State of Tennessee v. Aaron Evan Perry

04/29/2021
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
November 17, 2020 Session1

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. AARON EVAN PERRY

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
No. 114134 G. Scott Green, Judge

No. E2019-02210-CCA-R3-CD

The Defendant, Aaron Evan Perry, was convicted by a jury of three counts of fraudulent
use of a credit card of an amount of $1,000 or less, a Class A misdemeanor. See Tenn.
Code Ann. §§ 39-14-105(a)(1), -118(b). The trial court imposed an effective sentence of
eleven months and twenty-nine days, suspended to time served. On appeal, the Defendant
contends that (1) the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence, arguing
that a Belk department store loss prevention manager acted as an agent of the State when
he seized the Defendant’s identification card and credit card, that the police conducted a
pretextual traffic stop of the Defendant to investigate the Belk incident, and that the
warrantless search of his vehicle was not justified as a search incident to arrest or inventory
search; (2) the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions; (3) the trial court erred
by admitting information generated by a hand-held credit card scanner without an adequate
foundation; and (4) the trial court erred when it instructed the jury on the elements of illegal
possession of a credit card instead of fraudulent use of a credit card. After a thorough
review of the record, we conclude that the evidence was insufficient to support the
Defendant’s convictions and that reversible error occurred when the trial court mistakenly
instructed the jury on the elements of illegal possession of a credit card. As a result, we
remand the case for the entry of amended judgments reflecting the new conviction offenses
of attempted theft, a Class B misdemeanor. In addition, in the interest of judicial
economy, we modify the sentence in each count to reflect concurrent sentences of six
months and apply to the Defendant’s two years of jail credit to satisfy his sentences.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court
Reversed; Case Remanded

D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES CURWOOD
WITT, JR., and ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.

1
We note that due to technical difficulties, the oral arguments in this case were not recorded.
Eric D. Lutton, District Public Defender2; and Tyler M. Caviness, Jonathan Harwell, and
Sarah Olesiuk Parker, Assistant Public Defenders, for the appellant, Aaron Evan Perry.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Cody N. Brandon, Assistant
Attorney General; Charme P. Allen, District Attorney General; and William C. Bright and
Sean Deitrick, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

This case arises from an October 10, 2017 incident in which the Defendant
attempted to purchase gift cards at a Knoxville Belk department store using a falsified
credit card. The Knox County Grand Jury subsequently indicted the Defendant for twelve
counts of identity theft with the intent to commit theft of property relative to twelve
separate victims. Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 12 related to customers of Y-12 Federal Credit
Union, and Counts 5 through 11 related to customers of Eastman Credit Union.

At trial, Sierra Lopez3 testified that on October 10, 2017, she was working as a sales
manager at Belk women’s store in Turkey Creek when she was called to the sales floor by
a sales associate regarding a gift card purchase. She agreed that the store contained
surveillance cameras, which recorded the relevant events.

The surveillance recording, which did not include audio, showed a man later
identified as the Defendant wearing a white jacket and a white baseball cap standing at a
cashier station in the lingerie section of Belk. The Defendant took two cards from a
display on the counter and spoke to a sales associate, who took the cards, picked up the
telephone, and appeared to place a call. After an interval, a woman identified as Ms.
Lopez walked to the station, scanned the two cards at the cashier station, and reached across
the counter to swipe them on the credit card pin pad. The Defendant handed Ms. Lopez
additional cards from his wallet. Two men later identified as loss prevention manager Bill
Muenzer and loss prevention associate Derrick Stratton walked behind the counter and
stood beside Ms. Lopez; after Ms. Lopez handed Mr. Muenzer the cards the Defendant

2
Mark E. Stephens was the District Public Defender from the time the Public Defender’s Office was
appointed to represent the Defendant until the conclusion of the Defendant’s October 28-30, 2019 trial.
On November 1, 2019, Mr. Stephens retired from public service, and Mr. Lutton was appointed as his
successor.
3
At the time of trial, Ms. Lopez’s surname was Weldon. Because other witnesses referred to her as Ms.
Lopez, for consistency, we will use that name here.
2
gave her, Mr. Muenzer and the Defendant appeared to converse. The Defendant
gesticulated as he spoke, and he pointed at Mr. Muenzer and Ms. Lopez. Mr. Muenzer
began to walk away, and the Defendant moved in the opposite direction and continued to
gesticulate before turning and walking out of the camera frame.

Ms. Lopez testified that in the recording, she compared the Defendant’s driver’s
license and credit card, entered the gift card amount into the computer, and swiped the gift
cards through a card scanner to “load” them. Ms. Lopez stated that Mr. Muenzer retrieved
the identification and credit cards from her. Ms. Lopez affirmed that neither she nor the
sales associate completed the gift card transaction. Ms. Lopez identified a driver’s license
and credit card that were similar to the ones the sales associate gave her and which Ms.
Lopez provided to Mr. Muenzer. The first card was a Connecticut driver’s license issued
to a Will Andrews. The second card was a PNC Bank Visa credit card, also issued to Will
Andrews.

Bill Muenzer testified that he had worked in loss prevention since 2001 and that
on October 10, 2017, around noon, he was working at the Belk women’s store when he
became aware of a situation he “wanted to attend to.” Mr. Muenzer called Ms. Lopez and
spoke to her about the situation; some time later, he and Mr. Stratton approached Ms.
Lopez, the sales associate, and a customer, whom Mr. Muenzer identified as the Defendant.
Mr. Muenzer retrieved an identification card and a credit card from Ms. Lopez; he also
stated, though, that the Defendant handed him the cards. Mr. Muenzer told the Defendant
that he needed to verify his information before they could complete the gift card purchase.
Mr. Muenzer did not remember how the Defendant responded. Mr. Muenzer handed the
cards to Mr. Stratton, and the Defendant walked away.

Mr. Muenzer testified that he followed the Defendant to the store’s entrance and
called Detective Angela Varner with the Knox County Sheriff’s Office. Later, Detective
Varner called Mr. Muenzer, and Mr. Muenzer traveled to the scene of a traffic stop, where
he again saw the Defendant. At the traffic stop, Mr. Muenzer provided Detective Varner
with the driver’s license and credit card belonging to Will Andrews that the Defendant had
presented for the gift card purchases at Belk.

On cross-examination, Mr. Muenzer testified that a customer seeking to purchase a
gift card was not generally required to provide identification, a social security number, or
an address. Mr. Muenzer agreed that he had no special expertise in “what [went] on . . .
behind the scenes” in a credit card transaction. Mr. Muenzer affirmed that he did not know
by looking at the cards whether the credit card actually belonged to Will Andrews or
whether Will Andrews was a real person.

3
 Knox County Sheriff’s Captain Robert Hubbs testified that on October 10, 2017, he
worked at the Turkey Creek Precinct station in the retail theft unit. Captain Hubbs stated
that Detective Varner left the station after receiving a call related to the Belk women’s
store. Captain Hubbs left a few minutes later to join Detective Varner at the Belk parking
lot. Captain Hubbs saw a man, whom he later identified as the Defendant, rapidly walking
“almost in a jog” toward a car in the parking lot.

Captain Hubbs testified that as the Defendant drove away, Captain Hubbs followed
him in his unmarked police cruiser. The Defendant accelerated as he drove and ran a red
light at a nearby intersection at about 12:30 p.m., at which point Captain Hubbs activated
his blue lights and stopped the Defendant. Captain Hubbs noted that the car had an Illinois
license plate and that the Defendant moved around in the passenger compartment in a
suspicious manner. Captain Hubbs explained that he could see the Defendant’s rapidly
removing a white jacket and “stuffing things under” the front passenger seat.

Captain Hubbs testified that after calling for backup, he approached the passenger-
side window. The Defendant initially refused to roll down the window to speak to Captain
Hubbs, but eventually “crack[ed] it” open and handed him a car rental agreement and a
driver’s license. The Defendant identified himself as Aaron Perry. Captain Hubbs stated
that he and the Defendant discussed the red light violation and that he may have asked the
Defendant what he was doing at Belk, although he did not remember all of the
conversation.

Captain Hubbs identified three Michigan driver’s licenses reflecting the name
Aaron Perry. The three licenses, which were all taken from the Defendant’s wallet,
contained the same license number and address, although they contained different issue
dates and expiration dates. Two of the licenses expired on May 9, 2016, and the third
contained an expiration date of May 9, 2020. Each license reflected a different photograph
of the same person. Captain Hubbs did not recall which license the Defendant gave him
during the stop.

Captain Hubbs testified that after he returned to his police cruiser to verify the
Defendant’s driver’s license, Detective Varner, a patrol officer, and Mr. Muenzer arrived
shortly thereafter. Captain Hubbs identified the Connecticut driver’s license and PNC
Bank credit card as the ones Mr. Muenzer brought to the location of the traffic stop.

Captain Hubbs testified that the police searched the Defendant’s car, his wallet, and
a gym bag. Captain Hubbs stated that they found “a number of” credit cards in the gym
bag, that five of the cards reflected the Defendant’s legal name, and that other cards

4
reflected the name Will Andrews. Captain Hubbs said that a laptop computer and “card
swiper” were also found inside the car.

Knox County Sheriff’s Officer Lee Strzelecki4 testified that on October 10, 2017,
he was working as a patrol officer when he answered a call requesting assistance with a
traffic stop on Parkside Drive in Turkey Creek. Officer Strzelecki testified consistently
with Captain Hubbs regarding the items found during the traffic stop and the people in
attendance. In the Defendant’s car, Officer Strzelecki found a wallet containing credit
cards; the center console contained additional credit cards. A “card encoder,” hotel room
key, and white hooded coat were also found in the car.

During a recess in the proceedings, defense counsel objected to Knox County
Sheriff’s Detective John Huff’s anticipated testimony regarding a card scanner machine.
Counsel stated that Detective Huff “swiped some things in some kind of machine, [got]
some information, [wrote] it down,” and was going to testify regarding the information
obtained from the machine. The State responded that the machine displayed the number
associated with the magnetic strip on a credit card and that the State could “do a sample”
of the Defendant’s cards to “verify that process.” The trial court stated that because the
jury had been waiting for some time, it would consider the issue later.

Detective Huff testified for the jury that he worked in the property crimes unit and
investigated forgery and fraud cases. Detective Huff also responded to the traffic stop and
collected items seized from the Defendant and his car. Detective Huff stated that he
examined the credit cards found in the Defendant’s car “to verify if the encoded numbers
on the magnetic strips on the back of the cards matched the numbers and name on the front
of the card.”

Detective Huff testified that he took the Defendant’s hotel key to the corresponding
hotel and that the hotel staff gave him the room number to which the key belonged.
During a search of the room, police found an Illinois driver’s license with the name Joseph
Barber, which contained the Defendant’s photograph. In addition, they collected a
“company I.D.” for “Center Plan Construction Company” and an identification card for “a
Mason type group” called “Hope, Faith, and Charity.” Both of those cards reflected the
name Will Andrews and contained the Defendant’s photograph. Detective Huff testified
that under one of the mattresses in the hotel room, he found “stacks” of blank credit cards
and an “embossing machine,” which he explained was used to imprint the numbers and
name on the front of a debit or credit card.

4
Officer Strzelecki was a detective at the time of trial.

5
 Detective Huff testified that in his office, he used a scanning device to compare the
number encoded on the magnetic strip of a credit card with the number embossed on the
card. He stated that the card scanner displayed the number encoded on the magnetic strip.

At this juncture, defense counsel requested a bench conference and lodged the
following objection:

I think it’s getting into testimony of this witness that he used some
kind of machine to analyze these cards. I don’t think that’s admissible
absent some foundation that he has expertise with the machine and he
understands how it works and that it is a reliable method of doing this. I’m
not sure that he has any of this knowledge[.]

The State responded that unlike a device like a breathalyzer, “[t]here [were] non-special
qualifications [that made] the test result come out right. This [was] . . . just like the card
reader that [was] at the grocery store. Except this device d[id not] transmit that data into
something else.” The State argued that the machine did not have to be calibrated and that
Detective Huff could testify about the machine due to his training and experience. The
trial court stated that it did not “see a problem” with the testimony and found that it was
admissible.

Detective Huff testified that if the number displayed on his card scanner did not
match the number on the credit card, he used the first six digits of the displayed number,
which was a “bank identification number,” to determine to which bank the credit card
account belonged. Generally, a bank employee would confirm whether the account
owner’s name corresponded to the name embossed on the credit card. As a demonstrative
exhibit, Detective Huff used the card scanner with one of the credit cards showing the
Defendant’s name; the number generated by the card scanner matched the number
embossed on the card. Detective Huff then used the card scanner with the PNC Bank
credit card the Defendant presented inside Belk. The number displayed on the scanner did
not match the number shown on the card. Detective Huff read from a list the card numbers
associated with three cards found in the Defendant’s car, which varied from the numbers
obtained by the card scanner.

On cross-examination, Detective Huff testified that he began working in the fraud
and forgery department in May 2017; he agreed that he was not present for the incident
inside Belk. When asked to explain how the card scanner worked, Detective Huff stated
that it read the numbers encoded on a card’s magnetic strip and that the card scanner in
evidence was the one his office used in this case. He did not know whether the reader was
connected to a database, although he noted that the reader was not connected to a computer.

6
To his knowledge, the card scanner did not read any data contained on a “chip” present in
some of the cards. Detective Huff agreed that the card scanner did not generate a
“printout” of information and that he did not receive specialized training related to the card
scanner, its hardware, or its software. When asked whether the machine had a rate of
error, he responded, “Not aware of that.” Detective Huff did not know whether any of the
alleged victims in the Defendant’s case lost money, had fraudulent purchases made to their
accounts, or had fraudulent accounts opened in their names. He agreed that he reached
out to the victims, as opposed to their having contacted the police to make a complaint.

Detective Huff testified that the Connecticut driver’s license belonging to Will
Andrews did not “come back” as a valid license; he did not research the address listed on
the license. Detective Huff never connected a person named Will Andrews or Anthony
Palmer to the Defendant’s case, and he agreed that to his knowledge, the Defendant did not
pretend to be another existing person named Will Andrews. Detective Huff composed a
typed document comparing the embossed and encoded numbers for three cards found in
the Defendant’s car, as well as the numbers for the card the Defendant presented inside
Belk. In addition, by request of the State, Detective Huff hand-wrote the numbers for an
additional card found inside the Defendant’s car.

Wendy Mioduski testified that she worked for Y-12 Federal Credit Union and that
as part of her duties, she was a records custodian who researched fraudulent activity and
testified on the bank’s behalf in fraud cases. Ms. Mioduski affirmed that she printed
records upon the request of the State related to customers Terry Clark, Doug Kibler, John
Cowan, and Myrtle McGhee; she also obtained records related to Axis Autobody, a
business. Ms. Mioduski stated that she wrote notes on the printouts containing the card
number associated with each account. She stated that a “servicer” produced Y-12’s credit
and debit cards, including programming the card, embossing it, and sending it to the
customer. Ms. Mioduski’s records for Mr. Clark, Mr. Kibler, and Axis Autobody
contained card numbers matching the numbers Detective Huff listed as encoded on cards
in the Defendant’s car.5 Ms. Mioduski printed a record for Mr. Cowan, but it did not
contain a card number. Ms. Mioduski did not bring a record for Ms. McGhee to court.

On cross-examination, Ms. Mioduski testified that the magnetic strip on a credit
card contained the sixteen-digit card number, the account holder’s name, the expiration
date, and the validation code. She agreed that when a credit card was swiped “through a
terminal,” the machine would not process the transaction if any piece of information was
missing on the card; for example, if the card contained the account number but not the
expiration date, a person would be unable to make a purchase. Ms. Mioduski stated that

5
The card presented at Belk was not connected to a Y-12 account holder.

7
her bank office contained card scanners that were connected to their computer system, with
which she could scan a credit card and print out the electronic record for that account. She
denied that anyone asked her to perform this task in connection with the Defendant’s case.
She agreed that some bank accounts had multiple account holders or were associated with
a business. Ms. Mioduski agreed that a credit card number generally did not match the
customer’s bank account number. Ms. Mioduski testified that if a customer requested a
new card because his or her card had been compromised, the bank would issue a new card.
She was not aware that any new cards were issued relevant to this case.

Douglas Kibler testified that he was a customer of Y-12 Federal Credit Union and
possessed a credit card for his account. He did not remember the card number of the card
he had in October 2017; he noted that “this ha[d] happened like three times” and that he
had obtained a different card by the time of trial. Mr. Kibler agreed that the records Ms.
Mioduski prepared corresponded to his account and that they contained his social security
number. Mr. Kibler denied knowing the Defendant or authorizing him or anyone aside
from his wife to use his bank account.

On cross-examination, Mr. Kibler testified that the bank alerted him that someone
might have used his credit card. He noted that he regularly reviewed his bank statements
and would have seen any fraudulent charges. When asked whether fraudulent charges
appeared on his account as of October 10, 2017, Mr. Kibler responded that he had
previously found fraudulent charges on his account, but due to the passage of time, he did
not know the dates of the charges. He agreed that to his knowledge, the Defendant never
used his information to open other lines of credit.

Terry Clark testified that in October 2017, he was a customer of Y-12 Federal Credit
Union. He stated that he had both a credit and debit card, although he had not memorized
either card’s number. He affirmed that the bank record of his account contained accurate
information and that the credit and debit card numbers listed therein were consistent with
his memory of them. Mr. Clark did not know the Defendant or authorize him to use his
credit or debit card numbers.

On cross-examination, Mr. Clark testified that to his knowledge, the Defendant
never used his card to make purchases, open new lines of credit, or impersonate him at the
bank. Mr. Clark stated that although a credit card of his had been “hacked” two years
previously and he had disputed that charge, he did not know if that card was the one
relevant to this case. He stated that prior to receiving a subpoena in this case, he was never
contacted by police and did not know that his credit card number had been compromised.
Lena Burris testified that her husband, Richard Burris, owned Axis Autobody and
that she handled the business’s finances. She stated that the business had an account at Y-

8
12 Federal Credit Union, for which she and Mr. Burris each had a debit card with different
numbers. Ms. Burris denied that she knew the Defendant or authorized him to use the
business’s debit card numbers.

On cross-examination, Ms. Burris stated that the business was a limited liability
corporation and that the bank contacted her about the debit card number’s being in another
person’s possession. She did not recall when the bank called her, and she noted that the
debit card number had been stolen “four or five times.” Ms. Burris did not know whether
the Defendant ever possessed her personal identifying information. Ms. Burris obtained
a new card number after the bank alerted her to the issue.

John Paul Cowan testified that he was a customer of Y-12 Federal Credit Union,
and he affirmed that the bank record Ms. Mioduski provided reflected his personal
information as of October 2017. He stated that he had a credit and debit card connected
to his account. He did not recall the number of either card. Mr. Cowan did not recall
whether he noticed an issue with his account or whether the bank contacted him. He noted
that the communication occurred about two years previously, but he was unable to provide
further details. Mr. Cowan denied giving the Defendant permission to use his card.

On cross-examination, Mr. Cowan agreed that his wife was a joint owner of his
account. He denied that he communicated with law enforcement regarding his account.
Mr. Cowan did not know if the Defendant ever possessed his social security number, name,
or address; similarly, Mr. Cowan did not know whether the Defendant ever used his credit
card, opened additional accounts, or opened lines of credit using the information.

Daksha Zaveir testified that she and her husband owned a Days Inn hotel in the
Cedar Bluff area of Knoxville and that she handled the business’s finances. She identified
a hotel record reflecting that a Joseph Barber checked into the hotel on October 5 and
checked out on October 7; a “registration card” reflected Mr. Barber’s name and signature,
as well as a telephone number and an Illinois address. Mr. Barber stayed in Room 214.
Ms. Zaveir agreed that the information contained in the Illinois driver’s license found in
the room matched the information reflected on the hotel record. She stated that if a guest
left small items in a room past check-out time, the housekeeper would collect the items,
remove them from the room, and note the room number and the date; if a guest left a large
quantity of personal items, they would leave the items in the room and attempt to contact
the guest. Ms. Zaveir said that if a guest chose to extend his stay, it would sometimes be
noted on the guest’s original record and sometimes be reflected on a separate record. On
cross-examination, Ms. Zaveir stated that Mr. Barber would have left the hotel by 11:00
a.m. on October 7, which was check-out time.

9
 After the jury had retired for the day, the State conceded that it had presented no
proof related to Counts 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 for the identity theft of the seven victims who
were customers of Eastman Credit Union.6 The trial court granted the Defendant’s motion
for a judgment of acquittal relative to these counts and denied his motion relative to Counts
1, 2, 3, 4, and 12, the identity theft of Mr. Kibler, Robert Burris d/b/a Axis Autobody, Mr.
Clark, and Ms. McGhee, respectively.7

The following day, Myrtle McGhee testified that she was a customer of Y-12
Federal Credit Union, that she had a credit or debit card related to her bank account there,
and that she never gave anyone permission to take information from her card, place it on
another card, and make a purchase at Belk. She said that in late fall 2017, the bank
contacted her about a compromised credit card. Ms. McGhee did not recall her credit card
number.

The Defendant did not put on any proof and requested that the trial court instruct
the jury on two lesser offenses, fraudulent use of a credit card and attempted theft. Before
the trial court issued its instructions, it asked the parties whether they had any changes
relative to the instructions in each count and the respective lesser offenses. The parties
responded negatively each time. The court instructed the jury on the indicted offense of
identity theft in Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 12, as well as fraudulent use of a credit card and
attempted theft.

Relative to the issues on appeal, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:
If you have a reasonable doubt as to the defendant’s guilt of identity
theft, then your verdict must be not guilty as to this offense and then you shall
proceed to determine his guilt or innocence of fraudulent use of a credit card,
a lesser included offense of the first count.
6
At a recess on the first day of the State’s proof, October 29, the State informed the trial court that during
discovery, it had provided the Defendant with a summary of information compiled from Eastman Credit
Union bank records relative to the seven victims specified in the indictment in Counts 5 through 11. The
parties indicated that the summary consisted of a spreadsheet authored by an unknown person. However,
the State did not obtain the supporting bank records until the afternoon of October 28. The State provided
the bank records to the Defendant after court was adjourned that afternoon following opening arguments.
After substantial argument about whether a discovery violation occurred and whether the summary was
admissible, the State chose not to introduce the bank record summary. As a result, it offered no evidence
relevant to Counts 5 through 11.
7
Because defense counsel, the prosecutors, and the trial court anticipated an abbreviated workday on
October 31 due to their needing to attend a retirement reception for Mr. Stephens, the trial court discussed
Ms. McGhee’s anticipated testimony with the parties and made a preliminary denial of the motion for
judgment of acquittal relevant to Count 12. It was noted that Ms. McGhee was not available to testify on
October 30.

10
 Any person who illegally possesses a credit or debit card is guilty of
a crime.

For you to find the [D]efendant guilty of this offense, the State must
have proven beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of the following
essential elements:

(1) That the [D]efendant took, exercised control or otherwise used a credit
or debit card or information from such card; and
(2) That the [D]efendant acted without the consent of the owner or issuer;
and
(3) That the [D]efendant acted knowingly.

Based upon this evidence, the jury found the Defendant guilty of fraudulent use of
a credit card in Counts 1, 2, 4, and 12, relative to Mr. Kibler, Robert Burris d/b/a Axis
Autobody, Mr. Clark, and Ms. McGhee, respectively. The jury acquitted the Defendant
in Count 3 relative to Mr. Cowan. The trial court imposed an agreed-upon sentence of
eleven months, twenty-nine days in each count, to be served concurrently. The sentence
was suspended to time served because the Defendant had been in jail for two years pending
trial. At the motion for a new trial hearing, the trial court granted the motion for a
judgment of acquittal in Count 12 relative to Ms. McGhee and denied the motion for a new
trial. The Defendant timely appealed.

ANALYSIS

On appeal, the Defendant contends that (1) the trial court erred by denying his
motion to suppress evidence, arguing that a Belk department store loss prevention manager
acted as an agent of the State when he seized the Defendant’s identification card and credit
card, that the police conducted a pretextual traffic stop of the Defendant to investigate the
Belk incident, and that the warrantless search of his vehicle was not justified as a search
incident to arrest or inventory search; (2) the evidence is insufficient to support his
convictions; (3) the trial court erred by admitting information generated by a hand-held
credit card scanner without an adequate foundation; and (4) the trial court erred when it
instructed the jury on the elements of illegal possession of a credit card instead of
fraudulent use of a credit card.

I. Motion to Suppress

11
 The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress
the evidence obtained when Mr. Muenzer seized the Defendant’s credit card and driver’s
license, arguing that Mr. Muenzer was acting as an agent of law enforcement at the time.
The Defendant also challenges the traffic stop, arguing that Captain Hubbs stopped the
Defendant on the pretextual basis of the red light violation and that Captain Hubbs
impermissibly delayed his investigation, failed to investigate the red light violation, and
instead focused on the true object of the investigation, the incident at Belk. Finally, the
Defendant contends that the search of his rental car was not justified either as a search
incident to arrest or an inventory search, arguing that the officers did not have probable
cause to believe that evidence of the red light violation or the incident at Belk would be
present in the car and that the officers did not ask the Defendant to make arrangements for
the car before having it impounded and inventoried. 8 The State responds that Mr.
Muenzer was not an agent of law enforcement and that the traffic stop and vehicle search
were both permissible.

A. Factual Background

At the October 1, 2019 suppression hearing, Mr. Muenzer testified on October 9,
2017, he was working at the Belk store in the Knoxville Center Mall when he received an
email from Rick Santino, a Belk loss prevention manager in Johnson City, Tennessee.
The email detailed an incident in which a person purchased or attempted to purchase
several gift cards; Mr. Santino suspected that credit card fraud had occurred and attached
several surveillance photographs of the customer. Mr. Muenzer did not recall whether
Mr. Santino told him the customer’s name.

Later that day, a sales associate reported to Mr. Muenzer that a customer who had
already left the building had purchased several large gift cards. Upon examining the
store’s surveillance recording, Mr. Muenzer concluded that the customer was the same
person described in Mr. Santino’s email and noted that the man was wearing identical
clothing to the man Mr. Santino observed. Mr. Muenzer informed the store manager, and
she voided the transaction, thereby voiding the gift cards and limiting Belk’s loss. When
asked why he did not call the police, Mr. Muenzer stated, “[H]e was gone and I wouldn’t
have done that anyway.” Mr. Muenzer testified that his job entailed protecting Belk’s
assets and trying to prevent losses by internal or external theft or “anything relating from
store processes.”

8
The pretrial hearing testimony addressed three motions to suppress. The Defendant only appeals the trial
court’s determinations relative to Mr. Muenzer’s agency relationship with the police and the traffic stop,
and we will confine our recitation of the suppression hearing testimony accordingly.

12
 When asked to describe his relationship with the Knox County Sheriff’s Office retail
task force, Mr. Muenzer stated,

I personally did not have much of a relationship with them. Although
I was working at the Belk store in Knox[ville] Center Mall that day. My
main store was a store at Turkey Creek. That’s where I was actually based
out of. So they have the Sheriff’s Office . . . . basically within walking
distance of that store.

....

And I actually – I would talk to them – work with them somewhat,
but I did not deal with them a lot.

Mr. Muenzer affirmed that although he sometimes interacted with law enforcement, he did
not work for them. He denied that the Sheriff’s Office paid him for referring cases to them
or that he served as a reserve deputy. Mr. Muenzer stated that aside from his sometimes
calling the police in his capacity as a loss prevention manager, he had no relationship with
the police.

Mr. Muenzer testified that on October 10, 2017, he was working at the Turkey Creek
Belk and informed the sales associates to “watch out for” a person purchasing several large
Belk gift cards. When a sales associate called him regarding a customer requesting to
make such a purchase, Mr. Muenzer called Ms. Lopez and informed her that credit card
fraud might be occurring. He instructed her to “handle that situation” and not to complete
the purchase until he came to her location. Mr. Muenzer denied that he contacted the
police before walking to the register. Mr. Muenzer testified consistently with his trial
testimony regarding the surveillance recording of the incident. Mr. Muenzer noted that
another loss prevention associate named Derrick Stratton was accompanying him when he
walked to the register.

Mr. Muenzer testified that he explained to the Defendant that he “needed to verify
certain information with the credit card because . . . we knew he had either made or
attempted to purchase several large Belk gift cards . . . traveling the Belk stores.” Mr.
Muenzer stated that his reasoning was “to protect Belk” and that he wanted to gather more
information and “verify the situation either way.” Mr. Muenzer denied taking the driver’s
license and credit card from the Defendant’s person, detaining the Defendant, or searching
the Defendant. He affirmed that Ms. Lopez gave him the driver’s license and credit card.

13
 Upon examination by the trial court, Mr. Muenzer denied that he was instructed by
law enforcement to confiscate the cards. Mr. Muenzer noted that he told the Defendant
that he needed to verify the information and that he would “be right back.” As Mr.
Muenzer walked toward his office, the Defendant exited the building, at which point Mr.
Muenzer called Detective Varner. Mr. Muenzer agreed that the Belk men’s store was
about thirty feet from the Sheriff’s Department office.

Mr. Muenzer testified that he told Detective Varner that he had a situation in which
he suspected “credit fraud” was occurring, that the suspect was leaving the building, and
that Mr. Muenzer had the person’s identification and credit card. Mr. Muenzer described
the Defendant as being an African-American man wearing a “white pullover” and a white
hat. While Mr. Muenzer was on the telephone, he followed the Defendant outside and
saw the Defendant enter a vehicle and drive away; Mr. Muenzer described the vehicle to
Detective Varner.

After his call with Detective Varner, Mr. Muenzer contacted the credit card
company; he was informed that although the card reflected being associated with a PNC
Bank account, the account number was associated with Y-12 Federal Credit Union.
Detective Varner called Mr. Muenzer after some time and informed him that “the subject”
had been stopped for a traffic violation and that the subject had presented a false
identification card. Detective Varner asked Mr. Muenzer to bring the driver’s license and
credit card he possessed to the location of the traffic stop. Mr. Muenzer stated that when
he arrived, police officers were speaking to the Defendant and that “[m]any, many gift
cards,” “multiple IDs,” and “stacks of credit cards” had been placed on the hood of the
Defendant’s vehicle. Mr. Muenzer gave officers the driver’s license and credit card, and
he relayed to them his conversation with the credit card company.

On cross examination, Mr. Muenzer testified that he was a loss prevention associate
at the time of the incident with the Defendant; he characterized his position as the “acting
loss prevention manager” and clarified that his supervisor was an “area” loss prevention
manager. When asked why he directed the surveillance camera to the Defendant’s
location, Mr. Muenzer stated that he anticipated needing to record the Defendant due to the
Defendant’s purchasing large gift cards. Mr. Muenzer denied that he “planned” to
approach the Defendant. Mr. Muenzer did not recall whether he instructed the sales
associate not to complete the Defendant’s transaction, although he noted that he told Ms.
Lopez not to do such. Mr. Muenzer agreed that the Defendant had been waiting to
complete his transaction for about seven minutes when Ms. Lopez arrived at the cashier
station.

14
 Mr. Muenzer testified that to his recollection, he did not call Detective Varner
during the seven-minute interval. He elaborated that in spite of the Sheriff’s Office’s
proximity to the Belk women’s store, Detective Varner “took . . . a little bit of time to get
down there”; he noted that if he had called Detective Varner before speaking to the
Defendant, she would “have already been in a position to be at the store.” Mr. Muenzer
disagreed that he told Detective Varner that he was going to attempt to “retrieve the card.”
Mr. Muenzer stated that he was “fairly certain” that he only spoke to her after he had the
Defendant’s cards, although he acknowledged that in the absence of telephone records, he
was “speculating off of [his] memory.”

Mr. Muenzer testified that the Knox County Retail Task Force focused on instances
of retail theft and that he had been aware of the task force for several years prior to the
incident in this case. Mr. Muenzer stated that had worked with officers on the task force
during his time at Belk; he noted that the Sheriff’s Office had a “holiday” task force as
well. Mr. Muenzer was not aware of a “special relationship” between Belk and the retail
task force, and he did not recall receiving instruction from Belk regarding “working cases”
with task force officers. Mr. Muenzer stated that every fourth quarter, all of the retail loss
prevention employees would meet with the task force to discuss the times and locations
that retail task force officers would patrol during the holiday season.

Mr. Muenzer denied that any member of the retail task force instructed him on how
to handle shoplifting incidents. He stated, though, that an email group existed between
retailers and the retail task force, which he described as the “alert line,” explaining, “[T]hat
way if we have any BOLOs, situations like in a real time, we can send an email out and
that way other retailers could look out for possible suspects.” Mr. Muenzer agreed that
employees of various retail establishments and Sheriff’s Officers received the emails. He
agreed that retail employees and officers shared descriptions of suspects and photographs
in the email group; he did not know of any other method by which the retail task force and
Belk shared information. Mr. Muenzer did not know whether he had sent any emails
about the Defendant using the email group. He stated that the initial email alerting him to
the Defendant was sent internally to Belk’s regional loss prevention employees.

Mr. Muenzer testified that he was working in loss prevention prior to the retail task
force’s creation and that the manner in which he handled retail theft incidents did not
change after its inception. Mr. Muenzer again described the enhanced support the task
force officers gave Belk during the holiday season in November and December.

When asked whether he had worked with Detective Varner previously, Mr. Muenzer
stated that it was possible, but that he did not work with “any of them” often. He could
not give a number of times or a period of time during which he worked with Detective
Varner before the incident in this case. Mr. Muenzer acknowledged that he called

15
Detective Varner using his cell phone and that a possibility existed that it was “typical” to
contact the retail task force by cell phone. He emphasized again that he “never had much
contact with them.” Mr. Muenzer did not recall task force officers’ having called his cell
phone to request that he investigate something. Mr. Muenzer did not remember how he
obtained Detective Varner’s cell phone number or how he knew to call her in particular.
Mr. Muenzer testified that when he called Detective Varner, he explained the situation but
did not ask her for instructions about how to proceed.

Mr. Muenzer affirmed that he had visited the Sheriff’s Office previously to “take
out a warrant on” a person who had stolen from Belk. He denied that the retail task force
provided him information about when certain officers were working or that he ever went
to the office to “see who was working that day[.]” Mr. Muenzer stated that he was familiar
with the names of two officers on the task force, Detective Varner and Brian Cole. Mr.
Muenzer did not recall whether Ms. Lopez told him during their telephone call that she had
the Defendant’s identification card. Mr. Muenzer similarly did not recall whether the
Defendant ever asked him to return the cards; he agreed that the Defendant appeared to be
agitated in the surveillance recording. Mr. Muenzer stated that he handed the Defendant’s
cards to Mr. Stratton, and he agreed that he walked away from the cashier station while the
Defendant was still standing there. Mr. Muenzer did not know whether he would have
given the Defendant his cards had the Defendant asked for them. He acknowledged that
he did not ask the Defendant for permission to walk away with his cards.

Mr. Muenzer testified that he was trained using the Belk policy manual, which was
received as an exhibit. He agreed that the policy manual contained procedures to be
followed if a customer attempted to make a purchase with a stolen or counterfeit form of
payment. Mr. Muenzer disagreed that verifying the payment method was outside of the
scope of his duties in this regard.

In the event of a question regarding the legitimacy of a payment method, the relevant
portion of the policy manual stated,“[The] ringing associate and/or store management
should follow the established procedures for verifying the tender in question. Your Loss
Prevention Manager and/or Regional Loss Prevention Manager will instruct you further on
the subject of investigating and/or prosecuting individuals who present counterfeit or stolen
forms of payment.” Mr. Muenzer stated that depending on the situation, it was his duty
to verify payment as well as the sales associate’s and store manager’s.

The policy manual also stated that in the event a customer was suspected of
attempting a fraudulent return of merchandise, a loss prevention associate did not “have
the authority to deny, detain, or devalue forms of payment” and that “[a] member of store
management should become involved in processing returns that [were] characterized as

16
being unusual or suspicious.” When asked about this provision, Mr. Muenzer responded
that his authority “depend[ed] on whether [they had] proof . . . related to theft.”

Mr. Muenzer testified consistently with his trial testimony regarding his following
the Defendant to the entrance to Belk after the encounter, calling Detective Varner and
describing the Defendant’s car as he left the parking lot, and calling the credit card
company. He stated that to his recollection, he remained near the door and did not return
to the loss prevention office after the Defendant left. He estimated that about fifteen
minutes elapsed before Detective Varner asked him to come to the location of the traffic
stop, although he acknowledged that the period of time could have been longer. Mr.
Muenzer noted that it took some time to be connected to the proper person at the credit
card company; he stated that although he had contacted credit card companies previously,
it was “a few and far between kind of thing.”

The hearing was continued until October 28, 2019. At the second hearing, Captain
Hubbs testified consistently with his trial testimony regarding Detective Varner’s receiving
a call from Mr. Muenzer, Captain Hubbs’s responding to the Belk parking lot and seeing
the Defendant walking quickly to his car, the circumstances preceding the traffic stop, and
the Defendant’s movements inside the car as Captain Hubbs approached. Captain Hubbs
stated that the Defendant parked his car in the middle of a driveway to one of the nearby
shops and that traffic would have been blocked had the car remained there.9 Captain
Hubbs recalled his concern that the Defendant had a weapon or drugs based upon the
Defendant’s agitation and movement in the car. Captain Hubbs stated that the Defendant
was uncooperative and did not wish to exit the car, although he handed Captain Hubbs a
driver’s license and the car rental agreement through the narrowly-opened passenger-side
window. Captain Hubbs asked the Defendant why he would not open the window further,
but because the Defendant was “very agitated,” Captain Hubbs was “not sure [he] wanted
[the Defendant] out of the car at that point.” Captain Hubbs said that he informed the
Defendant that he had been stopped for running the red light and that when Captain Hubbs
checked the Defendant’s driver’s license, he located no record of it in the national crime
information center (NCIC) database. He acknowledged that based upon this result, the
validity of the license was unknown. Officer Strzelecki’s body camera footage was
received as an exhibit; Captain Hubbs confirmed that his unmarked police cruiser did not
have a dashboard camera.
In the recording, Officer Strzelecki dismounted his motorcycle, which was parked
behind the driver’s side of the Defendant’s car. Captain Hubbs was visible standing
beside the front passenger’s side of the car, and the driver’s side front window was closed.
Detective Varner spoke to Officer Strzelecki as he took off his helmet, at which point audio
9
It was noted that although the business directly connected to the driveway was closed, drivers could access
other businesses’ parking lots using that driveway.

17
recording commenced. Detective Varner noted that she had just arrived, and Officer
Strzelecki asked whether they should remove the Defendant from the car. Officer
Strzelecki ordered the Defendant to exit, but the Defendant did not move; Officer
Strzelecki told the Defendant multiple times to “relax” and asked why he was nervous.
Detective Varner told Captain Hubbs to unlock the car door, and after a moment, Officer
Strzelecki opened the driver’s side door. The Defendant was sitting with his hands placed
on the steering wheel, and Officer Strzelecki asked him multiple times to exit the car. The
Defendant protested, commenting that he was nervous because the officers had entered his
car in response to a red light violation, and noting that Captain Hubbs was “clutching” his
gun. The Defendant asserted that the officers had violated his rights. Officer Strzelecki
asked repeatedly whether the Defendant had just left Belk. The Defendant asked for an
attorney, and Officer Strzelecki responded, “You don’t get to see a lawyer right now.”10
The Defendant stated that he was “appalled” that an officer had reached inside the window
to unlock the car doors and asked to speak to an officer in charge. Officer Strzelecki
continued to ask questions about Belk and stated that he was trying to explain to the
Defendant why he had been pulled over “besides the red light.” As the Defendant
continued to object to officers’ entering the car for a red light violation, Officer Strzelecki
interrupted that the stop was “not just for a red light” and stated that he was investigating
an incident at Belk.

In the recording, Officer Strzelecki stated that the Defendant could speak to an
officer in charge after exiting the car. At about four minutes, fifteen seconds into the
recording, the Defendant exited the car under Officer Strzelecki’s control. After
handcuffing the Defendant because he was acting “irrational[ly]” and making Officer
Strzelecki “nervous,” Officer Strzelecki walked the Defendant to the front of a police
cruiser, where Captain Hubbs reemerged. Captain Hubbs asked Officer Strzelecki if they
were discussing Belk, and Officer Strzelecki answered that he had asked the Defendant
about Belk but that the Defendant was not answering his questions. Captain Hubbs
addressed the Defendant and explained that he was following the Defendant when the
Defendant ran the red light. Captain Hubbs added that the red light violation was “what
[he was] writing the ticket for.” Captain Hubbs further explained that the Defendant’s
“rummaging” around in the passenger compartment concerned him and that the police had
the right to search the area within the Defendant’s arm’s reach.11 The Defendant denied
having rummaged or “lunged” in the car and claimed to have been holding food in his lap.
The Defendant admitted that he ran the red light, but would not answer questions about
whether his name was the one reflected on the driver’s license he gave to Captain Hubbs.
Detective Varner was audible in the background and commented that the driver’s license

10
The trial court excluded from evidence the remainder of the Defendant’s statements to police.
11
Captain Hubbs spoke to the Defendant further, but their conversation was inaudible on the recording.

18
the Defendant presented at Belk reflected the name Will Andrews. Officer Strzelecki
examined the other driver’s license and read the Defendant’s legal name. Detective
Varner stated that the cards from Belk were on their way to the scene. Officer Strzelecki
continued to ask the Defendant for his name; Captain Hubbs interjected again that “right
now it’s a red light ticket” and that the officers “just wante[ed] to talk to [the Defendant]
at this point.”

Officer Strzelecki read the Defendant his Miranda rights at about nine minutes,
fifteen seconds into the recording. About ten and one-half minutes into the recording, Mr.
Muenzer was visible handing officers a credit card and driver’s license; Mr. Muenzer
conveyed his conversation with the credit card company to the officers. Officer Strzelecki
informed the Defendant that he was under arrest about eleven minutes into the recording.
At about thirteen minutes, thirty seconds into the recording, Officer Strzelecki commented
that they could search the Defendant’s car now, and he, Detective Varner, and Captain
Hubbs leaned into the passenger compartment and began to search it.

Captain Hubbs continued his hearing testimony and stated that a wallet and a cell
phone were found on one of the front seats inside the car. After the Defendant exited the
car, Captain Hubbs again explained that he had been stopped because he ran a red light.
Captain Hubbs noted that the Defendant acknowledged having run the red light. Captain
Hubbs stated that the Defendant was “evasive” about his identity and that he was never
“definitive” about who he was. Captain Hubbs acknowledged that the Defendant had not
been read his Miranda rights at this time. Captain Hubbs identified Mr. Muenzer in the
Belk surveillance recording as the person who brought the Defendant’s driver’s license and
credit card to the traffic stop.

Captain Hubbs testified that Mr. Muenzer told them that the credit card’s magnetic
strip contained a number associated with a Y-12 Federal Credit Union account even though
the card was labeled as a PNC Bank card. He agreed that such a discrepancy indicated
that the card was fraudulent. Captain Hubbs affirmed that the driver’s license from Belk
contained the name Will Andrews, whereas the driver’s license and rental agreement the
Defendant provided to Captain Hubbs contained the name Aaron Perry. Captain Hubbs
agreed that at that point in the encounter, he did not know the Defendant’s true identity.

Captain Hubbs testified that the Defendant was alone in the car, that he did not ask
the officers to make arrangements for someone else to take the car, that the car was a rental,
and that the car was blocking traffic. As a result, the car was impounded after the
Defendant’s arrest. A search of the car at the site of the traffic stop yielded the wallet in
the front seat, a gym bag in the back seat, a card scanner that was capable of “cod[ing]” the

19
magnetic strip on a credit card, a laptop computer, a cable, and Belk gift cards. No items
were found in the car’s trunk.

On cross-examination, Captain Hubbs testified that he did not stop the Defendant in
the Belk parking lot because he had no confirmation that a fraudulent credit card purchase
occurred. He stated that when he initially approached the Defendant, the Defendant was
agitated and told Captain Hubbs that he would not exit the car. Captain Hubbs
acknowledged that one factor leading to Captain Hubbs’s concern for his safety was that
the Defendant had possibly committed felony credit card fraud, but he noted that the
Defendant was also moving around the passenger compartment to a suspicious degree.

Captain Hubbs testified that when he initially approached the Defendant’s car, he
“may have” asked the Defendant where he was coming from and “what he was doing at
Belk.” Captain Hubbs stated that he did not wish to “have a lot of engagement” with the
Defendant until backup arrived. Captain Hubbs affirmed that checking a driver’s license
with the NCIC database was the only method he had of verifying a driver’s license.

Captain Hubbs testified that he ran the Defendant’s driver’s license before the other
officers arrived, although he acknowledged his preliminary hearing testimony that he had
not run the license at the time Mr. Muenzer arrived at the scene. Captain Hubbs clarified
that he ran the Defendant’s information while waiting for backup. When asked whether
he began paperwork for a traffic citation related to the Defendant’s running the red light,
Captain Hubbs responded negatively and said that he did not have a “ticket book” and was
waiting for the other officers to arrive. Captain Hubbs affirmed that he was also
investigating the Defendant for “something . . . suspicious” at Belk. He stated that he
“may have” mentioned Belk to the Defendant, although he did not recall the details of their
conversation.

Captain Hubbs testified that after Detective Varner instructed him to unlock the
Defendant’s car door, he reached through the passenger-side window and pressed the
unlock button inside the car. Captain Hubbs noted that the Defendant was acting “erratic”
and that the officers were preoccupied with trying to secure the Defendant. Captain Hubbs
acknowledged that Officer Strzelecki questioned the Defendant repeatedly about what
happened at Belk. Captain Hubbs agreed that after a certain point, the Defendant stopped
conversing with the officers.

Captain Hubbs testified that he did not discuss with the Defendant making
arrangements for someone to take custody of the rental car. He estimated that in a usual
case of a traffic stop based upon a person’s running a red light, it took between ten and
fifteen minutes to issue a ticket and release the person.

20
 The trial court found that Mr. Muenzer was not acting as an agent for law
enforcement at the time he took the Defendant’s credit card and driver’s license. The court
found relative to the initial portion of the traffic stop that Detective Varner conveyed a
description of the Defendant to law enforcement, that Captain Hubbs saw the Defendant
walking rapidly to his car and leaving the parking lot, and that Captain Hubbs’s checking
the Defendant’s identification was part of a valid inquiry into the red light violation. The
court found relative to the search of the Defendant’s car that the search was incident to an
arrest and “clearly . . . appropriate” because the car was “a natural repository for items
associated with . . . someone who ha[d] . . . been engaged in credit card fraud, theft, or
identity theft.” The court noted that the search was also permissible as an inventory search
and that the search did not occur until after Mr. Muenzer had brought the Defendant’s false
cards to the scene.

B. Analysis

A trial court’s findings of fact on a motion to suppress are conclusive on appeal
unless the evidence preponderates against them. State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 217
(Tenn. 2000). Likewise, questions of credibility, the weight and value of the evidence,
and the resolution of conflicting evidence are matters entrusted to the trial court, and this
court will not reverse the trial court’s factual findings unless the evidence preponderates
against them. Id. (citing State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). Both proof
presented at the suppression hearing and proof presented at trial may be considered by an
appellate court in deciding the propriety of the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress.
State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 299 (Tenn. 1998). The evidence is to be viewed in the
light most favorable to the prevailing party on a motion to suppress with all reasonable and
legitimate inferences that may be drawn by the evidence. State v. Carter, 16 S.W.3d 762,
765 (Tenn. 2000). However, our review of the application of the law to the facts is de
novo. State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn. 1998).

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 7 of
the Tennessee Constitution protect against unreasonable searches and seizures. Any
warrantless search or seizure is presumed to be unreasonable and requires the State to prove
by a preponderance of the evidence that the search or seizure was conducted pursuant to
an exception to the warrant requirement. State v. Simpson, 968, S.W.2d 776, 780 (Tenn.
1998). Two types of police-citizen encounters are considered seizures for constitutional
analysis purposes: “(1) the full-scale arrest, which must be supported by probable cause;
[and] (2) the brief investigatory detention, which must be supported by reasonable
suspicion of wrong-doing[.]” State v. Day, 263 S.W.3d 891, 901 (Tenn. 2008) (citations
omitted).

21
 i. Mr. Muenzer’s Agency Status

Although the Fourth Amendment applies only to government action, “a search by a
private individual may transgress the protections of the Fourth and Fourteenth
Amendments when an individual acts as an agent or instrument of the state.” State v.
Burroughs, 926 S.W.2d 243, 245 (Tenn. 1996). In order to determine whether a person
acted as an agent of the state during a search or seizure, we must examine whether the
person had a “legitimate independent motivation” aside from assisting the government.
State v. Sanders, 452 S.W.3d 300, 308 (citing Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443,
489 (1971)). The “critical factors” of the legitimate independent motivation test are “(1)
the government’s knowledge and acquiescence, and (2) the intent of the party performing
the search.” Id. (citing Burroughs, 926 S.W.2d at 246 (quoting United States v. Walther,
652 F.2d 788, 792 (9th Cir. 1981)).

Relative to the first prong of the test, our supreme court held in State v. Johnson,
569 S.W.2d 808, 810-11 (Tenn. 1978), that an airline customer service agent did not act as
an agent of the state when he inspected a suitcase, found drugs, and only then called the
police; the court noted that the police had not been involved before the object of the search
was “completely accomplished.” (quoting Lustig v. United States, 338 U.S. 74 (1949)).
In contrast, if a government agent gives explicit or tacit approval to a search while the
search is ongoing, the government becomes “party to the search.” United States v. Knoll,
16 F.3d 1313, 1319-20 (2nd Cir. 1994) (noting that a federal prosecutor “tacitly suggested
and condoned further searching” of materials obtained during a burglary by telling the
informant who arranged the burglary that the prosecutor was disappointed with the
evidence the informant provided); see United States v. Booker, 728 F.3d 535, 540-41 (6th
Cir. 2013) (holding that an emergency room doctor violated the defendant’s Fourth
Amendment rights and acted as an agent of the state by performing rectal examinations
without the defendant’s consent or an explicit request from the police to do such; the doctor
had performed similar searches for the police in the past, the defendant was in the police’s
physical control, “the police knew what [the doctor] was going to do, the police knew that
[the defendant] did not consent, and a reasonable police officer would know that the doctor
did not, independent of police direction, have the legal authority to intubate and paralyze
the [defendant] without his consent”); Walther, 652 F.2d at 792 (holding that a baggage
handler acted as agent of the state notwithstanding the state’s lack of knowledge of that
particular search; the baggage handler had been monetarily rewarded previously for turning
over luggage containing drugs to federal agents, he reasonably expected to receive such a
reward in this instance, federal agents had encouraged him to engage in that type of search,
and the federal agents “had knowledge of a particular pattern of search activity . . . and had
acquiesced in such activity”).

22
 The second prong of the test “requires an examination of whether the private party
who conducted the contested search acted ‘for a reason independent of . . . a governmental
purpose’ such as an ‘investigative or administrative function.’ . . . If the party acted for an
independent reason, the Fourth Amendment is not implicated.” State v. Wade McKinley
Staggs, Sr., M2007-01228-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 363323, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb.
13, 2009) (quoting Burroughs, 926 S.W.2d at 246.). In Staggs, the defendant’s son
learned from his mother that the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) was investigating
the defendant; the son went to the defendant’s business and saved incriminating images
from the defendant’s computer on a compact disc. Id. at *3. The defendant’s son
eventually gave the disc to a TBI agent after the agent contacted him during the course of
the investigation. Id. at *4. This court concluded that the son had an investigatory
government purpose when he searched the defendant’s computer; however, he was not
ultimately an agent of the state because the TBI did not know of the search and did not
directly or indirectly request that the son obtain images from the defendant’s computer.
Id.

In the light most favorable to the State, the record supports the trial court’s
conclusion that Mr. Muenzer was not acting as an agent of law enforcement when he took
the Defendant’s credit card and identification. Mr. Muenzer received from Belk in
Johnson City an email with attached photographs of a person matching the Defendant’s
appearance; the email warned him about a person who was suspected of credit card fraud
who had purchased large gift cards. The day before the incident in this case, Mr. Muenzer
was informed that someone matching the given description made a similar purchase at the
Knoxville Center Mall Belk; after examining the store’s surveillance recording, Mr.
Muenzer concluded that it depicted the same person. On the day of the incident in the
Turkey Creek Belk, Ms. Lopez responded to the cashier station after a sales associate
reported to Mr. Muenzer that a customer was attempting to make a large gift card purchase;
as part of the transaction, Ms. Lopez asked for the Defendant’s identification and credit
card. Mr. Muenzer came to the cashier station and retrieved the cards from Ms. Lopez.
Mr. Muenzer told the Defendant that he would need to verify the identification in the
security office; the Defendant, in turn, left the store. Upon following the Defendant to the
outside door, Mr. Muenzer called Detective Varner.

Mr. Muenzer’s hearing testimony indicated that although loss prevention employees
had some degree of contact with the retail task force, it was generally limited to an
informational meeting during the holiday season and the task force’s providing additional
officers during that time to respond to increased instances of theft. In addition, the task
force and an unidentified number of loss prevention employees from various retailers
communicated with one another about suspicious individuals in an email group. Although
Mr. Muenzer did not recall how he obtained Detective Varner’s direct cell phone number,

23
he denied having frequent or personal contact with members of the retail task force. He
also denied that Detective Varner or any other officer ever instructed him how to conduct
an investigation. The Belk policy manual stated that in cases of suspected credit card
fraud, sales associates or store managers should follow procedures set out by the regional
loss prevention manager, but it did not specify what those procedures were. In any event,
Mr. Muenzer believed that part of his duty as a loss prevention associate was to verify the
payment method and identification in such scenarios.

Relative to the first prong of the test, no evidence indicated that law enforcement
was aware of or encouraged Mr. Muenzer to confiscate the cards. The record does not
reflect that a continuing relationship existed between Mr. Muenzer and the officers of the
retail task force such that the officers could be said to have acquiesced or encouraged such
a seizure. Cf. Knoll, 16 F.3d at 1319-20; Booker, 728 F.3d at 540-41; Walther, 652 F.2d
at 792. In addition, we note that the seizure was complete before the police were informed
about the situation. Cf. Lustig, 338 U.S. at 78 (holding that suppression was proper in a
federal case when a federal officer arrived after local police began an unconstitutional
search and the federal officer participated in examining and selecting evidence relevant to
counterfeiting). Mr. Muenzer called Detective Varner after the cards were seized and the
Defendant had left Belk. While waiting for Detective Varner to arrive, Mr. Muenzer took
it upon himself to call the credit card company and confirm that the card the Defendant
presented was forged. Mr. Muenzer denied that he communicated with Detective Varner
before Ms. Lopez gave him the Defendant’s cards, and Detective Varner did not instruct
Mr. Muenzer to seize the cards.

Moreover, relative to the second prong of the test, Mr. Muenzer acted in his capacity
as a loss prevention associate for Belk, which included mitigating losses to Belk as a result
of external theft. Regardless of any provisions of the Belk policy manual to the contrary,
the record reflected that Mr. Muenzer believed it to be his duty to verify a customer’s
identification and payment method in possible cases of fraud. Mr. Muenzer testified that
two days before the incident, he was informed by the Johnson City Belk’s loss prevention
manager that the Defendant committed credit card fraud in that store. The following day,
Mr. Muenzer recognized the Defendant in the surveillance recording at the Knoxville
Center Mall Belk, and Mr. Muenzer relayed his concerns to the store manager, who voided
the Defendant’s gift card purchase. The day after that, Mr. Muenzer was alerted that the
Defendant was attempting the same type of purchase at the Turkey Creek Belk. After
speaking to the Defendant and obtaining his driver’s license and credit card from Ms.
Lopez, Mr. Muenzer told the Defendant that he was taking the cards to his office to verify
them. The Defendant walked out of the store. Although Mr. Muenzer relayed the
situation to the police after the Defendant left the store, at no point did Mr. Muenzer express

24
that he was acting at the police’s request or that he had been encouraged or instructed by
police to handle similar cases in a certain manner.

Therefore, we conclude that Mr. Muenzer had a legitimate independent motivation
for seizing the Defendant’s identification and credit card and did not implicate the Fourth
Amendment in this regard. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this basis.

ii. Traffic Stop

“Individuals do not lose their constitutional protections against unreasonable
searches and seizures by getting into an automobile.” State v. Smith, 484 S.W.3d 393,
400 (Tenn. 2016). However, if the officer has probable cause or a reasonable suspicion to
suspect that a motorist has committed a traffic offense, a traffic stop will “pass
constitutional muster.” Id. at 400-02. It is well-established that “the duration of an
investigative detention,” including a traffic stop, “should last no longer than necessary and
should generally end when there is no further reason to control the scene or the driver of
the vehicle.” State v. Donaldson, 380 S.W.3d 86, 93 (Tenn. 2012) (citing Arizona v.
Johnson, 555 U.S. 323, 333 (2009)). “The proper inquiry is whether, during the detention,
the officer diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel
suspicion quickly.” State v. Brown, 294 S.W.3d 553, 562 (Tenn. 2009) (citing State v.
Simpson, 968 S.W.2d 776, 783 (Tenn. 1998)). A reasonable traffic stop can become
unreasonable “if the time, manner or scope of the investigation exceeds the proper
parameters.” State v. Troxell, 78 S.W.3d 866, 871 (Tenn. 2002) (internal citations
omitted).

The authority for the roadside seizure ends “when tasks tied to the infraction
are—or reasonably should have been—completed.” Rodriguez v. United
States, 575 U.S. 348, 354 (2015). Those tasks include “checking the
driver’s license, determining whether there are outstanding warrants against
the driver, and inspecting the automobile’s registration and proof of
insurance.” Id. at 355. While an officer “may conduct certain unrelated
checks during an otherwise lawful traffic stop,” the officer “may not do so in
a way that prolongs the stop, absent the reasonable suspicion ordinarily
demanded to justify detaining the individual.” Id.

State v. Nicholas Ryan Flood, No. M2019-00525-CCA-R3-CD, 2020 WL 1888905, at *4
(Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 16, 2020) (emphasis in original removed).

In the light most favorable to the State, the record reflected that Captain Hubbs was
informed that Detective Varner had gone to Belk in response to a call from Mr. Muenzer.

25
Some minutes later, Captain Hubbs left the station to assist Detective Varner; he saw the
Defendant walking briskly to his car and leaving the Belk parking lot. Captain Hubbs
indicated that the Defendant matched a description given to police of the person at issue.
Captain Hubbs followed the Defendant in his unmarked police cruiser and saw the
Defendant run a red light, at which point he initiated the traffic stop.

Although the Defendant argues that the reason for the stop was entirely pretextual,
Captain Hubbs testified that he told the Defendant twice that he had stopped the Defendant
because he ran a red light. After noting the Defendant’s putting his jacket underneath a
seat and moving around in the passenger compartment to a suspicious degree, Captain
Hubbs gathered the Defendant’s driver’s license and the rental car agreement, during which
interaction the Defendant appeared to be agitated. Captain Hubbs became concerned for
his safety and called for backup while he was running the Defendant’s driver’s license.
In the brief period between his call for backup and Officer Strzelecki’s arrival, Captain
Hubbs discovered no record associated with the Defendant’s driver’s license. The body
camera recording reflects that Captain Hubbs mainly spoke to the Defendant about the red
light violation.12 Moreover, the Defendant admitted to having run the red light. We note
that an officer’s subjective intent in conducting a traffic stop does not render the stop
unconstitutional when probable cause for the stop exists due to a defendant’s having
committed a traffic violation. See Donaldson, 380 S.W.3d at 92 (citing State v. Vineyard,
958 S.W.2d 730, 734 (Tenn. 1997)).

Further, although the Defendant argues that Captain Hubbs impermissibly extended
the traffic stop, the record reflects that upon stopping, Captain Hubbs saw the Defendant
put a jacket underneath the passenger’s seat of the car. Captain Hubbs stated that the
Defendant moved in the passenger compartment to such a degree that Captain Hubbs
became concerned for his safety. In addition, when Captain Hubbs approached the front
passenger-side window, the Defendant barely opened it and appeared to be nervous or
agitated. Captain Hubbs testified that he wanted to wait for backup to arrive before he
interacted with the Defendant further. Mr. Muenzer estimated that about fifteen minutes
elapsed between the time the Defendant left the store and Detective Varner called him to
ask him to come to the location of the traffic stop, although he acknowledged that more
time might have passed; Mr. Muenzer was visible in Officer Strzelecki’s body camera
recording about ten minutes after Officer Strzelecki arrived and began recording.

The record did not reflect that Captain Hubbs impermissibly extended the traffic
stop by waiting for backup to arrive. Captain Hubbs was within his rights to request
12
We note that although Officer Strzelecki’s questioning indicated that he was primarily investigating the
Belk incident, Captain Hubbs initiated the traffic stop. Captain Hubbs’s statements in the body camera
recording were consistent with his suppression hearing testimony relative to the cause for the stop.

26
additional support for safety reasons, and while waiting, he continued to perform tasks
related to the red light violation, such as checking the Defendant’s driver’s license.

In any event, reasonable suspicion existed for Captain Hubbs and the other
responding officers to expand their investigation beyond that which would have been
appropriate for a traffic violation. Captain Hubbs was aware that the Defendant matched
the description of a person suspected of credit card fraud in Belk and had seen the
Defendant walking in the Belk parking lot so quickly that he was almost jogging. When
Captain Hubbs first talked to the Defendant, he was visibly nervous or agitated. “A
defendant’s nervousness, combined with other suspicious factors, can support an officer’s
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity so that the officer can expand the scope of a traffic
stop to investigate further.” State v. Marc K. Eliazar, No. M2017-00757-CCA-R3-CD,
2018 WL 4150879, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 29, 2018) (citing State v. Eugene Taylor,
No. E2010-01817-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 2120087, at *11 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 20,
2011)). Once Detective Varner arrived, she confirmed that the Defendant provided a
driver’s license to Captain Hubbs that reflected a different name than the one he produced
at Belk, which justified further investigation. The body camera recording reflected that
after backup arrived, the officers spent about four minutes persuading the Defendant to exit
the car, upon which they handcuffed him out of concern for their safety. The Defendant
spoke with Captain Hubbs for about one minute, forty-five seconds about the red light
violation and the officers’ right to search the passenger compartment for weapons; then,
Officer Strzelecki asked the Defendant to verify his identity over the course of the next one
and one-half minutes. The Defendant declined to answer those questions. Captain
Hubbs spoke to the Defendant again for a brief time. After Mr. Muenzer arrived, provided
the cards to Detective Varner, and confirmed that the card the Defendant presented
reflected a different bank than the one with which the account was associated, probable
cause existed to arrest the Defendant. The officers did not impermissibly extend the
duration of the traffic stop in this case. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this basis.

iii. Search of Car

In the light most favorable to the State, the record reflected that after the Defendant
ran the red light, he was agitated when interacting with officers, moved around the
passenger compartment, placed items beneath the passenger seat, refused to open his
window more than a crack, and stated that he would not exit the car before any officer
suggested he do such. After the officers removed the Defendant from the car out of
concern for their safety, Mr. Muenzer arrived at the scene and confirmed to Detective
Varner that the credit card the Defendant presented at Belk was associated with a different
bank than the one displayed on the card. At this point, the officers had probable cause to
arrest the Defendant, and it was reasonable to search for additional evidence of credit card

27
fraud in the passenger compartment. In addition, the car was parked such that it was
blocking traffic turning into one of the shopping complex’s driveways; given that no one
else was in the car with the Defendant and the rental agreement only contained the
Defendant’s name, it was reasonable for the car to be impounded and inventoried. Once
again, the Defendant is not entitled to relief on this basis.

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

The Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions,
arguing that no evidence established that he used any of the credit cards at issue. The
State responds that in spite of the understanding of the trial court and both parties that the
jury was being instructed on fraudulent use of a credit card as a lesser-included offense to
identity theft, the jury was, in fact, instructed on the elements of illegal possession of a
credit card; the State argues that as a result, the Defendant was properly convicted of illegal
possession of a credit card. In a related argument, the State contends that because illegal
possession and fraudulent use of a credit card are both Class A misdemeanors and the
Defendant has served his sentence, the fact that he was convicted of a different offense
than was “perhaps intended” by the parties is moot and should only be addressed by
remanding for the entry of corrected judgments reflecting convictions for illegal possession
of a credit card.

An appellate court’s standard of review when the defendant questions the
sufficiency of the evidence on appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319
(1979). This court does not reweigh the evidence; rather, it presumes that the jury has
resolved all conflicts in the testimony and drawn all reasonable inferences from the
evidence in favor of the State. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984);
State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Questions regarding witness
credibility, conflicts in testimony, and the weight and value to be given to evidence were
resolved by the jury. See State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).

A guilty verdict “removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a
presumption of guilt, and [on appeal] the defendant has the burden of illustrating why the
evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict.” Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659; see also
State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). A guilty verdict “may not be based
solely upon conjecture, guess, speculation, or a mere possibility.” State v. Cooper, 736
S.W.2d 125, 129 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). However, “[t]here is no requirement that the
State’s proof be uncontroverted or perfect.” State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410
(Tenn. 1983). Put another way, the State is not burdened with “an affirmative duty to rule

28
out every hypothesis except that of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson, 443 U.S.
at 326.

Notwithstanding the State’s characterization of the erroneous jury instruction as a
facet of sufficiency of the evidence, they are separate issues implicating different
constitutional rights and must be addressed separately. We will discuss the State’s
argument regarding the jury instructions below.

Relative to sufficiency, as a preliminary matter, we disagree with the State’s
assertion that this issue is moot due to the Defendant’s already having served his sentence.
The Defendant is entitled to sufficient evidence underlying the convictions appearing on
his criminal record notwithstanding the jail credit he received satisfying his sentence. We
also disagree that the jury actually convicted the Defendant of illegal possession of a credit
card and that the judgment forms simply contain a clerical error. Although the State cites
caselaw addressing constructive amendment of the indictment, this case is distinguishable
as it pertains to the incorrect jury instruction because the Defendant did not consent to the
jury’s being instructed on a different offense than requested. Cf. Demonbreun v. Bell, 226
S.W.3d 321, 326 (Tenn. 2007) (concluding that when defense counsel actively requested a
jury instruction on an offense counsel mistakenly believed was a lesser-included offense,
the defendant consented to an effective amendment of the indictment). It is clear from the
record that the parties and the trial court intended for the jury to consider fraudulent use of
a credit card as a lesser-included offense, not illegal possession of a credit card. As we
discuss below, were we to accept the State’s contention that by instructing the jury on the
elements of an offense not requested by the parties, the jury was enabled to properly convict
the Defendant of a “perhaps unintended” offense, the Defendant’s right to a complete and
correct instruction on the relevant law would cease to have meaning.

In relevant part, “[a] person commits the crime of fraudulent use of a credit or debit
card who uses . . . a credit or debit card or information from that card, for the purpose of
obtaining property, credit, services or anything else of value with knowledge that . . . [t]he
card is forged or stolen[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-118. In the light most favorable to
the State, the record is devoid of evidence that the Defendant used any of the credit card
numbers associated with the specific victims named in Counts 1, 2, and 4 of the
indictment.13

None of the victims recalled when fraudulent charges were made to their accounts,
and the ones who recalled a general issue with account fraud also noted that their accounts
had been compromised on various occasions. The portion of the bank records submitted

13
We note that the credit card presented at Belk was not connected to any of the named victims.

29
to the jury did not indicate whether fraudulent charges were made to the accounts of Mr.
Kibler, Mr. Clark, and Axis Autobody.14 Because the State failed to prove an essential
element of the offense, the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions.

Generally, in a case of insufficient evidence, if the jury was instructed on a lesser-
included offense and the proof was sufficient to support a conviction on that offense, we
direct the trial court to enter new judgments reflecting a conviction for the lesser offense.
In this case, the jury was instructed on attempted theft, and the evidence is sufficient to
establish the Defendant’s guilt of that offense. However, we do not intend to convey that
attempted theft or fraudulent use of a credit card are lesser-included offenses of identity
theft. See State v. Tehren Carthel Wilson, No. W2010-02613-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL
12931582, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 11, 2012) (concluding that fraudulent use of a
credit card was not a lesser-included offense of identity theft under a previous version of
the identity theft statute); State v. Ronald Bowman, No. W2003-02389-CCA-R3-CD, 2005
WL 94365, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 13, 2005) (concluding that misdemeanor theft
was not a lesser-included offense of identity theft under previous precedent and a previous
version of the identity theft statute). Nevertheless, neither party has raised an issue on
appeal relative to the propriety of the lesser-included offenses, and because the Defendant
affirmatively requested that the trial court instruct the jury on both lesser offenses, he
consented to an effective amendment of the indictment, and any issue he raised in this
regard would be considered waived. See Demonbreun, 226 S.W.3d at 326; Tenn. R. App.
P. 36(a) (“Nothing in this rule shall be construed as requiring relief be granted to a party
responsible for an error or who failed to take whatever action was reasonably available to
prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.”). Therefore, we remand the Defendant’s
case for entry of new judgments reflecting three convictions for attempted theft.

III. Admission of Card Scanner

The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by admitting as exhibits the credit
card scanner and the numbers it generated during Officer Hubbs’s testimony, arguing that
the device was not properly authenticated because the State offered no testimony from an
expert witness about how the device functioned; in addition, the Defendant argues that the
proof at trial did not establish the card scanner’s reliability or accuracy. The State
responds that its demonstration using two credit cards, one of which contained a false

14
The original copies of the bank records were entered for identification only; in compliance with an
evidentiary determination by the trial court, the photocopied records submitted as exhibits were redacted to
remove Ms. Mioduski’s handwritten notations of the respective victims’ credit card numbers and whether
fraudulent charges were made to the accounts, the victims’ social security numbers, and references to
unrelated fraudulent charges to Mr. Kibler’s account made in March 2017.

30
number, established that the device operated accurately and that Officer Hubbs’s testimony
that the machine read and displayed information contained in a credit card’s magnetic strip
was sufficient explanation of how the device worked.

Rule 901(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence states as follows: “The
requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is
satisfied by evidence sufficient to the court to support a finding by the trier of fact that the
matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Evidence may be authenticated, in
relevant part, through “evidence describing a process or system used to produce a result
and showing that the process or system produces an accurate result.” Tenn. R. Evid.
901(b)(9). The Advisory Commission Comments to Rule 901 elaborate that subsection
(b)(9) “treats authentication of computer documents. All that the lawyer need do is
introduce evidence satisfying the court that the computer system produces accurate
information.” Authentication issues are left to the discretion of the trial court. State v.
Cannon, 254 S.W.3d 287, 295 (Tenn. 2008) (citing State v. Scott, 33 S.W.3d 746, 752
(Tenn. 2000); State v. Beech, 744 S.W.2d 585, 587 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987)).

We do not agree with the Defendant that the State failed to provide evidence of the
credit card scanner’s accuracy. According to the testimony at trial, when Detective Huff
swiped the magnetic strip of a credit or debit card through the scanner, the scanner read the
data encoded on the magnetic strip and displayed the sixteen-digit card number reflected
therein. Detective Huff affirmed that the scanner in evidence was the one he used to verify
the data produced by the credit cards confiscated from the Defendant. Detective Huff
demonstrated the machine’s functionality for the trial court and the jury by scanning one
of the Defendant’s legitimate credit cards, which reflected that the embossed and encoded
numbers matched, and one of the forged credit cards, which showed that the embossed
number did not match the number produced by the scanner. Given the demonstrative
exhibit, Detective Huff’s confirmation that this was the machine he used, and his assertion
that to his knowledge, the machine did not need calibration, the State provided the trial
court sufficient information for it to be satisfied that the device produced accurate results.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the scanner and the card numbers
it produced.

Additionally, Tennessee Rule of Evidence 702 provides that “[i]f scientific,
technical, or other specialized knowledge will substantially assist the trier of fact to
understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by
knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion
or otherwise.” Tennessee Rule of Evidence 703 provides that

the facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion
or inference may be those perceived by or make known to the expert at or

31
 before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the
particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts
or data need not be admissible in evidence.

Relative to the Defendant’s contention that it was necessary to have an expert
witness explain the inner workings of the card scanner to prove its accuracy, we note that
the Defendant cites to cases involving breathalyzers and the horizontal gaze nystagmus
(HGN) test. Relative to the former, in State v. Sensing, 843 S.W.2d 412 (Tenn. 1992),
our supreme court developed procedures to admit breathalyzer test results in light of their
widespread use by patrol officers and the standardized nature of the devices; we do not
think that the reasoning underlying Sensing applies to evidence obtained from credit card
scanners, and we will not extend Sensing’s procedural requirements to this case.

Relative to the latter, we find it informative to examine State v. Murphy, 953 S.W.2d
200, 202-03 (Tenn. 1997), in which our supreme court compared the HGN test with other
field sobriety tests and held that in order to admit results of an HGN test, it was necessary
for an expert witness to testify. In Murphy, our supreme court explained that when
assessing testimony about certain field sobriety tests like walking on a line, standing on
one foot, or counting backwards, a juror could readily ascertain why the results were
relevant to assessing a defendant’s condition because he or she could “rely upon his or her
personal experience or otherwise obtained knowledge of the effects of alcohol upon one’s
motor and mental skills to evaluate and weigh the officer’s testimony.” Id. at 203. In
contrast, to present an officer’s observations about a defendant’s performance during an
HGN test, “the witness must necessarily explain the underlying scientific basis of the test
in order for the testimony to be meaningful to a jury . . . . In effect, the juror must rely
upon the specialized knowledge of the testifying witness and likely has no independent
knowledge with which to evaluate the witness’s testimony.” Id. Our supreme court also
noted that the HGN test involved measurement of the angle at which nystagmus occurred
and that the accuracy of an officer’s testimony in this regard “may be questionable in light
of the officer’s non-scientific measurement of a scientifically measurable phenomenon.”
Id.

In this case, the credit card scanner used by the police was described as a machine
that read the number electronically encoded on a credit card and displayed the number on
a screen. Credit and debit cards are sufficiently ubiquitous in our society that jurors can
use their experience and knowledge to analogize the card scanner to other devices with
which they are familiar—for example, a credit card terminal at a grocery store, bank, gas
station, convenience store, or retail establishment—and are likely to be familiar with the
concept of such a machine’s reading the number of the card.

32
 The trial court did not abuse its discretion by determining that Detective Huff was
competent to offer testimony about the card scanner’s functionality and that the
demonstrative exhibit was satisfactory proof of the machine’s accuracy. Likewise, the
court did not abuse its discretion by determining that expert testimony was unneeded to
substantially assist the jury in understanding what results the scanner produced or how the
scanner’s readings were relevant to the case. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on
this basis.

IV. Jury Instructions

The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by instructing the jury on the
elements of illegal possession of a credit card rather than the intended lesser-included
offense of fraudulent use of a credit card. The Defendant acknowledges that no
contemporaneous objection was made and requests plain error review.

The State’s appellate brief does not directly respond to this issue, but rather
characterizes the error as one involving the sufficiency of the evidence, arguing that the
Defendant has waived any issue related to the jury instructions because his written request
was “ambiguous” and he did not preserve the issue for plenary review; the State notes that
the written request contained language for both fraudulent use and illegal possession of a
credit card. Alternatively, the State argues that the Defendant consented to an effective
amendment of the indictment by requesting jury instructions on fraudulent use of a credit
card and attempted theft.

The doctrine of plain error applies when all five of the following factors have been
established:

(a) the record must clearly establish what occurred in the trial court;
(b) a clear and unequivocal rule of law must have been breached;
(c) a substantial right of the accused must have been adversely affected;
(d) the accused must not have waived the issue for tactical reasons; and
(e) consideration of the error must be “necessary to do substantial justice.”

State v. Page, 184 S.W.3d 223, 230-31 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting State v. Terry, 118 S.W.3d
355, 360 (Tenn. 2003)) (internal brackets omitted). “An error would have to [be]
especially egregious in nature, striking at the very heart of the fairness of the judicial
proceeding, to rise to the level of plain error.” Id. at 231. Even if all five factors are
present, “the plain error must be of such a great magnitude that it probably changed the
outcome of the trial.” State v. Martin, 505 S.W.3d 492, 505 (Tenn. 2016).

33
 A defendant is entitled to “a correct and complete charge of the law governing the
issues raised by the evidence presented at trial.” State v. Brooks, 277 S.W.3d 407, 412
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2008) (citing State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d 431, 447 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1995)). In determining whether a jury instruction correctly, fully, and fairly sets forth the
applicable law, we review the instruction in its entirety. Id. (citing State v. Guy, 165
S.W.3d 651, 659 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004)). “Phrases may not be examined in isolation.”
Id. (citing State v. Dellinger, 79 S.W.3d 458, 502 (Tenn. 2002)). An instruction results in
prejudicial error “if it fails to fairly submit the legal issues or if it misleads the jury as to
the applicable law.” State v. Hodges, 944 S.W.2d 346, 352 (Tenn. 1997).

The trial court discussed the proposed jury instructions during multiple trial recesses
and gave the parties ample opportunity to discuss the proposed instructions and make
objections. The Defendant requested that the jury be instructed on fraudulent use of a
credit card as a lesser-included offense, as well as attempted theft. The trial court and the
parties discussed fraudulent use of a credit card, not illegal possession of a credit card, as
the first lesser-included offense. The Defendant’s written request for jury instructions
included sections titled, “Request #1: Attempted theft,” and “Request #2: Fraudulent use
of a credit card”; the document contained the full Tennessee Pattern Jury Instruction for
both lesser-included offenses. In relevant part, Pattern Jury Instruction 11.18 was listed
as follows:

Any person who [illegally possesses][fraudulently uses] a credit or
debit card is guilty of a crime.

For you to find the defendant guilty of this offense, the state must have
proven beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of the following essential
elements:

[Part A:

(1) that the defendant took, exercised control over or otherwise used
a credit or debit card or information from such card;

and

(2) that the defendant acted without the consent of the owner or issuer;

and

(3) that the defendant acted knowingly.]

34
 or

[Part B:

(1) that the defendant used or allowed to be used a credit or debit card
or information from such card;

and

(2) that the defendant’s purpose was to obtain property, credit,
services or anything else of value;

and

(3) that the defendant had knowledge that:

(a) the card was forged or stolen;

or

(b) the card had been revoked or canceled;

or

(c) the card had expired and the person used the card with fraudulent
intent;

or

(d) for any other reason the use of the card was unauthorized by the
issuer or the person to whom such card was issued.]

As set forth above, the jury was instructed that if it found the Defendant not guilty of
identity theft, it should consider whether the Defendant was guilty of “fraudulent use of a
credit card.” However, the jury then heard the elements for illegal possession of a credit
card. The jury’s verdict forms indicated that it found the Defendant guilty of “fraudulent
use of a credit card” relative to Mr. Kibler, Mr. Clark, and Axis Autobody.

As a preliminary matter, the State’s argument relative to ambiguity in the written
instruction request is not well-taken. The record is clear that fraudulent use of a credit
card was the requested lesser-included offense and that the trial court and the parties shared
this understanding. Moreover, the pattern jury instruction makes clear that the court was

35
meant to choose between the options delineated in brackets. The discrepancy in the jury
instructions was a mistake that escaped the notice of the trial court and the parties, not a
valid interpretation of an ambiguous request.

The Defendant draws our attention to a panel of this court’s opinion in State v.
Walkington, No. M2019-01772-CCA-R3-CD, 2020 WL 6791248, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Nov. 19, 2020), in which this court reversed the defendant’s conviction for child abuse for
insufficient evidence and noted that reversible error also occurred in the jury instructions.
In Walkington, the defendant was charged with aggravated sexual battery, and the trial
court intended to instruct the jury on child abuse as a lesser-included offense. Id.
Although the trial court issued an instruction purporting to contain the elements of child
abuse, the elements set forth were, in fact, those for child neglect. Id.

We agree with the Defendant that the procedural facts of his case are analogous to
those in Walkington; although the Defendant requested an instruction on fraudulent use of
a credit card as a lesser-included offense, the elements given to the jury were those for
illegal possession of a credit card. Because the instruction on the offense of conviction
contained the incorrect elements, we conclude that a clear and unequivocal rule of law was
breached. No tactical reason existed to waive the error, and the Defendant’s substantial
right to a correct and complete charge of the law was affected. Because the Defendant
was convicted of the lesser-included offense (as improperly instructed) and the evidence
was insufficient to support a conviction when applying the correct elements for fraudulent
use of a credit card, we conclude that consideration of the error is necessary to do
substantial justice and that plain error relief is warranted.

We will, therefore, remand this case for the entry of amended judgments reflecting
three convictions for attempted theft of property, the remaining lesser-included offense.
Moreover, because the State identified no value for the objects of the attempted thefts, the
judgments should classify each conviction as a Class B misdemeanor. See State v. Tyrone
Ralph Wright, No. M2010-02096-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 601332, at *14 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Feb. 23, 2012) (concluding in a case involving stolen checks that “[w]hile this [c]ourt
may not presume the range of value of an item, we can assume that the checks, as a means
for an account holder to access funds, has a monetary value over zero” and classifying the
offense as a Class A misdemeanor); State v. Jarvis Loverson, No. W1999-01750-CCA-R3-
CD, 2000 WL 1664276, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 23, 2000) (reducing offense
classification for attempted theft of property to Class B misdemeanor when the State
offered no evidence of the property’s value); Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-12-107(a), -14-
105(a)(1) (criminal attempt of an offense is one class lower than the completed offense;
theft of property valued at $1,000 or less is a Class A misdemeanor).

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 Relative to sentencing, no hearing was held in this case because the parties agreed
upon maximum length, concurrent sentences for the Class A misdemeanor convictions
after the jury announced its verdict. We acknowledge that the agreement was reached
because the Defendant had served two years in jail at the time of his convictions in this
case; by extension, any new sentence imposed for attempted theft, a Class B felony, will
already have been served. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-111(e)(2) (setting maximum
Class B misdemeanor sentence at six months in confinement). Although the trial court
made no findings of fact regarding sentencing, because any issue regarding the effective
length of the Defendant’s sentence is moot, in the interests of judicial economy, we will
adopt the parties’ logic at trial and impose maximum concurrent sentences of six months
for each attempted theft conviction.

CONCLUSION

Upon consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgments of the
trial court are reversed and the case remanded for the entry of amended judgments
reflecting three convictions for attempted theft and six-month, concurrent sentences.

_________________________________
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE

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