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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
Latonne Davis, appellee, v.
Victoria E. Moats, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed March 26, 2021. No. S-20-387.
1. Visitation: Appeal and Error. Determinations concerning grandpar-
ent visitation rights are initially entrusted to the discretion of the trial
judge, whose determination, on appeal, shall be reviewed de novo
on the record and affirmed in the absence of an abuse of the trial
judge’s discretion.
2. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation is a question of
law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the trial court.
3. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A jurisdictional question which does
not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a
matter of law.
4. Visitation: Statutes. In Nebraska, grandparent visitation is controlled
by statute.
5. Jurisdiction: Words and Phrases. Subject matter jurisdiction is the
power of a tribunal to hear and determine a case in the general class or
category to which the proceedings in question belong and to deal with
the general subject matter involved.
6. ____: ____. Subject matter jurisdiction includes a court’s power to
determine whether it has the authority to address a particular question
within a general class or category that it assumes to decide or to grant
the particular relief requested.
7. Jurisdiction: Parties: Waiver. The failure to join an indispensable
party to a case deprives the court of subject matter jurisdiction and can-
not be waived.
8. Actions: Jurisdiction. Lack of subject matter jurisdiction may be raised
at any time by any party or by the court sua sponte.
9. ____: ____. A court action taken without subject matter jurisdiction
is void.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
10. Parties: Words and Phrases. Necessary parties are parties who have
an interest in the controversy, and should ordinarily be joined unless
their interests are separable so that the court can, without injustice, pro-
ceed in their absence. The inclusion of a necessary party is within the
trial court’s discretion.
11. Parties: Equity: Words and Phrases. Indispensable parties are par-
ties whose interest is such that a final decree cannot be entered without
affecting them, or that termination of controversy in their absence would
be inconsistent with equity. There is no discretion as to the inclusion of
an indispensable party.
12. Parties. A trial court should cause an action to be properly amended
to bring in the indispensable party, or dismiss it, if the amendment is
not made.
13. ____. Whether a person is “indispensable,” that is, whether a particular
lawsuit must be dismissed in the absence of that person, can be deter-
mined only in the context of particular litigation.
14. ____. The decision whether to dismiss (i.e., the decision whether the
person missing is “indispensable”) must be based on factors varying
with the different cases, some such factors being substantive, some pro-
cedural, some compelling by themselves, and some subject to balancing
against opposing interests.
15. Constitutional Law: Due Process: Parent and Child. The relationship
between parent and child is constitutionally protected, and proceedings
which impact that relationship must afford both parents due process
of law.
16. Constitutional Law: Parental Rights: Visitation. The biological
mother or father of a minor child has a constitutionally protected,
fundamental right to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and
control of the child, and actions for grandparent visitation may affect
that right.
17. Judgments: Jurisdiction: Collateral Attack. A judgment entered by a
court which lacks subject matter jurisdiction is void and may be attacked
at any time in any proceeding.
18. Jurisdiction. Where a court has no jurisdiction over the subject matter
of the action, all proceedings in such action are void.
19. Judgments: Contempt. Refusal to obey a void order or judgment is
not contempt.
20. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Where a lower court lacks subject
matter jurisdiction to adjudicate the merits of a claim, issue, or question,
an appellate court also lacks the power to determine the merits of the
claim, issue, or question presented to the lower court.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
21. ____: ____. When an appellate court is without jurisdiction to act, the
appeal must be dismissed.
22. ____: ____. An appellate court has the power to determine whether it
lacks jurisdiction over an appeal because the lower court lacked juris-
diction to enter the order; to vacate a void order; and, if necessary, to
remand the cause with appropriate directions.
23. Appeal and Error. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an
analysis which is not needed to adjudicate the controversy before it.
Appeal from the District Court for Madison County: James
G. Kube, Judge. Vacated and remanded for further proceedings.
Matt Catlett, of Law Office of Matt Catlett, for appellant.
Rodney J. Palmer, of Palmer Law Group, L.L.C., for
appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Funke, J.
Latonne Davis filed a petition seeking visitation with her
grandchild. The district court ordered the mother, Victoria E.
Moats, to allow grandparent visitation and found her in con-
tempt when she refused. The court denied Moats’ motion to
vacate and strike the order granting grandparent visitation,
which asserted the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over
the case. Moats argues on appeal that the court lacked jurisdic-
tion to order visitation, because the child’s biological father
was an indispensable party who had not been brought into
the case. We agree that the biological father was an indispen
sable party. As a result, the district court lacked subject matter
jurisdiction. Therefore, we vacate the visitation order and the
contempt order and remand the matter to the district court for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND
This appeal involves Davis, the paternal grandmother of the
minor child; Moats, the mother of the minor child; and Tate
Pirnie, the biological father of the minor child. Moats and
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308 Nebraska Reports
DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
Pirnie never married. There is no dispute that Pirnie is the bio-
logical father of the minor child or that Moats is the custodial
parent of the minor child.
On May 18, 2018, Davis petitioned the district court of
Madison County, Nebraska, requesting regular overnight week-
end visitation, a weeklong summer visitation, regular corre-
spondence, and regular telephone conversations with the minor
child. Davis alleged that following the breakup of Moats and
Pirnie, she has not been allowed any visitation or telephone
contact with the minor child. Davis named Moats as the only
defendant in the action, and only Moats was served a copy of
the petition.
At trial, Davis testified that she shares a loving bond with
the minor child and that they do various activities together.
Moats testified that she did not want Davis to have overnight
visitation with the minor child because of Pirnie, who, up until
he was sentenced for an unrelated criminal conviction, resided
with Davis. Moats explained that she did not want “anything
to happen [to the child] sexually,” because “[Pirnie was] get-
ting charged for [sexual assault of a child] right now.” Davis
responded that although Pirnie had lived with her for the past
several months, he was about to be sentenced in his criminal
case and would move out of her house if he avoided incarcera-
tion. Davis explained that she also would not want Pirnie to
have contact with the minor child, absent a court order.
On December 17, 2019, the district court issued an order
finding clear and convincing evidence that a significant benefi-
cial relationship exists between Davis and the minor child, that
continuation of this relationship was in the best interests of the
minor child, and that visitation between Davis and the minor
child would not adversely interfere with Moats’ parent-child
relationship. Thus, the district court granted Davis’ request
for grandparent visitation, to include one weekend every other
month; weekly telephone contact, lasting at least 30 minutes;
one week in the summer; and 2 days during the last 2 weeks
of December.
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308 Nebraska Reports
DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
On January 28, 2020, Davis filed a motion for order to show
cause, arguing Moats should be found in contempt for failing
to comply with the court’s December 2019 order. Davis alleged
that she contacted Moats on December 23, 2019, in an attempt
to schedule a visitation, but that Moats responded that she had
not received the court’s order and that she and the minor child
were in Oklahoma. Davis further alleged that on December 27,
Moats refused visitation because the child was sick with the
flu. The court entered an order on January 29, 2020, requir-
ing Moats to show cause as to why she should not be held
in contempt.
On April 10, 2020, the court found that Moats was aware
of and understood the December 2019 order. The court found
Moats to be in contempt of court and ordered her to allow
visitation between Davis and the minor child, pursuant to the
court’s previous order. The court ordered Moats to pay $500 in
attorney fees.
On April 20, 2020, Moats filed a motion to vacate and strike
the order granting grandparent visitation, the order to show
cause, and the order finding Moats in contempt and requiring
that she pay attorney fees. Moats argued that the court’s orders
should be stricken as void, because the court lacked subject
matter jurisdiction. Moats argued, inter alia, that Pirnie was an
indispensable party and that the failure to join him in the action
deprived the court of subject matter jurisdiction. Moats also
argued that Davis’ petition was dismissed by operation of law,
because Davis failed to serve Pirnie with a copy of the petition
within 180 days of the filing of the petition.
The court held a hearing on May 5, 2020, to consider Moats’
motion. At the hearing, Davis offered exhibits 9 and 10, the
affidavits of Davis and Pirnie. Both exhibits averred that Pirnie
had actual knowledge of Davis’ petition for grandparent visita-
tion and did not have any objection to its filing.
On May 8, 2020, the court overruled the motion to vacate
and strike. The court noted that Moats had not complied with
the visitation order or the order requiring the payment of
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
attorney fees, and further, the court ordered Moats to allow
visitation between Davis and the minor child. Moats appeals.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Moats assigns, restated, (1) that the December 17, 2019,
order is void and the contempt proceedings a nullity, because
the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, and (2) that
the district court erred in receiving exhibits 9 and 10 into evi-
dence, because they were irrelevant.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] Determinations concerning grandparent visitation rights
are initially entrusted to the discretion of the trial judge, whose
determination, on appeal, shall be reviewed de novo on the
record and affirmed in the absence of an abuse of the trial
judge’s discretion. 1
[2] Statutory interpretation is a question of law, which an
appellate court resolves independently of the trial court. 2
[3] A jurisdictional question which does not involve a fac-
tual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a matter
of law. 3
ANALYSIS
[4] In Nebraska, grandparent visitation is controlled by stat-
ute. 4 Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1802(1)(c) (Reissue 2016), a
grandparent may seek visitation with his or her minor grand-
child if the parents of the minor child have never been mar-
ried but paternity has been legally established. Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 43-1803(1) (Reissue 2016) states that if the minor child’s
parent or parents have never been married, a grandparent
1
Heiden v. Norris, 300 Neb. 171, 912 N.W.2d 758 (2018).
2
In re Interest of Marcella G., 287 Neb. 566, 847 N.W.2d 276 (2014).
3
Omaha Expo. & Racing v. Nebraska State Racing Comm., 307 Neb. 172,
949 N.W.2d 183 (2020).
4
Krejci v. Krejci, 304 Neb. 302, 934 N.W.2d 179 (2019).
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308 Nebraska Reports
DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
seeking visitation shall file a petition in the district court in
the county in which the minor child resides. Subsection (2)
of § 43-1803 requires that a copy of the petition be served
upon the parent or parents or other party having custody of the
child and upon any parent not having custody of such child by
personal service or in the manner provided in Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 25-517.02 (Reissue 2016).
Moats contends that since Davis failed to include Pirnie as
a party in this action and failed to properly serve Pirnie with
a copy of the petition, the district court lacked subject mat-
ter jurisdiction to hear the matter. Davis counters that Moats
lacks standing to raise the issues of Pirnie’s inclusion in the
case and whether Pirnie was properly served with a copy of
the petition.
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
[5-9] Subject matter jurisdiction is the power of a tribunal
to hear and determine a case in the general class or category
to which the proceedings in question belong and to deal with
the general subject matter involved. 5 Subject matter jurisdic-
tion also includes a court’s power to determine whether it has
the authority to address a particular question within a general
class or category that it assumes to decide or to grant the par-
ticular relief requested. 6 The failure to join an indispensable
party to a case deprives the court of subject matter jurisdiction
and cannot be waived. 7 Lack of subject matter jurisdiction
may be raised at any time by any party or by the court sua
sponte. 8 A court action taken without subject matter jurisdic-
tion is void. 9
5
Omaha Expo. & Racing, supra note 3.
6
Midwest Renewable Energy v. American Engr. Testing, 296 Neb. 73, 894
N.W.2d 221 (2017).
7
See id.
8
Omaha Expo. & Racing, supra note 3.
9
Id.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
308 Nebraska Reports
DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
Moats relies upon the Nebraska Court of Appeals’ decision
in Beal v. Endsley 10 to support her contention that Pirnie is an
indispensable party and that Davis’ failure to join him in the
action deprives the district court of subject matter jurisdiction.
In Beal, the Court of Appeals stated that “[i]n a petition filed
pursuant to § 43-1801 et seq., in that circumstance where the
grandchild’s parents are divorced, both parents should be made
parties to the proceedings.” 11 However, the language in Beal
is not dispositive here for two reasons: (1) The portion of the
opinion Moats quotes was merely dicta addressing how the
case should have been captioned, and (2) the noncustodial par-
ent entered a voluntary appearance in the matter. As a result,
we find it necessary to revisit the concepts of necessary and
indispensable parties.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-323 (Reissue 2016) states in part:
The court may determine any controversy between
parties before it when it can be done without prejudice
to the rights of others or by saving their rights; but when
a determination of the controversy cannot be had without
the presence of other parties, the court must order them to
be brought in.
[10,11] In Midwest Renewable Energy v. American Engr.
Testing, 12 we considered the application of § 25-323. In doing
so, we noted that while, historically, this court has treated nec-
essary parties the same as indispensable parties, the traditional
definition of an indispensable party contained in the second
clause of § 25-323 applies only to indispensable parties, not
to necessary ones. We went on to explain that a “necessary
party” and an “indispensable party” are two separate and dis-
tinct terms. In particular, we stated that necessary parties are
parties who have an interest in the controversy, and should
ordinarily be joined unless their interests are separable so that
10
Beal v. Endsley, 3 Neb. App. 589, 529 N.W.2d 125 (1995).
11
Id. at 592, 529 N.W.2d at 128.
12
Midwest Renewable Energy, supra note 6.
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308 Nebraska Reports
DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
the court can, without injustice, proceed in their absence. The
inclusion of a necessary party is within the trial court’s discre-
tion. 13 Indispensable parties are parties whose interest is such
that a final decree cannot be entered without affecting them,
or that termination of controversy in their absence would be
inconsistent with equity. However, there is no discretion as to
the inclusion of an indispensable party. 14
The difference between a “necessary party” and an “indis-
pensable party” is not a novel concept. In fact, the U.S. Supreme
Court has long acknowledged the difference between the two.
In an 1854 case, Shields et al. v. Barrow, 15 the Supreme Court
outlined three different classes of parties to a bill in equity. The
Court stated that the first class was formal parties. The Court
then defined the second class as “[p]ersons having an interest
in the controversy, and who ought to be made parties, in order
that the court may act on that rule which requires it to decide
on, and finally determine the entire controversy, and do com-
plete justice, by adjusting all the rights involved in it.” 16 The
Court explained that these persons were commonly referred
to as “necessary parties,” but “if their interests are separable
from those of the parties before the court, so that the court can
proceed to a decree, and do complete and final justice, without
affecting other persons not before the court, [these persons]
are not indispensable parties.” 17 The Court further defined the
third class as those who have “an interest of such a nature
that a final decree cannot be made without either affecting that
interest, or leaving the controversy in such a condition that
its final termination may be wholly inconsistent with equity
13
Id. (citing J.K. Dean, Inc. v. KSD, Inc., 709 N.W.2d 22 (S.D. 2005)). See
Reed v. Reed, 277 Neb. 391, 763 N.W.2d 686 (2009).
14
Id.
15
Shields et al. v. Barrow, 58 U.S. (17 How.) 130, 15 L. Ed. 158 (1854).
16
Id., 58 U.S. (17 How.) at 139.
17
Id.
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DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
and good conscience.” 18 The Court noted that in a case where
the rights of those before the court are inseparable from the
rights of those absent, the latter are indispensable parties. 19
[12] Later, in Hoe v. Wilson, 20 the U.S. Supreme Court held
that a court must sua sponte invoke the indispensable party
issue even though it was not raised by a party. In doing so,
the Court determined that a trial court should cause an action
to be properly amended to bring in the indispensable party, or
dismiss it, if the amendment was not made. 21
[13,14] More recently, in Provident Bank v. Patterson, 22 the
U.S. Supreme Court held that whether a person is “indispen
sable,” that is, whether a particular lawsuit must be dismissed
in the absence of that person, can be determined only in the
context of particular litigation. The Court went on to hold that
the decision whether to dismiss (i.e., the decision whether the
person missing is “indispensable”) must be based on factors
varying with the different cases, some such factors being sub-
stantive, some procedural, some compelling by themselves, and
some subject to balancing against opposing interests. 23
Most recently, in Morse v. Olmer, 24 the Court of Appeals
applied our indispensable party jurisprudence to the very issue
before us now. In Morse, the appellate court determined that
the noncustodial father was an indispensable party to the action
for grandparent visitation due to his constitutionally protected
parental rights. As such, the appellate court held that failure
to join the noncustodial father as a party deprived the district
18
Id.
19
Shields et al., supra note 15.
20
Hoe v. Wilson, 76 U.S. (9 Wall.) 501, 19 L. Ed. 762 (1869).
21
Id.
22
Provident Bank v. Patterson, 390 U.S. 102, 88 S. Ct. 733, 19 L. Ed. 2d 936
(1968).
23
Id.
24
Morse v. Olmer, 29 Neb. App. 346, 954 N.W.2d 638 (2021).
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DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
court of jurisdiction to consider the grandparents’ complaint
for visitation.
[15,16] Here, we, too, recognize that the relationship between
parent and child is constitutionally protected, and proceedings
which impact that relationship must afford both parents due
process of law. 25 Though the record before us is not clear, none
of the parties contest that Pirnie has been determined to be the
biological father of the minor child. As such, he has a consti-
tutionally protected, fundamental right to make decisions con-
cerning the care, custody, and control of the child, and actions
for grandparent visitation may affect that right. 26 Therefore,
we find the district court lacked the subject matter jurisdiction
to make a determination as to Davis’ grandparent visitation
rights without giving Pirnie the opportunity to participate in
the proceedings.
Additionally, as mentioned above, § 43-1803(2) requires that
a copy of the petition be served upon the parent or parents or
other party having custody of the child and upon any parent not
having custody of such child. We agree that it is clear from the
language of § 43-1803 that both parents should be served with
a copy of the petition in an action for grandparent visitation. As
such, Pirnie had a statutory right to be served with a copy of
the petition and given notice of the trial in the matter.
Davis, through the affidavits received as exhibits 9 and 10,
contends that Pirnie was made aware of the proceedings and
received a copy of the petition. Additionally, Pirnie’s affidavit
states that he did not object to Davis’ request for visitation.
However, Pirnie’s affidavit was executed in April 2020 and
makes no indications that he had actual notice of the pro-
ceedings while they were occurring. Further, being aware of
the proceedings or receiving a copy of the petition does not
25
Id. See, also, Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 98 S. Ct. 549, 54 L. Ed.
2d 511 (1978).
26
See State on behalf of Tina K. v. Adam B., 307 Neb. 1, 948 N.W.2d 182
(2020) (citing Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 147 L.
Ed. 2d 49 (2000)).
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DAVIS v. MOATS
Cite as 308 Neb. 757
equate to receiving personal service of the petition as required
by statute.
[17] Since Pirnie was not included in the proceedings,
the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear
Davis’ petition for grandparent visitation. As a result, the
December 17, 2019, order granting grandparent visitation is
void. A judgment entered by a court which lacks subject mat-
ter jurisdiction is void and may be attacked at any time in any
proceeding. 27
[18,19] Since the order granting grandparent visitation is
void, the order finding Moats in contempt of that order is also
void. The rule is fundamental that where the court has no juris-
diction over the subject matter of the action, all proceedings
in such action are void. 28 The rule is likewise well settled that
refusal to obey a void order or judgment is not contempt. 29
[20-22] Where a lower court lacks subject matter jurisdic-
tion to adjudicate the merits of a claim, issue, or question, an
appellate court also lacks the power to determine the merits
of the claim, issue, or question presented to the lower court. 30
When an appellate court is without jurisdiction to act, the
appeal must be dismissed. 31 However, an appellate court has
the power to determine whether it lacks jurisdiction over an
appeal because the lower court lacked jurisdiction to enter
the order; to vacate a void order; and, if necessary, to remand
the cause with appropriate directions. 32
Vacating the December 2019 order granting grandparent
visitation and the April 2020 order finding Moats in con-
tempt does not dispose of this action. The matter remains
27
VonSeggern v. Willman, 244 Neb. 565, 508 N.W.2d 261 (1993).
28
Wolski v. Lippincott, 147 Neb. 944, 25 N.W.2d 754 (1947).
29
Id.
30
Kozal v. Nebraska Liquor Control Comm., 297 Neb. 938, 902 N.W.2d 147
(2017).
31
Id.
32
Id.
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pending before the district court unless Moats’ other arguments
have merit.
Untimely Service
Moats also argues that since Pirnie was not served within
180 days of the commencement of Davis’ action, the mat-
ter was dismissed by operation of law. 33 Under § 25-217(2),
each defendant in an action must be properly served within
180 days of the commencement of the action. Subsection (3)
of § 25-217 states that if any defendant is not properly served
within the time specified in subsection (2), the action “against
that defendant” is dismissed by operation of law. (Emphasis
supplied.)
Contrary to Moats’ contention, nothing within § 25-217
states that the action is dismissed against all the defendants or
that the action stands dismissed as a whole. Further, we decline
Moats’ invitation to expand § 25-217 to include dismissal of
the action upon the failure to serve an indispensable party who
was not originally included in the action. As such, this assign-
ment of error is without merit.
Remaining Issues
[23] Moats also argues the district court erred in receiving
exhibits 9 and 10 into evidence, because they were irrelevant.
Exhibits 9 and 10 were received into evidence at the hearing on
Moats’ motion to vacate the court’s judgment and were offered
to show that Pirnie was aware of the proceedings and did not
object to Davis’ request for grandparent visitation. However,
because we have determined that the court lacked jurisdiction
to hear this matter, we decline to consider this assignment
of error. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an
analysis which is not needed to adjudicate the controversy
before it. 34
33
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-217 (Cum. Supp. 2020).
34
City of Sidney v. Municipal Energy Agency of Neb., 301 Neb. 147, 917
N.W.2d 826 (2018).
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CONCLUSION
Because the biological father was an indispensable party to
the action for grandparent visitation, but was not included in
the proceedings, the district court lacked subject matter juris-
diction to enter an order granting grandparent visitation, and
thus, that order is void and is hereby vacated. Further, because
the order granting grandparent visitation is void, the order find-
ing Moats in contempt of the order is also void and is hereby
vacated. Therefore, since this appeal is taken from void orders,
we lack jurisdiction to consider the same. Therefore, the mat-
ter is remanded to the district court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
Vacated and remanded for
further proceedings.