that independent contractors are not employees and, thus, fall outside
the scope of the Workers’ Compensation Act . . . claimant’s earnings as an
independent contractor . . . should not be added to those wages earned [] in order to
compute his average weekly wage.”).
Robbins’ only argument on appeal is that “the Board made a factual
finding that there was no evidence that the Claimant provided her services to the
paraplegic individual in any capacity other than an independent contractor, again,
clearly a fact-finding determination by the Workers’ Compensation Board with no
evidence to support that assumption.” This is not a factual finding; it is merely a
conclusion that Robbins failed to satisfy her burden.
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Accordingly, the Board’s order vacating the enhancement of PPD
benefits and remanding for additional determinations as set forth in that opinion is
affirmed.
CONLCUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Workers’ Compensation Board’s March
23, 2020 opinion, affirming in part and vacating in part the administrative law
judge’s order is affirmed.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEF FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE REV-A-
SHELF:
Wayne C. Daub
Louisville, Kentucky Lyn Douglas Powers
Louisville, Kentucky
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Deborah Robbins French v. Rev-A-Shelf
Combined Opinion