DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
LIZETT ALEXIS ALLEN,
Appellant,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
No. 4D20-1553
[April 21, 2021]
Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, Palm
Beach County; Caroline C. Shepherd, Judge; L.T. Case No. 50-2018-CF-
006210-AXXX-MB.
Carey Haughwout, Public Defender, Ross F. Berlin and Claire Victoria
Madill, Assistant Public Defenders, West Palm Beach, for appellant.
Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Luke R. Napodano,
Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.
FORST, J.
Appellant Lizett Allen appeals from her conviction and sentence for
grand theft over $20,000 following a jury trial. Appellant raises five issues
on appeal, but we write only to address the third issue—that the trial court
erred by prohibiting the introduction of relevant evidence. We agree with
Appellant’s third contention and, as explained below, conclude that the
evidence was relevant to the defense’s effort to establish a motive for the
purported victim to fabricate her testimony against Appellant. The State
has failed to establish that this error was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt, and we thus reverse and remand for a new trial.
Background
The State charged Appellant with grand theft over $20,000, alleging
that Appellant routinely overcharged the credit card of the purported
victim, who was a client at Appellant’s hair salon. The primary evidence
against Appellant consisted of the purported victim’s testimony, bank
records showing excessive charges with the funds going into Appellant’s
personal accounts, and a text message exchange between the purported
victim and Appellant.
The purported victim testified that she discovered the alleged
fraudulent charges after checking her bank account statement in
February 2017. After this discovery, she called Appellant to determine
why her account had been overcharged by substantial amounts. Appellant
told her that she had switched merchant accounts, and that the switch
must have caused the errors. Appellant indicated that she would follow
up with the purported victim and provide her with a case ID number from
the help-desk ticket she would file. However, instead of providing the
purported victim with a help-desk ticket number, Appellant texted her a
message stating “I’m so sorry can I call you in the morning and we will
talk.” The purported victim agreed, but she also asked if the merchants
called back with an ID number. Appellant responded “no,” and then told
the purported victim “I f****d up im so sorry my life went down the drain I
will fix it can we talk when you come in at 3” and “I’m sorry I never thought
it was that amount please let me fix it if you have to report it I understand.”
The purported victim made a police report the next morning.
The purported victim explained that she and Appellant were friends,
but that she never authorized the excessive charges. On cross-
examination, defense counsel asked if she had ever purchased drugs from
Appellant. The purported victim denied she had ever done so.
Following up on this line of questioning, defense counsel called
Appellant to the stand. Appellant testified that she never charged the
purported victim’s credit card without her consent and that the charges
were all authorized. She explained that, after the first year of knowing the
purported victim, first as a client and then as both a client and a friend,
Appellant would acquire drugs for her. The two agreed that the drug
purchases would be covered by charges to the purported victim’s credit
card, which was on file at the salon. This payment method was intended
to conceal the charges from the purported victim’s husband.
Appellant further explained that the text message conversation
introduced into evidence was a plan to “smooth over the explanation” to
the purported victim’s husband. The messages were intended to show him
that the overcharges were attributable to Appellant, and thus conceal the
purported victim’s drug purchases. In furtherance of her defense of
consent, Appellant attempted to testify that concealment of the purported
victim’s drug purchases and use was necessary, as this drug use created
friction between the purported victim and her husband and ultimately
caused the purported victim’s divorce. When the State objected, defense
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counsel maintained that Appellant overheard arguments between the
purported victim and her then-husband related to the purported victim’s
drug purchases and that their “marriage troubles” were related to the
wife’s drug use. Despite defense counsel’s argument that testimony
regarding the impact that the purported victim’s drug purchases had on
her marriage went “to motive as to why she would make up an allegation
that this was fraud and not purchasing drugs[,]” the trial court sustained
the State’s relevancy objection to questions concerning the purported
victim’s marriage and divorce.
Following Appellant’s testimony, the case proceeded to closing
arguments and the jury returned a verdict of guilty. This appeal timely
followed.
Analysis
“The standard of review for admissibility of evidence is abuse of
discretion. However, a trial court’s discretion is limited by the rules of
evidence.” Harris v. State, 289 So. 3d 962, 966 (Fla. 4th DCA 2020)
(quoting Orton v. State, 212 So. 3d 377, 378 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017)).
“A party is given wide latitude to develop motive or bias in a witness’s
testimony.” Roman v. State, 165 So. 3d 723, 725 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015)
(citing Mardis v. State, 122 So. 3d 950, 953 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013)). “The
ability to expose an improper impetus for a witness’ testimony is an
essential component of the right to a jury trial.” Jones v. State, 678 So. 2d
890, 892 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996). “Included in the types of matters that
demonstrate bias are prejudice, interest in the outcome of a case, and any
motivation for a witness to testify untruthfully.” Id. As explained by this
court in Elder v. State, 296 So. 3d 440 (Fla. 4th DCA 2020):
“[W]here evidence tends in any way, even indirectly, to
establish a reasonable doubt of [the] defendant’s guilt, it is
error to deny its admission.” Rivera v. State, 561 So. 2d 536,
539 (Fla. 1990). Put differently, “[i]f there is any possibility of
a tendency of evidence to create a reasonable doubt, the rules
of evidence are usually construed to allow for its
admissibility.” Vannier v. State, 714 So. 2d 470, 472 (Fla. 4th
DCA 1998).
Id. at 446 (alterations in original).
Here, Appellant sought to testify that the purported victim’s divorce was
precipitated by substance abuse issues. Following the State’s relevancy
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objection, defense counsel explained that the desired testimony was an
important component of establishing a motive for the purported victim to
testify untruthfully. Counsel explained that, during her deposition, the
purported victim indicated “basically that she got divorced because of her
drug use.” Additionally, defense counsel provided a proffer of the
questions that were to be addressed to Appellant and her expected
responses, with the plan being to elicit testimony that Appellant had first-
hand knowledge that the purported victim and her husband argued about
the former’s drug use and “how much money was being spent” on drugs,
and that this was “a primary reason for [the couple’s] divorce.”
We agree with Appellant that the above-noted desired testimony was
relevant to Appellant’s defense that the purported victim fabricated the
allegations against Appellant to hide the true nature of the charges from
her husband. The testimony regarding the purported victim’s marriage
and divorce was integral to Appellant’s defense strategy of explaining the
purported victim’s motive to lie to her husband (and in turn to law
enforcement and the jury)—to cover up her drug purchases. As such, the
evidence was relevant and should not have been excluded by the trial
court.
As the evidence was relevant, the pertinent question now becomes
whether the exclusion was harmless. A proper harmless error analysis
involves more than a mere weighing of the evidence, the “harmless error
analysis . . . requires appellate courts to first consider the nature of the
error complained of and then the effect this error had on the triers of fact.”
Daughtry v. State, 804 So. 2d 426, 428 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001) (alteration in
original) (quoting Goodwin v. State, 751 So. 2d 537, 540 (Fla. 1999)). “The
harmless error test . . . places the burden on the state, as the beneficiary
of the error, to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained
of did not contribute to the verdict or, alternatively stated, that there is no
reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the conviction.” State
v. DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d 1129, 1135 (Fla. 1986).
In the instant case, the State has not met this burden. One of the most
incriminating pieces of evidence against Appellant, other than the direct
testimony of the purported victim, was the text message exchange between
Appellant and the purported victim where Appellant admits that she made
a mistake and appears to confess to stealing the money. At trial, Appellant
attempted to explain that the messages were fabricated to deceive the
purported victim’s husband and that such an elaborate ruse was
necessary because the purported victim’s marriage was at risk, resulting
in Appellant hiding the drug purchases by falsifying salon purchases and
then pretending to have “made a mistake.”
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Additionally, the State implicitly recognized the importance of this
evidence and argument for Appellant’s defense. During closing
arguments, counsel for the State ridiculed the defense theory, noting:
All right. Let’s talk about facts not in evidence, right? She
just got up here and said drugs caused the divorce of this
marriage. That’s not a fact in evidence. It’s made up. You
didn’t hear that from the stand. That’s made up. If she wants
to talk about facts not in evidence, let’s start with that.
Thus, the State first argued to the trial court that Appellant’s testimony
that drug use caused the divorce should be excluded because it was not
relevant, and then during closing it argued to the jury that this defense
theory was not relevant because it was excluded. The fact that the State
chose to respond to Appellant’s defense theory by noting “[y]ou didn’t hear
that from the stand” underscores the relevance of the excluded testimony.
Accordingly, we cannot say that the exclusion of Appellant’s testimony was
harmless and are compelled to reverse and remand for a new trial.
In so doing, we caution the prosecutor to exercise additional discretion
when addressing the jury during closing arguments. Comments such as:
“[w]ell, that’s a hot one, right?,” and “I think this case is obvious, I hope
you think it is, too,” are inappropriate and do not assist the jury in
analyzing, evaluating, or applying the evidence to the facts of the case. See
Williamson v. State, 994 So. 2d 1000, 1012 (Fla. 2008). Rather, the first
comment injected unnecessary sarcasm into the argument and the latter
comment improperly apprised the jury of the prosecutor’s personal
opinion. As we are reversing due to the improper exclusion of relevant
evidence, we need not decide whether these remarks, in conjunction with
other questionable comments, deprived Appellant of a fair trial and rose to
the level of fundamental error.
Conclusion
Because Appellant’s testimony regarding the nature of the purported
victim’s marriage as it related to the latter’s alleged drug purchases was
improperly excluded and the error was not harmless, we reverse and
remand for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
WARNER and DAMOORGIAN, JJ., concur.
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* * *
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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