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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
Lillie Brown, appellee, v. Bernard
Morello, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed April 16, 2021. No. S-20-514.
1. Summary Judgment. Summary judgment is proper when the plead-
ings and the evidence admitted at the hearing disclose that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact or as to the ultimate inferences that
may be drawn from those facts and that the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.
2. Rules of Evidence. In proceedings where the Nebraska Evidence Rules
apply, the admissibility of evidence is controlled by these rules; judicial
discretion is involved only when the rules make discretion a factor in
determining admissibility.
3. Judges: Evidence: Appeal and Error. The exercise of judicial discre-
tion is implicit in determining the relevance of evidence, and an appel-
late court will not reverse a trial court’s decision regarding relevance
absent an abuse of discretion.
4. Judges: Words and Phrases. A judicial abuse of discretion exists when
the reasons or rulings of a trial judge are clearly untenable, unfairly
depriving a litigant of a substantial right and denying just results in mat-
ters submitted for disposition.
5. Rules of Evidence: Hearsay: Appeal and Error. Apart from rulings
under the residual hearsay exception, an appellate court reviews for clear
error the factual findings underpinning a trial court’s hearsay ruling and
reviews de novo the court’s ultimate determination to admit evidence
over a hearsay objection or exclude evidence on hearsay grounds.
6. Adverse Possession: Proof: Time. A party claiming title through
adverse possession must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
the adverse possessor has been in (1) actual, (2) continuous, (3) exclu-
sive, (4) notorious, and (5) adverse possession under a claim of owner-
ship for a statutory period of 10 years.
7. Adverse Possession: Notice. To be effective against the true owner, acts
of dominion over land allegedly adversely possessed must be so open,
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
notorious, and hostile as to put an ordinarily prudent person on notice of
the fact that the lands are in the adverse possession of another.
8. Adverse Possession. If an occupier’s physical actions on the land
constitute visible and conspicuous evidence of possession and use of
the land, such will generally be sufficient to establish that possession
was notorious.
9. ____. Where both parties have used the property in dispute, there can be
no exclusive possession by one party.
10. ____. The law does not require that adverse possession be evidenced by
complete enclosure and 24-hour use of the property. It is sufficient if the
land is used continuously for the purposes to which it may be adapted.
11. Hearsay: Words and Phrases. A “statement,” for purposes of hearsay,
is treated as assertion based, which is to say that a statement is a per-
son’s oral or written assertion or nonverbal conduct of a person, if it is
intended by him or her as an assertion.
12. Trial: Words and Phrases. The word “speculation” is defined as the
practice or an instance of theorizing about matters over which there is no
certain knowledge. To “speculate” is to form opinions about something
without having the necessary information or facts or to make guesses.
13. ____: ____. Objecting to “speculation” is another way of objecting to
either lack of personal knowledge or expressing an opinion.
Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: W.
Russell Bowie III, Judge. Affirmed.
Andrew T. Schlosser, of Fitzgerald, Schorr, Barmettler &
Brennan, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
Catherine Mahern, Christopher A. Mihalo, and Sydney
Pontius-Maynes, Senior Certified Law Student, of Milton R.
Abrahams Legal Clinic, for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Heavican, C.J.
INTRODUCTION
Lillie Brown filed a quiet title action against Bernard
Morello for adverse possession of a small parcel of land adja-
cent to the parcel upon which her home stands. Morello filed
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
a counterclaim. Brown’s motion for summary judgment was
granted. Morello appeals. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Brown and her late ex-husband purchased the residential
property located at 2934 Nicholas Street in Omaha, Nebraska,
in October 1972. After the couple’s divorce, the property was
quitclaimed to Brown. Brown has lived in the home since
1972; her son currently resides with her.
Bernard Morello purchased 2936 Nicholas Street in Omaha,
Nebraska, at a tax foreclosure sale in 1995. This property is
a small strip of land measuring approximately 20.7 feet wide
by 130 feet long and adjoins both Brown’s property and North
30th Street. The strip is too small to build any dwelling upon.
In an affidavit in support of her motion for summary judg-
ment, Brown averred that until recently, she was under the
belief that she owned the strip of land and that she paid prop-
erty taxes on it. Brown averred that there have never been
buildings or other markers on this strip of land in the time
she has owned her home and that along with the help of her
son and grandson, she has mowed the lawn and cleared the
sidewalk adjoining the parcel during the entire time she has
lived in her home. Brown also averred that more than 10 years
ago, she constructed a retaining wall along the western edge
of the property, which runs the length of the property along
North 30th Street. Brown averred she recently learned that she
had not paid the taxes on the land and that the strip was not
part of her parcel of land, but was instead a separate parcel
of land.
After learning that she did not own the parcel, Brown
filed her motion to quiet title. Morello counterclaimed, alleg-
ing trespass and seeking removal of the retaining wall and
compensatory damages. Brown then filed a motion for sum-
mary judgment.
Morello filed an affidavit in opposition to summary judg-
ment, in which he averred that he lived in Texas and retained
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
an agent for purposes of inspecting and maintaining his
properties in Omaha, including the property located at 2936
Nicholas Street. Morello averred in paragraph 5 that
[a]t no time was it ever reported or brought to my atten-
tion by my local agent that any actions had been taken
or were occurring with respect to the subject property
that would have put me on notice of [Brown’s] open and
notorious use of the subject property. My agent is familiar
with my properties and would have reported any event or
circumstance that endangered or damaged the property.
Brown objected to this paragraph on the basis of hearsay and
relevance. The district court excluded paragraph 5, but did not
identify the grounds for sustaining the objections.
Morello further averred in paragraph 6 of his affidavit:
I believed that the retaining wall, which is directly adja-
cent to the City of Omaha’s sidewalk, is located on City
property, and was constructed by the City of Omaha. I
also based this belief on the fact that I never received
any notice of a City permit being issued to construct the
retaining wall.
Brown objected to this statement on the grounds of speculation
and relevance. The district court also sustained this objection
without identifying the precise grounds for doing so.
Finally, in paragraph 7, Morello averred that he could “find
no record of a City permit ever being issued for the construction
of the retaining wall on the subject property.” Brown objected
to this averment on the basis of relevance, but that objection
was implicitly denied.
Following a hearing, the district court granted Brown’s
motion for summary judgment, quieted title in Brown’s favor,
and dismissed Morello’s counterclaim.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Morello assigns, restated, that the district court erred in (1)
granting Brown’s motion for summary judgment, (2) excluding
paragraph 5 of Morello’s affidavit on the grounds of hearsay
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308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
and relevance, and (3) excluding paragraph 6 of Morello’s
affidavit on the grounds of speculation and relevance.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings and
the evidence admitted at the hearing disclose that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact or as to the ultimate infer-
ences that may be drawn from those facts and that the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 1
[2-4] In proceedings where the Nebraska Evidence Rules
apply, the admissibility of evidence is controlled by these
rules; judicial discretion is involved only when the rules make
discretion a factor in determining admissibility. 2 The exercise
of judicial discretion is implicit in determining the relevance of
evidence, and an appellate court will not reverse a trial court’s
decision regarding relevance absent an abuse of discretion. 3 A
judicial abuse of discretion exists when the reasons or rulings
of a trial judge are clearly untenable, unfairly depriving a liti-
gant of a substantial right and denying just results in matters
submitted for disposition. 4
[5] Apart from rulings under the residual hearsay exception,
an appellate court reviews for clear error the factual findings
underpinning a trial court’s hearsay ruling and reviews de novo
the court’s ultimate determination to admit evidence over a
hearsay objection or exclude evidence on hearsay grounds. 5
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Morello assigns that the district court erred in
granting Brown’s motion for summary judgment and finding
that she had adversely possessed the parcel of land at issue.
1
Kaiser v. Allstate Indemnity Co., 307 Neb. 562, 949 N.W.2d 787 (2020).
2
Arens v. NEBCO, Inc., 291 Neb. 834, 870 N.W.2d 1 (2015).
3
Id.
4
Id.
5
Id.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
In connection with these contentions, Morello argues that the
district court made certain evidentiary errors.
Underlying Propositions.
[6] Our propositions regarding adverse possession are famil-
iar. A party claiming title through adverse possession must
prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the adverse pos-
sessor has been in (1) actual, (2) continuous, (3) exclusive, (4)
notorious, and (5) adverse possession under a claim of owner-
ship for a statutory period of 10 years. 6
[7,8] To be effective against the true owner, acts of domin-
ion over land allegedly adversely possessed must be so open,
notorious, and hostile as to put an ordinarily prudent person on
notice of the fact that the lands are in the adverse possession
of another. 7 If an occupier’s physical actions on the land con-
stitute visible and conspicuous evidence of possession and use
of the land, such will generally be sufficient to establish that
possession was notorious. 8
[9,10] Where both parties have used the property in dispute,
there can be no exclusive possession by one party. 9 But the
law also does not require that adverse possession be evidenced
by complete enclosure and 24-hour use of the property. 10 It is
sufficient if the land is used continuously for the purposes to
which it may be adapted. 11 Evidence must show the intention
of the claimant to appropriate and use the property as his or her
own to the exclusion of all others. 12
6
Siedlik v. Nissen, 303 Neb. 784, 931 N.W.2d 439 (2019).
7
See id.
8
Id.
9
See, Nye v. Fire Group Partnership, 265 Neb. 438, 657 N.W.2d 220
(2003); Thornburg v. Haecker, 243 Neb. 693, 502 N.W.2d 434 (1993).
10
Nye v. Fire Group Partnership, supra note 9.
11
Id.
12
Id.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
Evidentiary Issues.
We turn first to Morello’s arguments regarding the admis-
sibility of paragraphs 5 and 6 of his affidavit in opposition to
Brown’s motion for summary judgment.
In paragraph 5, Morello averred that
[a]t no time was it ever reported or brought to my atten-
tion by my local agent that any actions had been taken
or were occurring with respect to the subject property
that would have put me on notice of [Brown’s] open and
notorious use of the subject property. My agent is familiar
with my properties and would have reported any event or
circumstance that endangered or damaged the property.
As noted, paragraph 5 was objected to on the basis of hearsay
and relevance; in sustaining the objection, the court did not
identify the grounds of inadmissibility.
[11] Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-801(3) (Cum. Supp. 2020) defines
“[h]earsay” as “a statement, other than one made by the declar-
ant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence
to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Generally, we treat
a “statement” as assertion based, which is to say that a “state-
ment is (a) [a person’s] oral or written assertion or (b) non-
verbal conduct of a person, if it is intended by him or her as
an assertion.” 13
But here, we need not determine whether this averment
amounted to hearsay. As we explain below, even if the aver-
ment was not hearsay, it did not create a material issue of fact
as to Brown’s claim of adverse possession.
We turn next to paragraph 6. In that paragraph, Morello
stated that he “believed that the retaining wall . . . is located
on City property, and was constructed by the City of Omaha.”
Brown objected on the basis of speculation and relevance. The
district court sustained the objections but, as with paragraph 5,
did not explain the basis for that decision.
13
See, § 27-801(1); G. Michael Fenner, The Hearsay Rule 8 (3d ed. 2013).
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
[12,13] The word “speculation” is defined as “[t]he practice
or an instance of theorizing about matters over which there is
no certain knowledge.” 14 To “speculate” is to form opinions
about something without having the necessary information
or facts or to make guesses. 15 Objecting to “speculation” is
another way of objecting to either lack of personal knowledge
or expressing an opinion. 16
While the content of paragraph 6 might have been stated
as belief, this belief was based on an assumption by Morello.
Morello theorized that the city had constructed the retaining
wall, apparently based on nothing more than the retaining
wall’s proximity to the city’s sidewalk and an unsuccessful
search for permits. Morello’s belief that the retaining wall had
been constructed by the city was not based on personal knowl-
edge, but, rather, it was based upon an assumption made by
Morello and was speculation. The district court did not err in
excluding paragraph 6.
There is no merit to Morello’s arguments regarding eviden-
tiary matters.
Grant of Summary Judgment.
We next turn to the merits of Morello’s appeal, specifi-
cally that the district court erred in granting Brown summary
judgment with respect to her petition, alleging that title to
2936 Nicholas Street should be quieted in her via the doc-
trine of adverse possession. At issue on appeal are whether
Brown’s possession was exclusive and whether it was open
and notorious.
The burden in an adverse possession case rests on the claim-
ant, who must prove the elements of adverse possession by
a preponderance of the evidence. 17 Here, Brown was granted
14
Black’s Law Dictionary 1687 (11th ed. 2019).
15
4 Jerry McKernan, Litigating Tort Cases § 43.11 (2003).
16
Roger C. Park et al., Trial Objections Handbook, § 6.11 (2020).
17
See Siedlik v. Nissen, supra note 6.
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308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
summary judgment and so must show that there was no issue
of material fact and that she was entitled to judgment as a mat-
ter of law. 18
Most of our adverse possession case law involves boundary
disputes—either between neighbors in a residential subdivi-
sion or with respect to farmland or ranchland. For example,
Siedlik v. Nissen 19 involved a dispute over a 6-foot strip of land
along the boundary line between two developed properties. We
affirmed the district court’s finding in favor of the titleholders
of the strip, concluding that acts of routine yard maintenance
were insufficient to warn the titleholder that another was
claiming or using the land for his or her own purpose.
Poullos v. Pine Crest Homes 20 involved a wedge-shaped
section of land that abutted the boundary line between a
developed property and an undeveloped property in a resi-
dential subdivision. We reversed the district court’s determi-
nation that the claimants’ possession of the challenged land
was notorious, solely as a result of a visible sod line and the
claimants’ physical acts of maintaining the sod and clearing
the sidewalk.
We have similar case law with respect to boundary dis-
putes involving the boundaries between residential property
and agricultural lands. In Nye v. Fire Group Partnership, 21
the claimants had planted grass, mowed, and maintained
a 24-foot-wide strip of land abutting their property, which
included erecting a snow fence in the winter and leaving the
5- to 6-foot-high fenceposts permanently in place. In addi-
tion, the record showed evidence that others were aware of
the claimants’ use of the property. The trial court rejected the
claim of adverse possession on summary judgment.
18
See Kaiser v. Allstate Indemnity Co., supra note 1.
19
Siedlik v. Nissen, supra note 6.
20
Poullos v. Pine Crest Homes, 293 Neb. 115, 876 N.W.2d 356 (2016).
21
Nye v. Fire Group Partnership, supra note 9.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
We reversed and found an issue of material fact as to the
claimants’ open and notorious use of the property, given their
maintenance of the questioned strip. We also noted a material
issue of fact as to whether the claimants were in exclusive
use of the property where the record showed that the title-
holders’ use of the property was limited to using the strip of
land in question to turn around, and sometimes park, farm
equipment.
Wiedeman v. James E. Simon Co., Inc., 22 involved a bound-
ary dispute over a 2.57-acre tract of pastureland lying between
the claimant’s and titleholder’s properties. We found that the
claimant’s actions in routinely cleaning and clearing the land
in question, fencing it for pasture on a regular basis, and
even hauling gravel off the land was sufficiently open and
notorious so as to support the quieting of title on the basis of
adverse possession.
Unlike the above cases where neighbors have disputed own-
ership over a strip of land adjoining both of their properties,
this case involves a dispute over an entire, albeit small, parcel
of land that with respect to its entire depth, adjoins Brown’s
property on one side and a city sidewalk on the other. The
parcel was of such a character as to be indistinguishable from
Brown’s yard.
Here, all of the usual incidents of ownership, aside from the
payment of taxes, were undertaken by Brown. The record is
undisputed that the grass of 2936 Nicholas Street was mowed
by Brown or members of Brown’s family. The record is undis-
puted that the city sidewalk adjoining the lot at 2936 Nicholas
Street was cleared of snow by Brown or members of Brown’s
family. The record is undisputed that the western edge of 2936
Nicholas Street was partially enclosed by a retaining wall con-
structed by Brown or on her behalf.
22
Wiedeman v. James E. Simon Co., Inc., 209 Neb. 189, 307 N.W.2d 105
(1981).
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
In her complaint to quiet title, Brown alleged all elements of
adverse possession and offered evidence via affidavit to sup-
port all of those elements. Of course, we review the granting
of a motion for summary judgment in a light most favorable to
the nonmoving party and give that party the benefit of all rea-
sonable inferences. 23 An adverse possession inquiry is normally
fact based, and thus, the grant of summary judgment in such an
inquiry is rare.
Had this case gone to trial, this court would not be required
to consider the record in a light most favorable to Morello and
would not be required to give Morello the benefit of all rea-
sonable inferences. But in a summary judgment action, we do
make those considerations in Morello’s favor.
Despite these advantages, when we consider the record in
Morello’s favor, we find no error in the grant of summary judg-
ment and subsequent quieting of title. Morello was titleholder
of the property. Though there was evidence that Morello’s
agent reported to Morello no activity on the property that
would speak to Brown’s exclusive, open, and notorious use of
the property, there is also no dispute that Brown engaged in all
maintenance of the entire parcel and additionally built a retain-
ing wall along the depth of the property.
While our case law generally holds that where both parties
have used the property in dispute, there can be no exclusive
possession by one party, 24 there is no evidence in this record
that Morello put this parcel to any use.
Our opinion today should not be understood as a departure
or retreat from our recent decisions regarding adverse posses-
sion involving platted lots in a municipality; rather, it reflects
the unusual failure of the record owner to present any evi-
dence that he used the real estate for any purpose during the
10-year period.
23
See Kaiser v. Allstate Indemnity Co., supra note 1.
24
See, Nye v. Fire Group Partnership, supra note 9; Thornburg v. Haecker,
supra note 9.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
BROWN v. MORELLO
Cite as 308 Neb. 968
The undisputed evidence is sufficient to support the district
court’s conclusion on summary judgment that Brown was in
exclusive, open, and notorious possession of the parcel. The
district court did not err in refusing to admit paragraphs 6
and 7 of Morello’s affidavit in granting summary judgment
in Brown’s favor and quieting title of 2936 Nicholas Street
to Brown.
CONCLUSION
The decision of the district court is affirmed.
Affirmed.