J-A05046-21
2021 PA Super 82
ALLEN F. LYNDES : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
PENN CENTRAL CORPORATION A/K/A : No. 1408 EDA 2020
AMERICAN PREMIER :
UNDERWRITERS, INC. AND :
CONSOLIDATED RAIL CORPORATION :
AND NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY :
COMPANY :
Appeal from the Order Entered April 28, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
No(s): No. 180900918
BEFORE: OLSON, J., NICHOLS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
OPINION BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED: APRIL 29, 2021
Appellant Allen F. Lyndes (“Mr. Lyndes”) appeals from the order granting
the motion filed by Appellees Penn Central Corporation a/k/a American
Premier Underwriters, Inc. (“American Premier”),1 Consolidated Rail
Corporation (“Consolidated Rail”), and Norfolk Southern Railway Company
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 Penn Central Corporation (“Penn Central”), which was incorporated in
Pennsylvania with its corporate headquarters in Philadelphia, filed for
bankruptcy and ceased all railroad operations in the 1970s. All properties of
Penn Central became properties of the trustees in Penn Central’s bankruptcy.
Thereafter, as part of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act, 45 U.S.C. § 701
et seq., Congress created Consolidated Rail, and all employees of Penn Central
were offered continued employment with Consolidated Rail. American Premier
is a successor in interest to Penn Central’s non-railroad assets and is primarily
engaged in the business of insurance.
J-A05046-21
(“Norfolk Southern”) (collectively “Appellees”) to dismiss Mr. Lyndes’
complaint filed in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County based on
the doctrine of forum non conveniens, for re-filing in a more appropriate
forum. After careful review, we affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows: Mr. Lyndes, a
resident of Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, instituted this action pursuant to the
Federal Employers’ Liability Act (“FELA”)2 against three corporations:
American Premier, which is incorporated in Pennsylvania with an address for
service in Harrisburg, Consolidated Rail, which is incorporated in Pennsylvania
with a principal place of business in Philadelphia, and Norfolk Southern, which
is incorporated in Virginia with an address for service in Norfolk.3
Mr. Lyndes averred Appellees conduct business in and have substantial
contacts with Philadelphia. He specifically averred Appellees are “engaged in
interstate commerce as a common carrier by rail, operating a line and system
of railroads and transacting substantial business in the Commonwealth of
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2 45 U.S.C. §§ 51-60.
3 In July of 1998, the Surface Transportation Board approved a plan by which
Norfolk Southern Corporation and CSX Transportation acquired Consolidated
Rail through a joint stock purchase, and they split most of Consolidated Rail’s
assets between them. CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Corporation
took administrative control of Consolidated Rail on August 22, 1998. CSX
Transportation is not a party to this litigation.
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Pennsylvania, including Philadelphia County.” Amended Complaint, filed
11/8/18 (unpaginated).4
In his amended complaint, Mr. Lyndes averred that, from 1974 to 2007,
he was employed by Appellees as a trackman and machine operator at various
yards and buildings in and around Lorain, Ohio, Dearborn, Michigan, Chicago,
Illinois, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He further averred that, as a result of
his job duties, he was exposed to chemicals and cancer-causing substances,
which resulted in his development of bladder cancer. He posited Appellees
were negligent in failing to provide him with a reasonably safe workplace as
required under the relevant statute.
In discovery, Mr. Lyndes conceded that he never worked for Appellees
in Philadelphia, but primarily worked for Appellees in Lorain, Ohio. Mr. Lyndes
did not provide any confirmation that he worked for Appellees in Pittsburgh or
anywhere in Pennsylvania. Instead, Lyndes claimed that he worked as an
Assistant Track Supervisor in the “Pittsburgh Division” in Ohio while working
for Norfolk Southern from 2000-2003. Lyndes’ Answer to Interrogatories
(unpaginated). Mr. Lyndes also admitted that none of his former coworkers
or supervisors lived in Pennsylvania.
On February 18, 2020, Appellees Consolidated Rail and Norfolk Southern
filed a joint motion to dismiss under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5322(e) and the doctrine
of forum non conveniens. Thereafter, on February 19, 2020, Appellee
____________________________________________
4 Mr. Lyndes filed a complaint on September 11, 2018 and an amended
complaint with court permission on November 8, 2018.
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American Premier filed a motion to join, adopt and incorporate by reference
the motion to dismiss filed by the other Appellees. In support of their motion,
Appellees attached Mr. Lyndes’ answers to Appellees’ request for admissions
and interrogatories, as well as orders from the Philadelphia County Court of
Common Pleas granting forty-five motions to dismiss based on forum non
conveniens in other FELA lawsuits with similar circumstances in which the
plaintiffs did not reside or work for the railroads in Philadelphia.
Relevantly, Appellees asserted that Mr. Lyndes never worked for
Appellees in Philadelphia, nor was he injured as a result of any conduct on the
part of Appellees that took place in Philadelphia County. Appellees’ Motion to
Dismiss, filed 2/18/20 (unpaginated). Appellees attached Mr. Lyndes’
responses to their interrogatories in which he confirmed that he worked for
Appellees primarily in Ohio, but also in Illinois and Indiana. Id.
Appellees emphasized that, in discovery, Mr. Lyndes admitted that all of
the individuals he intended to call as witnesses are residents of Ohio or live in
locations closer to Ohio than to Philadelphia. Id. In his responses to
Appellees’ interrogatories, Mr. Lyndes identified as potential witnesses his
former supervisors: Paul Blodgett, Jim Stump, Ed Boyle, and Larry Johnson.
Mr. Lyndes alleged that Mr. Blodgett lived in Ohio, Mr. Boyle and Mr. Johnson
lived in Illinois, and Mr. Stump was “located in Dearborn Division.” Lyndes’
Answer to Interrogatories (unpaginated). Appellees assert that they would
rely in part on the testimony of Mr. Lyndes’ former supervisors,
superintendents, and/or co-workers who have direct personal knowledge of
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Mr. Lyndes’ job duties and job requirements. Appellees’ Motion to Dismiss,
filed 2/18/20 (unpaginated).
In addition, while Appellees acknowledged that Mr. Lyndes would testify
on his own behalf and intended to offer the testimony of his wife, Shirley
Lyndes, Appellees noted that the couple lives in Beaver Falls (western
Pennsylvania), which is significantly closer to Ohio than Philadelphia (eastern
Pennsylvania). Id. Moreover, Appellees noted that Mr. Lyndes never received
medical treatment in Philadelphia for the illness underlying the instant action.
Id. As Mr. Lyndes was diagnosed and treated for bladder cancer by physicians
in medical facilities in western Pennsylvania (Butler County and Allegheny
County), Appellees asserted that Mr. Lyndes’ treating physicians and his
medical records are more accessible to the parties in Ohio, rather than in
Philadelphia County. Id.
Further, Appellees asserted that they would be denied the availability of
compulsory process to compel the attendance of unwilling out-of-state
witnesses to travel to Philadelphia for trial. Id. In addition, Appellees claimed
that even if the witnesses, most of whom are located in or near Ohio, were
willing to attend proceedings in Philadelphia, Appellees argued that the cost
of obtaining their attendance would be great and unnecessary, particularly
where this case would be more conveniently filed in Ohio. Id. Appellees
admitted that they had not determined whether a site visit by the jury would
be necessary during trial, but argued that the possibility of a site visit in Ohio
is a factor that weighs in favor of dismissal. Id.
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Moreover, Appellees argued that there was no reason to burden the
courts, taxpayers and jury pool of Philadelphia County with matters that would
be more appropriately resolved in Ohio. Id. Appellees claimed that citizens
of Philadelphia County would have a minimal interest in the litigation in
deciding issues relating to the working conditions of an individual who worked
over hundreds of miles away in Ohio. Id.
Based on the aforementioned arguments, Appellees averred the instant
action has no bona fide connection to Pennsylvania, and dismissal of the action
is proper since there is a more convenient forum where litigation could be
conducted more easily, expeditiously, and inexpensively. Additionally,
Appellees reasoned the only connection between Pennsylvania and the instant
matter is that Appellees conduct unrelated business operations in Philadelphia.
However, Appellees argued these connections are not related to Mr. Lyndes’
claim that he suffered injury while he worked as Appellees’ employee in Ohio.
Appellees indicated they agreed to waive the statute of limitations if Mr.
Lyndes re-filed his action in Ohio within ninety days of the dismissal of the suit
in Philadelphia, and agreed not to object on the basis of venue or personal
jurisdiction if the matter was re-filed in Ohio, or some other proper forum.
On March 9, 2020, Mr. Lyndes filed a response in opposition to
Appellees’ motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens, as well as a supporting
memorandum. Therein, Mr. Lyndes asserted that he was a resident of Beaver
Falls, Pennsylvania, but admitted he did not work in or receive medical
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treatment in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Moreover, he admitted his former
co-workers and supervisors reside in Ohio.
However, Mr. Lyndes denied that all of his fact witnesses are located
outside of Pennsylvania. Specifically, he indicated:
[Mr. Lyndes] intends to call four former [Consolidated Rail]
management employees to testify in [Mr. Lyndes’] case in chief
who actually worked for [Consolidated Rail] in Philadelphia. [Mr.
Lyndes] intends to call Marcia Comstock, M.D., [Consolidated
Rail’s] former medical director, who worked for [Consolidated Rail]
in Philadelphia and lives in Wayne, PA. [Mr. Lyndes] intends to
call William Barringer, [Consolidated Rail’s] former safety director,
who worked for [Consolidated Rail] in Philadelphia. Mr. Barringer
now lives in Naples, Florida. [Mr. Lyndes] intends to call Ramon
Thomas, [Consolidated Rail’s] former industrial hygienist, who
worked for [Consolidated Rail] in Philadelphia and lives or works
in Morrisville, PA. [Mr. Lyndes] intends to call Paul Kovac,
[Consolidated Rail’s] occupational claims manager, who worked
for [Consolidated Rail] in Philadelphia, PA and lives in Hatboro,
PA.
Mr. Lyndes’ Response to Appellees’ Motion to Dismiss, filed 3/9/20, ¶ 8.
Additionally, Mr. Lyndes elaborated that he intended to call the four
former Consolidated Rail corporate witnesses because they “were responsible
for developing industrial hygiene, safety and medical programs to prevent
employees from developing cancer due to exposure to diesel exhaust and
asbestos [and] failed to do so in a timely and adequate manner.” Id. ¶ 15.
Mr. Lyndes also indicated that he would ask these four witnesses to “testify
as to what the [Consolidated Rail] safety department based in Philadelphia
knew or should have known about railroad employees being exposed to toxic
substances including asbestos and diesel exhaust and the development of
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cancer.” Id. ¶ 15. Mr. Lyndes indicated that he identified these four witnesses
in his Second Supplemental Responses to Consolidated Rail’s Interrogatories,
which he dated March 8, 2020, the day before he filed his response to
Appellees’ Motion to Dismiss.
Mr. Lyndes contended the current conditions of his railroad workplaces
are irrelevant to his working conditions from 1974 to 2007 when he worked
for Appellees. Id. at ¶ 14. Moreover, he averred that, in addition to
Consolidated Rail being incorporated in Pennsylvania with its headquarters in
Philadelphia, Penn Central was incorporated in Pennsylvania with its corporate
headquarters in Philadelphia. Id. at ¶ 18. Mr. Lyndes also denied that the
court, taxpayers, and jury pool of Pennsylvania would be burdened by this
case as Consolidated Rail and Penn Central “are members of the Philadelphia
community and the jury has every right to determine whether [Appellees]
failed to provide [Mr. Lyndes] with a reasonably safe place to work as required
by the FELA.” Id. at ¶ 33, 35.
On April 28, 2020, the trial court entered an order granting Appellees’
motion to dismiss the instant action based on forum non conveniens and
dismissed Mr. Lyndes’ amended complaint without prejudice to his right to re-
file in Ohio, or any other appropriate jurisdiction.
Mr. Lyndes filed a timely notice of appeal and complied with the trial
court’s direction to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. In response, the trial
court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion setting forth the reasons for its ruling:
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In the instant case, the undisputed facts, as admitted by
[Mr. Lyndes], strongly favor dismissal pursuant to § 5322(e) and
transfer to Ohio. [Mr. Lyndes] is a resident of Beaver Falls,
Pennsylvania, about 120 miles from Lorain, Ohio and 338 miles
from Philadelphia City Hall. [Mr. Lyndes’] claims of exposure are
unrelated to any work he did in Pennsylvania, as [Mr. Lyndes]
admits he was never exposed to any hazardous materials while
working in Philadelphia County or Pennsylvania. [Mr. Lyndes’]
claims of exposure stem from his employment for Appellees in
Lorain, Ohio. Any of [Mr. Lyndes’] coworkers that may be called
to testify would be greatly inconvenienced in needing to come
from Ohio to Philadelphia County, a trip of over 300 miles. All of
[Mr. Lyndes’] medical treatment occurred in Wexford,
Pennsylvania and Zelienople, Pennsylvania in Western
Pennsylvania. Both of these towns, located in Allegheny and
Butler County, respectively, are much closer to Lorain, Ohio than
to Philadelphia County. All of [Mr. Lyndes’] medical providers,
including seven diagnosing and treating physicians, and his
medical records are located in these towns as well. [Mr. Lyndes’]
admission to these facts makes it clear that weighty reasons exist
as to overcome [Mr. Lyndes’] choice of forum and that Ohio is a
“more convenient forum where litigation could be conducted more
easily, expeditiously, and inexpensively.” See [Commonwealth
v.] Wright, 215 A.3d [982, 992 (Pa.Super. 2019)] (providing that
transfer should be permitted if there is a more convenient forum
where the litigation could be conducted more easily, expeditiously,
and inexpensively.
[Mr. Lyndes] cites private interests in support of keeping
this case in Philadelphia. Specifically, [Mr. Lyndes] avers that he
intends to call as witnesses four individuals who worked for
Appellees’ at their headquarters in Philadelphia. [Mr. Lyndes]
argues that these witnesses would be inconvenienced by having
trial in Ohio instead of Philadelphia. Even if these witnesses are
relevant to [Mr. Lyndes’] claims, the undisputed facts make it
clear that a majority of all of the potential witnesses with any
connection to the underlying case reside in Ohio or Western
Pennsylvania, much closer to Lorain, Ohio than to Philadelphia,
thereby establishing Ohio as “more convenient forum where the
litigation would be conducted more easily, expeditiously, and
inexpensively.”
Trial Court Opinion (T.C.O.), filed 8/6/20 (unpaginated).
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On appeal, Mr. Lyndes sets forth the following issues in his “Statement
of Questions Presented” (verbatim):
1. Whether the Trial Court abused its discretion in finding that
weighty reasons existed to support dismissal under the
doctrine of forum non conveniens.
2. Whether the Trial Court should have considered not only that
[Consolidated Rail] and Penn Central were Pennsylvania
corporations and that both of their corporate headquarters
were located in Philadelphia, PA, but also that four of the
Plaintiff’s fact witnesses worked for [Consolidated Rail] at its
corporate headquarters in Philadelphia, PA.
3. Whether the Trial Court erred in considering the inconvenience
of [Appellees’] potential hypothetical fact witnesses over the
actual inconvenience of [Mr. Lyndes’] four fact witnesses who
would be required to travel to Ohio for trial?
Mr. Lyndes’ Brief at 2.5
Initially, we note the following principles, which guide our review:
Orders on motions to dismiss under the doctrine of forum
non conveniens are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. This
standard applies even where jurisdictional requirements are met.
Moreover, if there is any basis for the trial court’s decision, the
decision must stand.
An abuse of discretion occurs if, inter alia, there was an error
of law or the judgment was manifestly unreasonable. When
reviewing for errors of law, the appellate standard of review is de
novo and the scope of review is plenary.
In Pennsylvania, the doctrine of forum non conveniens,
which originated in Common Law, has been codified by statute:
Inconvenient forum.-When a tribunal finds that in
the interest of substantial justice the matter should be
heard in another forum, the tribunal may stay or
____________________________________________
5 Although Mr. Lyndes set forth three separate issues in his “Statement of
Questions Presented,” he intertwines and discusses the issues together in the
argument portion of his brief. We shall treat the issues in a similar manner.
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dismiss the matter in whole or in part on any
conditions that may be just.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5322(e).
Hovatter v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 193 A.3d 420, 424 (Pa.Super. 2018)
(quotation marks, quotations, and citations omitted).6
The doctrine of forum non conveniens “provides the court with a means
of looking beyond technical considerations such as jurisdiction and venue to
determine whether litigation in the plaintiff’s chosen forum would serve the
interests of justice under the particular circumstances.” Alford, 531 A.2d at
794 (citation omitted).
The two most important factors the trial court must apply
when considering whether dismissal is warranted are that “1.) the
plaintiff’s choice of forum should not be disturbed except for
‘weighty reasons,’ and 2.) there must be an alternate forum
available or the action may not be dismissed.”
***
[W]ith respect to the initial factor, we note that “a court may
find that the presumption in favor of a plaintiff’s choice of forum
may be less stringently considered when the plaintiff has chosen
a foreign forum to litigate his or her claims.” Furthermore,
To determine whether such “weighty reasons”
exist as would overcome the plaintiff’s choice of
forum, the trial court must examine both the private
and public interest factors involved. Petty v.
Suburban General Hospital, 525 A.2d 1230, 1232
(Pa.Super. 1987). The Petty Court reiterated the
considerations germane to a determination of both the
plaintiff’s private interests and those of the public as
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6 Our courts lack the authority to transfer matters to courts of our sister
states; but rather, when appropriate, our courts should dismiss the action to
permit re-filing in another state. See Alford v. Philadelphia Coca-Cola
Bottling Co., Inc., 531 A.2d 792 (Pa.Super. 1987).
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defined by the United States Supreme Court in Gulf
Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 67 S.Ct. 839
(1947). They are:
the relative ease of access to sources of
proof; availability of compulsory process
for attendance of unwilling, and the cost
of obtaining attendance of willing,
witnesses; possibility of view of premises,
if view would be appropriate to the
actions; and all other practical problems
that make trial of a case easy, expeditious
and inexpensive. There may also be
questions as to the enforceability of a
judgment if one is obtained. The court will
weigh relative advantages and obstacles
to a fair trial.
***
Factors of public interest also have
place in applying the doctrine.
Administrative difficulties follow for courts
when litigation is piled up in congested
centers instead of being handled at its
origin. Jury duty is a burden that ought
not to be imposed upon the people of a
community which has no relation to the
litigation. There is appropriateness, too,
in having the trial…in a forum that is at
home with the state law that must govern
the case, rather than having a court in
some other forum untangle problems in
conflict of laws, and in law foreign to itself.
Hovatter, 193 A.3d at 424-25 (some quotations and citations omitted).
Instantly, as the trial court concluded, the second factor pertaining to
the existence of an alternate forum is not at issue in the case sub judice. See
Hovatter, supra. That is, it is undisputed there is an alternate forum (Ohio)
available. Moreover, Appellees have stipulated to waive the statute of
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limitations, as well as not object on the basis of venue or personal jurisdiction,
if Mr. Lyndes re-files in an appropriate jurisdiction.
Accordingly, we instead focus on the “weighty reasons” factor in the trial
court’s analysis of Appellees’ motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens. In
this regard, we note Mr. Lyndes contends the trial court abused its discretion
in finding Appellees demonstrated “weighty reasons” to overcome his choice
of forum. He specifically avers that his case is indistinguishable from Robbins
for Estate of Robbins v. Consolidated Rail Corporation, 212 A.3d 81
(Pa.Super. 2019). Appellees, on the other hand, contend Mr. Lyndes’ case is
more akin to Wright v. Consolidated Rail Corporation, 215 A.3d 982
(Pa.Super. 2019).
In Wright, the trial court denied the motion to dismiss Mr. Wright’s
complaint based on forum non conveniens, and Consolidated Rail and CSX
Transportation appealed. In that case, Mr. Wright was a non-resident of
Pennsylvania, he had been a car inspector at the DeWitt Train Yard in
Syracuse, New York, and he averred that, as a direct result of his job duties,
he suffered repetitive stress injuries to both shoulders. See Wright, supra.
Moreover, Mr. Wright lived in New York while working for the railroad
companies from 1974 to 2014; however, he moved to South Carolina upon
his retirement. All of his treating physicians and medical files were located in
New York, New Jersey, or Florida, and all of his fact witnesses were former or
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current railroad workers who resided outside of Pennsylvania. See Wright,
supra.
Accordingly, based on the record in Wright, this Court held the trial
court abused its discretion in denying Consolidated Rail’s and CSX
Transportation’s motion to dismiss based on forum non conveniens. In so
holding, we noted the trial court erred in giving great deference to Mr. Wright’s
choice of forum and incorporating “plaintiff-friendly” Pa.R.C.P. 1006(d) venue
standards into the analysis.7 Id. at 992. Further, we noted the trial court
erred in concluding that Consolidated Rail’s and CSX Transportation’s sworn
affidavits were insufficient regarding the New York residency of their
witnesses. Id. at 993. We specifically held that “inasmuch as the trial court
determined there is no dispute that [] Wright worked for [Consolidated Rail
and CSX Transportation] exclusively in New York, [the] assertion in [their]
affidavits that most or all of [their] witnesses reside primarily, if not
exclusively, in New York does not require additional record support.” Id. at
993-94. Accordingly, we reversed and remanded as it pertained to the trial
court’s consideration of Consolidated Rail’s and CSX Transportation’s affidavits
and evidentiary burden. Id.
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7As this Court acknowledged in Wright, “a defendant bears a heavier burden
under Pa.R.C.P. 1006(d)(1), which permits [intrastate] forum transfers only
when the defendant establishes that a plaintiff’s chosen forum is oppressive
and vexatious for the defendant.” Wright, 215 A.3d at 992.
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In Robbins, supra, Consolidated Rail and Penn Central filed a motion
to dismiss for forum non conveniens because the decedent’s injuries occurred
in Indiana and their two proposed witnesses were located outside of
Pennsylvania. In response to the motion to dismiss, the plaintiff averred he
intended to call four witnesses, who were previous employees of Consolidated
Rail in Philadelphia: Dr. Comstock, Mr. Barringer, Mr. Thomas, and Mr. Kovac
(the same four witnesses Mr. Lyndes avers he plans to call at trial in this case).
Additionally, the plaintiff argued that “although the decedent worked at
the train yard in Indiana, the policies and procedures related to the decedent’s
exposure to chemicals and cancer-causing substances were determined at
Consolidated Rail’s headquarters in Philadelphia.” Robbins, 212 A.3d at 85-
86. Moreover, the plaintiff argued the viewing of the work site would not be
desirable, and in fact, would be dangerous to a jury. Id. at 86. Following a
hearing, the trial court denied the motion to dismiss.
On appeal in Robbins, Consolidated Rail and Penn Central argued, inter
alia, that the trial court abused its discretion in weighing the public and private
factors, and thus, erred in concluding there were insufficient “weighty
reasons” to grant the motion to dismiss. This Court disagreed and held the
following:
With regard to the private factors, the trial court relevantly
concluded there was no evidence that Indiana would provide
easier access to the decedent’s employment records, which are
housed in New Jersey and/or Florida. Further, with regard to the
cost of obtaining the attendance of willing witnesses and the
availability of compulsory process for obtaining the attendance of
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unwilling witnesses, the trial court noted [Consolidated Rail and
Penn Central] identified two potential witnesses, both of whom
were [] former employees: [] Mason, who resides in Illinois, and
[] Toney, who resides in [Indiana]. [] Robbins, on the other hand,
identified four fact witnesses, all of whom reside in Pennsylvania
and were former Consolidated Rail employees. Additionally, the
trial court noted [Consolidated Rail and Penn Central] conceded
that it is unlikely any party would seek a request to view the train
yard at issue.
With regard to the public factors, and Pennsylvania’s
connection to the lawsuit, it is noteworthy that [] Robbins averred
that, although he worked at the train yard in Indiana, the policies
and procedures related to his exposure to chemicals and cancer-
causing substances were determined at Consolidated Rail’s
headquarters in Philadelphia. Thus, as the trial court concluded,
Pennsylvania citizens have a relation to the litigation.
Based on the aforementioned, we conclude the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in weighing the private and public
factors. We note it is within the trial court’s discretion to weigh
some factors more heavily than others and weighing the factors is
“not an exercise in counting numbers.” Bochetto v. Dimeling,
Schreiber & Park, 151 A.3d 1072, 1083 (Pa.Super. 2016).
Because [Consolidated Rail and Penn Central] have not met their
burden, we affirm.
Robbins, 212 A.3d at 90 (footnote omitted).
Furthermore, in Robbins, we distinguished the facts of Robbins’ case
from Hovatter, supra. In this regard, this Court held:
To the extent [Consolidated Rail and Penn Central] aver the facts
of this case are indistinguishable from Hovatter, supra, we
disagree. In Hovatter, this Court held the trial court erred in
failing to dismiss the plaintiff’s action, which was filed in
Pennsylvania, under the doctrine of forum non conveniens.
However, in the instant matter, unlike in Hovatter, there were
Pennsylvania witnesses identified by a party and a viewing of the
site was not at issue. Further, we note in the case sub judice,
unlike in Hovatter, [] Robbins specifically averred the policies and
procedures related to the decedent’s exposure to alleged
chemical/cancer-causing substances were developed by
[Consolidated Rail] at its headquarters in Philadelphia. There was
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no such allegation made in Hovatter as to CSX Transportation
(the sole defendant in Hovatter).
Robbins, 212 A.3d at 90 n.8.
Recently, in Ficarra v. Consolidated Rail Corporation, 242 A.3d 323
(Pa.Super. 2020),8 this Court examined the holdings of Wright, supra, and
Robbins, supra. In Ficarra, the record before the trial court demonstrated
that none of the plaintiffs resided in Pennsylvania, and all of the plaintiffs
worked for the railroad companies outside of Pennsylvania from 1953 to 2012.
In its motion to dismiss, the railroad companies averred none of the potential
fact witnesses or sources of proof resided in Pennsylvania; the railroad
companies would be unable to avail themselves of compulsory process for
attendance of unwilling non-Pennsylvania witnesses; there would be a high
cost of obtaining attendance of willing out-of-state witnesses; a fact-finder in
Pennsylvania would be unable to view easily the plaintiffs’ work premises; and
____________________________________________
8 We note that Ficarra involved nine different plaintiffs, and we consolidated
the cases in this Court. In all nine cases, the trial court denied the railroad
defendants’ motions to dismiss. On appeal, we reversed the orders in eight
of the cases and concluded the trial court abused its discretion in holding the
defendants did not provide sufficient “weighty reasons” for dismissal. See id.
However, we affirmed in one of the cases.
Specifically, with regard to the latter, we noted that the procedural
posture of the case was such that it was “trial ready” with discovery complete
and a trial term set by the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas. See id. Thus,
in weighing the factors, we concluded the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in holding dismissal would be inappropriate based on forum non
conveniens. See id. We specifically note the case sub judice is distinguishable
from the latter case in Ficarra since the case is not “trial ready” in Philadelphia
County.
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there would be a burden on Pennsylvania courts, taxpayers, and jury pool.
Ficarra, supra.
In response, the plaintiffs in Ficarra argued they intended to call the
same witnesses as the plaintiff in Robbins: Dr. Comstock, Mr. Barringer, Mr.
Thomas, and Mr. Kovac. Based on the record before it, the trial court
determined that the plaintiffs’ four witnesses had worked for Consolidated
Rail, but only Dr. Comstock undisputedly continued to reside in Pennsylvania.
See Ficarra, supra. Moreover, the trial court determined that all of the
plaintiffs’ former co-workers and supervisors, who were potential witnesses,
lived outside of Pennsylvania, the plaintiffs’ injuries occurred outside of
Pennsylvania, and the plaintiffs’ physicians, as well as medical records, were
outside of Pennsylvania. See id.
Based on the aforementioned, the trial court in Ficarra denied the
railroad companies’ motions to dismiss based on forum non conveniens;
however, in its subsequent Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinions, the trial court opined
that it should have granted the railroad companies’ motions. See id. Upon
review, this Court agreed.
Specifically, we acknowledged the plaintiffs in Ficarra, similar to the
plaintiff in Robbins, listed Dr. Comstock, Mr. Barringer, Mr. Thomas, and Mr.
Kovac as four witnesses they intended to call at trial. We also acknowledged
that “at first glance [the] plaintiffs’ cases strikingly resemble Robbins.”
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Ficarra, 242 A.3d at 336. However, we concluded there were two important
distinctions between Ficarra and Robbins.
Namely, in Robbins, the plaintiff set forth a specific argument that
Consolidated Rail developed policies and procedures in its Philadelphia office
that created the conditions leading to the plaintiff’s injuries; however, in
Ficarra, the plaintiffs provided scant argument as to the relevance of the
former Consolidated Rail employees’ testimony. Furthermore, based on the
record in Robbins, the trial court found all four of the former Consolidated
Rail employees resided in Pennsylvania; however, based on the record, the
trial court in Ficarra found only Dr. Comstock resided in Pennsylvania.
Accordingly, in Ficarra, this Court relevantly held:
[W]e conclude the trial court abused its discretion in
applying the wrong evidentiary burden….However, given the
records before it in these cases, we agree with the trial court’s re-
analysis and find these cases distinguishable from Robbins. All
of [the] plaintiffs’ former co-workers, supervisors, and diagnosing
and treating physicians reside outside Pennsylvania. The work
sites are outside Pennsylvania. The only connection to
Pennsylvania relevant to [the] plaintiffs’ claims is that four
individuals who used to work in Philadelphia were allegedly
involved in the drafting and implementation of procedures that led
to [the] plaintiffs’ injuries. However, on the record before the trial
court, only one of those witnesses undisputedly resides in
Pennsylvania currently. Moreover, [the] plaintiffs largely failed to
explain the relevance of the former employees’ testimony.
Weighing the private and public interest factors using the correct
evidentiary burden, the trial court here ultimately concluded that
[the railroad companies] presented sufficient weighty reasons to
warrant dismissal for forum non conveniens[.] We discern no
abuse of discretion by the trial court in reaching this conclusion.
See Robbins, 212 A.3d at 90 (“[I]t is within the trial court’s
discretion to weigh some factors more heavily than others and
weighing the factors is not an exercise in counting numbers.”)
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(citation and quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, we vacate
the orders denying the motions to dismiss…and remand to the trial
court to dismiss these cases to permit re-filing in an appropriate
jurisdiction.
Ficarra, 242 A.3d at 337.
Preliminarily, similar to our initial assessment in Ficarra, we
acknowledge the facts of the case sub judice appear at first glance to resemble
Robbins. However, there are important differences, which weigh in favor of
dismissal.
First, with respect to the private factors involved, in Robbins, where
the decedent worked exclusively in Indiana, the railroad companies indicated
it planned to call as witnesses two of the decedent’s former supervisors: Dale
Mason, who resided in Illinois, and Charles Toney, who resided in Indiana.
Both of these supervisors were retired.
However, in the case sub judice, the trial court found that a majority of
potential fact witnesses and sources of proof were located significantly closer
to Lorain, Ohio, the location where Mr. Lyndes claimed he was exposed to
toxic substances while working for Appellees, than to Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, where Mr. Lyndes has never lived or worked.
The trial court pointed out that Mr. Lyndes lives with his wife in Beaver
Falls, Pennsylvania which is approximately 218 miles closer to Lorain, Ohio
than Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The trial court emphasized that all of Mr.
Lyndes’ coworkers and supervisors live in Ohio or in locations closer to Ohio
than Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In addition, the trial court noted that Mr.
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J-A05046-21
Lyndes’ medical providers, which includes diagnosing and treating physicians,
and his medical records are located in western Pennsylvania, which is
significantly closer to Lorain, Ohio than to Philadelphia. The trial court
acknowledged that Appellees and these witnesses would experience
substantial disruption to their business, as well as greater personal
inconvenience, if they are required to travel to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as
opposed to Ohio.
Second, as it pertains to the public factors, in the case sub judice, the
trial court concluded there would be more administrative difficulties if the case
is tried in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as opposed to Ohio. There was no such
finding by the trial court in Robbins.
We also recognize the trial court accepted in this case that Mr. Lyndes
identified four witnesses, all of whom formerly worked at the corporate
headquarters for Consolidated Rail in Philadelphia.9 Nevertheless, the trial
court found that even if these four witnesses’ testimony was relevant to Mr.
Lyndes’ claims, such testimony would not change its conclusion that Ohio was
a more convenient forum due to the fact that a majority of the witnesses with
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9 We note the trial court did not determine whether Mr. Lyndes had provided
a sufficient factual basis to support his claims that three of his proposed
witnesses (Dr. Comstock, Mr. Thomas, and Mr. Kovac) resided in or near
Philadelphia County. The trial court appears to accept Mr. Lyndes’ contention
that Appellant’s four proposed witnesses “would be inconvenienced by having
trial in Ohio instead of Philadelphia.” Id. We note that it is undisputed that
Mr. Lyndes’ fourth witness, Mr. Barringer, lives in Naples, Florida.
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any connection to this case live considerably closer to Lorain, Ohio than
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Id. Accordingly, upon weighing all of the relevant
factors, the trial court concluded that Appellees met their burden of
demonstrating “weighty reasons” for dismissal.
Based on the record, we find no abuse of discretion. The trial court
properly weighed the private and public factors using the correct evidentiary
burden. Ficarra, supra. Thus, we affirm the order granting Appellees’
motion to dismiss.
As this Court has previously recognized, it is within the trial court’s
discretion to weigh some factors more heavily than others and weighing the
factors is not “an exercise in counting numbers.” Bochetto, 151 A.3d at
1083. See Hovatter, supra (holding that, in reviewing orders dismissing an
action under the doctrine of forum non conveniens, if there is any basis for
the trial court’s decision, the decision must stand).
Affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/29/21
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Lyndes, A. v. Penn Central Corp.
Combined Opinion