RENDERED: MAY 14, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-0650-MR
DELORES ZEPEDA APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM SCOTT CIRCUIT COURT
v. HONORABLE BRIAN K. PRIVETT, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 18-CI-00096
CENTRAL MOTORS, INC. APPELLEE
OPINION
AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: GOODWINE, MAZE, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.
MAZE, JUDGE: Delores Zepeda appeals from a summary judgment of the Scott
Circuit Court dismissing her claims against Central Motors, Inc. (Central Motors).
Zepeda argues that Central Motors’ failure to comply with all of the statutory
requirements of KRS1 186A.220 served to invalidate its transfer of ownership of a
1
Kentucky Revised Statutes.
vehicle to the buyer. We agree with the trial court that Central Motors
substantially complied with the requirement of KRS 186A.220(1) and strictly
complied with the requirements of KRS 186A.220(5). Therefore, ownership of the
vehicle transferred to the buyer upon delivery of possession, and Central Motors
ceased to have any obligation to insure the vehicle. Hence, we affirm the summary
judgment granted by the trial court.
This action arises out of a motor vehicle accident that occurred on
August 14, 2014, in Scott County, Kentucky. Zepeda was a passenger in a 2002
BMW 530i (the vehicle) driven by Darley Morales but owned by Juan Garcia.
Zepeda suffered injuries as a result of the crash. Morales did not survive.
Subsequently, Zepeda brought this action against Morales’ Estate and
Garcia. Zepeda also filed an action against Allstate Property and Casualty
Company, seeking underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage which had been issued
to a member of her household. And of particular relevance to this appeal, Zepeda
asserted a claim against Central Motors, alleging that its insurance is responsible
for damages because it failed to properly transfer title to Garcia.
The vehicle at issue was sold by Elite Motors of Clarksville,
Tennessee on August 23, 2012. Tennessee issued a title with a lien held by Elite
Motors. Subsequently, the purchasers failed to pay the loan and the vehicle was
repossessed. On March 14, 2014, Elite Motors sold its interest in the vehicle to
-2-
Loan Portfolio Services. Central Motors purchased the vehicle on March 19, 2014,
and brought the vehicle to Lexington on the same date. The parties agree that
Central Motors did not notify the Fayette County Clerk that the vehicle had been
brought into the county within 15 days, as required by KRS 186A.220(1). The
parties also agree that Central Motors did not pay the transfer fee within 15 days,
as required by KRS 186A.220.
On July 24, 2014, Garcia executed a purchase agreement with Central
Motors for the vehicle. As part of that transaction, he also executed a power of
attorney that permitted Central Motors to execute any other paperwork necessary
to transfer title. At that time, Garcia paid Central Motors the necessary fees
required to transfer title and fees. In addition, Garcia executed a retail finance
agreement to finance his purchase of the vehicle from Central Motors. Finally,
Safe Auto Insurance issued an Auto Insurance Policy Declaration on behalf of
Garcia, which was provided to Central Motors. Garcia took possession of the
vehicle the same day.
On August 11, 2014, Central Motors submitted the documents to the
Fayette County Clerk. These documents included an application for a motor
vehicle title. Central Motors paid the required fees at that time. On August 13,
Central Motors filed a title lien statement with the Woodford County Clerk, which
was Garcia’s county of residence. The title for the vehicle was issued in Garcia’s
-3-
name on August 15, and the vehicle registration was completed and delivered to
Garcia on August 18. These latter two dates were after the accident.
Central Motors moved for summary judgment, arguing that it was not
the owner of the vehicle for insurance purposes as a matter of law. Zepeda filed a
cross-motion for summary judgment, arguing that Central Motors remained the
owner of the vehicle and primarily liable for insurance coverage. The trial court
agreed with Central Motors, finding that it substantially complied with all statutory
requirements to effectively transfer the vehicle to Garcia on July 24, 2014.
Even though Central Motors failed to notify the county clerk when it
received the vehicle from out of state under KRS 186A.220, the trial court held
that it cured that defect and substantially complied with the statute when it
delivered the documents and application of title to the county clerk on August 11,
2014. Because it complied with all requirements of a valid transfer, the trial court
concluded that Central Motors was not the owner of the vehicle on August 14,
2014, and had no owner liability at that time.
Finding no genuine issues of material fact, the trial court granted
Central Motors’ motion for summary judgment and denied Zepeda’s cross-motion.
The court designated its order as final and appealable pursuant to CR2 54.02, and
Zepeda’s other claims remain pending. This appeal followed.
2
Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
-4-
“[T]he proper function of summary judgment is to terminate litigation
when, as a matter of law, it appears that it would be impossible for the respondent
to produce evidence at the trial warranting a judgment in his favor.” Steelvest, Inc.
v. Scansteel Service Center, Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 480 (Ky. 1991). Summary
judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories,
stipulations, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” CR 56.03. The record must be viewed
in a light most favorable to the party opposing the motion for summary judgment,
and all doubts are to be resolved in his favor. Steelvest, 807 S.W.2d at 480. The
trial court must examine the evidence, not to decide any issue of fact, but to
discover if a real issue exists. Id. Since a summary judgment involves no fact-
finding, this Court’s review is de novo, in the sense that we owe no deference to
the conclusions of the trial court. Scifres v. Kraft, 916 S.W.2d 779, 781 (Ky. App.
1996).
In this case, there are no disputed issues of material fact. Rather, the
only question is whether Central Motors remained the owner of the vehicle for
insurance purposes on August 14, 2014 due to its failure to comply with the
statutory requirements of KRS 186A.220. “Kentucky is a certificate of title state
for the purposes of determining ownership of a motor vehicle and requiring
-5-
liability insurance coverage.” Potts v. Draper, 864 S.W.2d 896, 898 (Ky. 1993).
See also KRS 186.010(7)(a) (defining “owner” to mean “a person who holds the
legal title of a vehicle or a person who pursuant to a bona fide sale has received
physical possession of the vehicle subject to any applicable security interest.”).
However, KRS 186A.220(5) “created an exception to the general statutory scheme
that makes the title holder the owner of a vehicle for insurance purposes.” Auto
Acceptance Corp. v. T.I.G. Ins. Co., 89 S.W.3d 398, 401 (Ky. 2002). Specifically,
if the dealer chooses to retain the title documents and deliver them directly to the
county clerk, then “the dealer shall require from the purchaser proof of insurance
as mandated by KRS 304.39-080 before delivering possession of the vehicle.”
KRS 186A.220(5)(b). See also Travelers Indem. Co. v. Armstrong, 565 S.W.3d
550 (Ky. 2018).
As discussed above, Central Motors obtained proof of insurance from
Garcia prior to delivering possession of the vehicle to him. However, Central
Motors failed to comply strictly with other requirements of KRS 186A.220. First,
Central Motors did not notify the clerk of its assignment within 15 days when it
purchased the vehicle and brought it into Kentucky as required by KRS
186A.220(1). And second, Central Motors failed to deliver the application for title
transferring to Garcia prior to the accident. Because Central Motors failed to
-6-
strictly comply with these provisions, Zepeda argues that it is not entitled to take
advantage of the “safe harbor” provisions of KRS 186A.220(5).
But in Travelers, the Kentucky Supreme Court rejected this argument,
holding as follows:
The provisions in sections 1 to 4 of KRS 186A.220 are
directory, rather than mandatory. By violating the strict
requirements of the provisions (namely, the 15 day
requirement) but still accomplishing the goal (notifying
the clerk of the acquisition of the vehicle), the intention
of the statute is still upheld. We note that, in describing
this statute as directory, this does not mean non-
compliance is permissible. If the dealer fails to comply,
at all, then there is no compliance with KRS 186A.220
and the dealer is still the “owner.” However, substantial
compliance, i.e., late compliance, may still allow the
dealer to take advantage of the exception in KRS
186.010(7)(c). The intention of the legislature in those
provisions was to effectuate an efficient registration and
titling process. If a dealer complies with these
requirements late, it does not vitiate the overarching goal.
Thus, the statute is directory and substantial compliance
is sufficient for those sections. A licensed dealer,
therefore, can cure an untimely compliance with KRS
186A.220, sections 1 through 4, by complying at a later
date. If an accident occurs before the dealer has
complied (in which case, at that point, there would be no
compliance rather than substantial compliance), that
dealer will still be the statutory “owner” of the vehicle.
If the dealer has complied before the accident, it can still
avail itself of the exception in KRS 186.010(7)(c). It,
therefore, greatly behooves a dealer to timely comply
with these requirements lest it be liable for damages
before it complies.
Id. at 567 (footnotes omitted).
-7-
The Court in Travelers made it clear that “when the proper legal
documents are transferred from the dealer to the buyer, the responsibility for
insurance coverage on the part of the dealer ceases.” Id. (quoting Auto Acceptance
Corp., 89 S.W.3d at 400-01, and Nantz v. Lexington Lincoln Mercury Subaru, 947
S.W.2d 36, 38-39 (Ky. 1997)). Even if the dealer fails to strictly comply with the
requirements of KRS 186A.220(1)-(4), the dealer will not be considered the owner
of the vehicle if it complied with those requirements prior to the accident and it
verified the buyer’s insurance prior to delivering possession. The controlling
question is whether Central Motors complied with the statutory requirements prior
to the accident on August 14, 2014.
Zepeda notes that Central Motors has never notified the county clerk
of its acquisition of the out-of-state vehicle by completing the statutory form.
Consequently, Zepeda argues that Central Motors did not substantially comply
with all of the requirements of the statute. Thus, Zepeda concludes that Central
Motors remains an owner of the vehicle notwithstanding its compliance with the
provisions of KRS 186A.220(5).
The trial court held that, when Central Motors delivered the required
paperwork to the Fayette County Clerk on August 11, 2014, that paperwork was
sufficient to constitute substantial compliance with the notification requirement of
KRS 186A.220(1). The Court in Travelers noted that a single failure to strictly
-8-
comply with a requirement of KRS 186A.220(1)-(4) does not result in the dealer
remaining the statutory owner forever, without any recourse. “Such a policy
would bring the auto industry to a halt and cause a whirlwind of legal squabbles
without merit, also undermining the goals of these statutory provisions.”
Travelers, 565 S.W.3d at 556. On the other hand, the Court in Travelers also
recognized that “not following the letter of the law in KRS 186A.220 . . . would
undermine and diminish the legislative intent.” Id. As a result, if a dealer fails to
comply with one of the requirements in sections (1) through (4), then there is no
compliance, substantial or otherwise, and the dealer will remain the statutory
owner of the vehicle. Id. The fact that Garcia had insurance coverage for the
vehicle is not relevant to a determination of whether Central Motors substantially
complied with its statutory duties. Gainsco Companies v. Gentry, 191 S.W.3d 633,
637 (Ky. 2006).
By failing to strictly comply with the requirements of KRS
186A.220(1), Central Motors took the risk that it would retain responsibility for
insurance coverage on the vehicle. Furthermore, Central Motors never filed the
statutory form notifying the Fayette County Clerk of its acquisition of the vehicle
from out-of-state. However, the purpose of KRS 186A.220(1), along with other
provisions of the statute, is “to regulate and license dealers of vehicles doing
business in this state, in order to prevent frauds, impositions, and other abuses
-9-
upon its citizens, and to protect and preserve the investments and properties of the
citizens of this state.” Travelers, 565 S.W.3d at 559 (quoting KRS 190.015).
Consequently, the provisions of KRS 186A.220 should be read broadly to further
that purpose. Id. at 565.
By filing the required paperwork to transfer the vehicle to Garcia,
Central Motors accomplished the purpose of KRS 186A.220(1). Under Travelers,
Central Motors’ actions amount to “substantial compliance” with the statute.
Moreover, Central obtained proof of insurance from Garcia before giving him
possession of the vehicle, and it filed the application for a certificate of title with
the required fees prior to the accident.
KRS 186.010(7)(c) provides that
[a] licensed motor vehicle dealer who transfers physical
possession of a motor vehicle to a purchaser pursuant to a
bona fide sale, and complies with the requirements of
KRS 186A.220, shall not be deemed the owner of that
motor vehicle solely due to an assignment to his
dealership or a certificate of title in the dealership’s
name. Rather, under these circumstances, ownership
shall transfer upon delivery of the vehicle to the
purchaser, subject to any applicable security interest[.]
Since Central Motors strictly complied with the requirements of KRS
186A.220(5) and substantially complied with the other requirements of KRS
186A.220(5), we agree with the trial court that it is entitled to take advantage of the
exception in KRS 186.010(7)(c). Nevertheless, Zepeda argues that Central
-10-
Motors’ delivery of the documents to the Fayette County Clerk on August 11, 2014
was not sufficient to constitute strict compliance with KRS 186A.220(5). The title
was not issued in Zepeda’s name until August 15, 2014, and the vehicle was not
registered in Zepeda’s name until August 18. Since both of these dates occurred
after August 14, Zepeda maintains that Central Motors remained the owner of the
vehicle on the date of the accident.
However, Zepeda’s reading of KRS 186A.220(5) is not consistent
with a plain reading of KRS 186.010(7)(c), which deems ownership to transfer
upon delivery of the vehicle. Furthermore, the current version of KRS
186A.220(5) makes clear that the dealer has two options to transfer title to a
vehicle. First, the dealer “shall deliver the properly assigned certificate of title, and
other documents if appropriate, to such purchaser, who shall make application for
registration and a certificate of title thereon.” KRS 186A.220(5)(a). When the
dealer assigns a vehicle to a purchaser under this section, “the transfer and delivery
of the vehicle is effective immediately upon the delivery of all necessary legal
documents, or copies thereof, including proof of insurance . . . .” KRS
186A.220(5). In the alternative, the dealer may, with the purchaser’s consent,
deliver the assigned certificate of title and other appropriate documents directly to
the county clerk and make application for registration and a certificate of title.
KRS 186A.220(5)(b). When this section is read in conjunction with KRS
-11-
186.010(7)(c), the only reasonable interpretation is that the legislature intended
ownership of the vehicle would pass to the buyer upon compliance with the
requirements of KRS 186A.220(5)(b) and delivery of the vehicle.
In any event, Central Motors had filed all necessary paperwork and
paid all required fees necessary to transfer the vehicle prior to the date of the
accident. Therefore, we agree with the trial court that Central Motors was not the
owner of the vehicle on August 14, 2014, and had no liability for insurance
coverage. Consequently, the trial court properly granted summary judgment for
Central Motors on this issue.
Accordingly, we affirm the summary judgment entered by the Scott
Circuit Court.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEF FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Joseph Rugg R. Craig Reinhardt
Lexington, Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky
-12-