RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3026-19
L.D.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
M.J.M.,
Defendant-Respondent.
_________________________
Submitted March 10, 2021 – Decided May 20, 2021
Before Judges Geiger and Mitterhoff.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Camden County,
Docket No. FV-04-1897-20.
Rutgers Law School, attorneys for appellant (Amy
Braunstein, of counsel and on the brief; Devorah
Peretz, admitted pursuant to Rule 1:21-3, on the brief).
Respondent has not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff L.D.1 appeals from a February 13, 2020 order denying her request
for a final restraining order (FRO) and vacating the temporary restraining order
(TRO) against defendant, M.J.M. On appeal, plaintiff argues (1) the trial judge
erred in failing to consider the "past acts" of defendant; and (2) her allegations
satisfied the predicate acts of harassment and stalking pursuant to N.J.S.A.
2C:25-19(a). Having carefully reviewed the record, and in light of the
applicable law, we affirm.
We discern the following facts from the record. The parties were in a
relationship for approximately three years and have one nine-month-old child
together.2 On January 23, 2020, defendant went to plaintiff's residence to visit
their child.3 Defendant asked plaintiff for some medicine because he had a
migraine, which she provided. Defendant then entertained the child "probably
for at least an hour or two." While plaintiff was in her room talking on the
phone, defendant knocked on her door and asked if he could get some toys and
1
We use initials to preserve the confidentiality of court records concerning
domestic violence. R. 1:38-3(d)(9).
2
Plaintiff also has another child who is not related to defendant.
3
The parties had broken up four months before the subject incident .
A-3026-19
2
inquired when she was going to feed the child. Plaintiff did not answer him, so
he walked back and continued to entertain the child.
After about an hour, plaintiff left her room and began preparing food for
the baby. Plaintiff then asked if defendant could feed the child. Because he still
had a migraine, he requested that plaintiff feed the child. Plaintiff responded,
"then what are you here for?" Plaintiff went to remove the child from defendant,
but he said, "stop, I'm [going] do it." Defendant eventually let the child go.
Plaintiff alleges that defendant then "jumped" near her face, "inches" away, and
told her "this is [the] stuff I'm talking about." Defendant, on the other hand,
claims he walked over to plaintiff, picked up the food, and told her that he would
feed the child. At some point, the parties apologized to each other. Defendant
then fed the child and left plaintiff's residence around 9 p.m. Plaintiff did not
call the police and no arrest was made.
The next day, plaintiff filed a TRO against defendant alleging harassment,
N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)(13), which was granted. The parties appeared pro se at a
hearing on January 30, 2020. Plaintiff testified defendant would often barge
into her room to see if she was cheating on him. Plaintiff also testified that
defendant would "grab" her and "yell" in her face, accusing her of infidelity,
often in front of the children. Plaintiff claimed that she didn't "feel safe."
A-3026-19
3
Because plaintiff only included these allegations as a part of the prior history of
domestic violence, the trial judge permitted her to amend the TRO and adjourned
the matter.
Thereafter, plaintiff filed an amended TRO.4 The amended TRO alleged
that defendant has grabbed plaintiff and "threatened to really hurt her." The
parties again appeared pro se at a hearing on February 13, 2020. Plaintiff
reiterated that defendant would accuse her of being in relationships with other
men and scream at her in front of the children. Plaintiff testified that, although
he would not slap or punch her, he would "grab" her and threaten her by stating ,
"you're back is [going to] be up against that wall." Defendant contended that
plaintiff was "embellishing her story." He denied barging into plaintiff's room
or accusing her of cheating. Defendant also denied plaintiff's accusation that he
would grab her. He maintained that plaintiff was actively trying to keep their
child from him.
Following the close of evidence, the Family Part judge rendered an oral
decision denying her request for an FRO and dismissing the TRO. The judge
noted that the testimony of the parties was in "equipoise" and that the parties'
4
The amended TRO purportedly included an addendum highlighting a more
detailed history between the parties, but no such document is included in
plaintiff's appendix.
A-3026-19
4
recollection of the events on January 23, 2020 was "very consistent." The judge
then analyzed the testimony adduced pursuant to the framework established
under Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112, 126 (App. Div. 2006). The judge
found the January 23, 2020 incident amounted to domestic contretemps and did
not "rise to the level of harassing conduct." Even considering the prior history
alleged by plaintiff, the judge determined there was insufficient evidence to
prove harassment. The judge indicated the facts bespoke a "toxic relationship"
which did not give rise to harassment under the Prevention of Domestic Violence
Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. The judge issued an accompanying written order.
This appeal ensued.
"In our review of a trial court's order entered following trial in a domestic
violence matter, we grant substantial deference to the trial court's findings of
fact and the legal conclusions based upon those findings." D.N. v. K.M., 429
N.J. Super. 592, 596 (App. Div. 2013) (citing Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394,
411-12 (1998)). "This deferential standard is even more appropriate 'when the
evidence is largely testimonial and involves questions of credibility.'" L.M.F. v.
J.A.F., Jr., 421 N.J. Super. 523, 533 (App. Div. 2011) (quoting In re Return of
Weapons to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997)). "Reversal is warranted only
when a mistake must have been made because the trial court's factual findings
A-3026-19
5
are '"so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant
and reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice . . . ."'"
Elrom v. Elrom, 439 N.J. Super. 424, 433 (App. Div. 2015) (quoting Rova Farms
Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co. of Am., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)). However, we
review de novo "the trial judge's legal conclusions, and the application of those
conclusions to the facts." Ibid. (quoting Reese v. Weis, 430 N.J. Super. 552,
568 (App. Div. 2013)).
"[D]omestic violence is a term of art which defines a pattern of abusive
and controlling behavior injurious to its victims." Peranio v. Peranio, 280 N.J.
Super. 47, 52 (App. Div. 1995). In a domestic violence case, the trial judge has
a "two-fold" task. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125. The judge must first determine
whether the plaintiff has proven, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
defendant committed one of the predicate acts referenced in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-
19(a). Id. at 125-26. The judge must "consider the evidence in light of whether
there is a previous history of domestic violence." Id. at 126. Next, the judge
must determine whether a restraining order is necessary, after evaluating the
factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a), "to protect the victim from an
immediate danger or to prevent further abuse." Id. at 127 (citing N.J.S.A. 2C:25-
29(b)).
A-3026-19
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Harassment, as defined by N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4, is one of the predicate acts
of domestic violence. N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)(13). Harassment occurs when one:
a. Makes, or causes to be made, a communication or
communications anonymously or at extremely
inconvenient hours, or in offensively coarse language,
or any other manner likely to cause annoyance or alarm;
b. Subjects another to striking, kicking, shoving, or
other offensive touching, or threatens to do so; or
c. Engages in any other course of alarming conduct or
of repeatedly committed acts with purpose to alarm or
seriously annoy such other person.
[N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4.]
"A finding of a purpose to harass may be inferred from the evidence presented"
as well as from "[c]ommon sense and experience." State v. Hoffman, 149 N.J.
564, 577 (1997). Indeed, courts must be mindful that "a party may mask an
intent to harass with what could otherwise be an innocent act," J.D. v. M.D.F.,
207 N.J. 458, 488 (2011), and "must consider the totality of the circumstances
to determine whether the harassment statute has been violated." H.E.S. v. J.C.S.,
175 N.J. 309, 326 (2003) (quoting Cesare, 154 N.J. at 404).
Applying the deferential standard of review that governs this appeal, we
conclude that the trial judge's findings were supported by credible evidence. The
judge determined, and we agree, that there were weaknesses in plaintiff's proofs.
A-3026-19
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The judge noted that, even if defendant "jumped" inches away from plaintiff's
face, he did not make any threatening statements or gestures to her.
Notwithstanding the fact that plaintiff testified that she was scared and asked
him to leave, defendant stayed for a considerable amount of time after and
ultimately fed the child. Plaintiff admitted that the parties apologized to each
other after the argument. Plaintiff also acknowledged that she did not call the
police after the argument. The judge found the incident to be domestic
contretemps and did not constitute the predicate act of harassment.
After the first hearing, the trial judge gave plaintiff the opportunity to
amend her TRO to include other specific incidents of domestic violence .
Nonetheless, plaintiff's amended TRO was devoid of any specific allegations
that would support a finding of harassment. Her testimony was equally vague
and bereft of particularized allegations.
Where, as here, the evidence is largely testimonial in nature and hinges
upon a trial judge's ability to make assessments of credibility based on his or her
observation of testifying witnesses, deference is particularly appropriate.
Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412. Based upon his credibility determinations and the
testimony adduced at the two hearings, the trial judge determined plaintiff failed
to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that defendant engaged in the
A-3026-19
8
predicate act of harassment under Silver. As such, the judge denied plaintiff's
request for an FRO and vacated the TRO. We discern no basis in the record to
overturn that decision.
Affirmed.
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