NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 16 2021
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
THOMAS EDWARD RUBIN, No. 20-55052
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No.
2:16-cv-02567-RGK-JPR
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted April 14, 2021**
Pasadena, California
Before: M. SMITH and IKUTA, Circuit Judges, and STEELE,*** District Judge.
Appellant Thomas Rubin seeks a tax refund for his personal tax liability in tax
years 1998, 2000, and 2001 based on alleged cancellation-of-debt income that
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
***
The Honorable John E. Steele, United States District Judge for the
Middle District of Florida, sitting by designation.
increased Rubin’s basis in his S corporation, Focus Media (Focus). The district court
granted summary judgment to the United States. We affirm.
Because the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not repeat them here
except where necessary to add context to our ruling. We review the district court’s
grant of summary judgment de novo. United States v. Phattey, 943 F.3d 1277, 1280
(9th Cir. 2019). Summary judgment is proper if—taking all reasonable inferences
in the light most favorable to Rubin—there is no genuine issue of material fact, and
the United States is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See id.
The Government’s liability for Rubin’s claimed refund hinges on whether
Focus could rightly claim cancellation of debt income for tax year 2000. This is
because, ordinarily, “a shareholder cannot take corporate losses and deductions into
account on his personal tax return to the extent that such items exceed his basis in
the stock and debt of the S corporation.” Gitlitz v. C.I.R., 531 U.S. 206, 210
(2001). But, as the district court explained, in Gitlitz, the Supreme Court defined a
loophole in which “an insolvent S corporation’s cancellation of indebtedness [ ]
income served to increase a shareholder’s basis in the stock of the S corporation.” In
effect, Gitlitz “permitted the solvent shareholder of an insolvent S corporation to use
the S corporation’s loss to shelter unrelated personal income from taxation.” Thus,
the pertinent question for this appeal is whether it became clear in tax year 2000 that
Focus’s accounts payable would never have to be paid, and therefore Focus received
2
cancellation of debt income at that time.
“A debt is discharged for tax purposes when ‘it becomes clear that the debt
will never have to be paid.’” Milenbach v. C.I.R., 318 F.3d 924, 935 (9th Cir. 2003)
(quoting Friedman v. C.I.R., 216 F.3d 537, 546 (6th Cir. 2000)). To determine
whether it is clear that the debt will never have to be paid, “[c]ourts look at all of the
facts concerning repayment, requiring only that the time of discharge be fixed by
‘some identifiable event which fixes the loss with certainty.’” Id. at 935–36 (quoting
Friedman, 216 F.3d at 547–48). In terms of probability of repayment, “[r]epayment
of the loan need not become absolutely impossible before a debt is considered
discharged. A slim possibility that a debt may still be enforced does not prevent a
debt from being treated as discharged for federal tax purposes.” Id. at 936 (internal
citation omitted).
Rubin offers seven potential “identifiable events” that he argues show that it
was clear in 2000 that Focus’s accounts payable would never have to be paid: (1)
the loss of Focus’s four major customers; (2) injunctions preventing Focus from
collecting its accounts receivable; (3) a contempt ruling for violating one of those
injunctions; (4) Focus’s failure to pay its accounts payable after June 2000; (5) the
involuntary bankruptcy proceeding in October 2000; (6) the deficit between Focus’s
assets and debts when the Trustee took over; and (7) the November 2000 denial of
Focus’s motion to dissolve the injunctions preventing collection of its accounts
3
receivable.
However, the Trustee for Focus’s bankruptcy proceeding was administering
the bankruptcy estate well after the year 2000. Rubin does not dispute that the
Trustee recovered $1 million from Focus’s media liability insurance policy. Nor
does Rubin contest that the Trustee filed suits against Rubin himself in 2002 for
fraudulent conveyance, and against former clients in 2005 seeking to collect unpaid
receivables. These actions show that there was still a possibility that Focus’s
accounts payable could be paid as of December 31, 2000. Thus, this debt was not
properly classified as cancellation of debt income for tax year 2000. See Milenbach,
318 F.3d at 935–36.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
4