State Of Washington, V. Shamarr D. Parker

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 82049-4-I

Respondent, DIVISION ONE

v.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
SHAMARR DERRICK PARKER,

Appellant.

CHUN, J. — In 2008, 17-year-old A.W. arrived home late and told her

mother that a stranger had raped her. A.W.’s mother called 911. The police

identified Shamarr Parker as a suspect, located him using a cell site simulator

(CSS), and arrested him. The State charged Parker with first degree kidnapping,

first degree robbery, and first degree rape, all with a deadly weapon. A jury

found Parker guilty of kidnapping and robbery but deadlocked on the rape

charge. Parker filed a successful personal restraint petition and obtained a

retrial.

Before the second trial, Parker learned that the police used a CSS to

locate him despite not disclosing it in their warrant application. Parker moved to

dismiss the case based on government misconduct and, in the alternative, to

suppress evidence. The trial court denied the motions.

At the second trial, over Parker’s objections, the court admitted (1) a 911

call, (2) A.W.’s mother’s testimony, and (3) the testimony of a sexual assault

Citations and pin cites are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material.
No. 82049-4-I/2

nurse examiner (SANE). A jury found Parker guilty of kidnapping and robbery

and not guilty of rape. The trial court found Parker indigent but imposed legal

financial obligations (LFOs).

Given our Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Mayfield, 192 Wn.2d 871,

434 P.3d 58 (2019)—which issued after the second trial—we remand for the trial

court to hold a suppression hearing on the issue of attenuation with respect to

the CSS. In the event Parker’s convictions stand, we also remand to strike a

$200 filing fee and an interest accrual provision. We otherwise affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

In December 2008, 17-year-old A.W. arrived home late and told her

mother, Tracy Nephew,1 that a stranger had raped her at knifepoint. Nephew

called 911. A.W. went to the hospital and a SANE examined her.

Police identified Parker as a suspect based on A.W.’s recollection of the

alleged attacker’s car and license plate number. Pierce County Superior Court

issued an arrest warrant for Parker. Also, police obtained a search warrant to

use a pen register and trap and trace device to locate Parker. They also used a

CSS, which they had not disclosed in their warrant application. Police found

Parker at the home of Dacia Birka, an ex-girlfriend with whom Parker shared a

child. When Parker left the residence with Birka, police followed them and

arrested Parker in a parking lot.

The State charged Parker with first degree kidnapping, first degree

robbery, and first degree rape, all with a deadly weapon. A jury found Parker

1
Tracy Nephew’s name was Tracy Miller at the time of the first trial.

2
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guilty of first degree kidnapping and first degree robbery both with a deadly

weapon. The jury deadlocked on the rape charge.

Parker appealed based on sufficiency of the evidence on the kidnapping

conviction. Division Two of this court affirmed. Parker then filed a personal

restraint petition based on prosecutorial misconduct during the trial and

ineffective assistance of counsel during his appeal. Division Two granted the

petition, reversed his convictions, and remanded for a new trial.

The State again charged Parker with first degree kidnapping, first degree

robbery, and first degree rape, all with a deadly weapon.

Before the second trial, Parker discovered that the police had used a CSS,

commonly known as a Stingray, to locate him before his arrest, despite not

mentioning its use in their warrant application. Parker moved for dismissal under

CrR 8.3(b) and, in the alternative, suppression of evidence discovered as a result

of the search. The trial court denied the motions.

At the second trial, A.W. testified that Parker forced her into his car at

knifepoint, drove her to another location, robbed her of some marijuana and

cash, and raped her.

Parker did not testify. He presented a defense theory that A.W. met him

voluntarily to sell him marijuana, and that he robbed her but did not kidnap or

rape her. Parker contended that A.W. alleged rape and kidnapping as revenge

for the robbery and to avoid trouble for arriving home late and being with her

older boyfriend.

A.W. denied knowing Parker before the attack and denied voluntarily

3
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meeting him to sell him drugs. Over the course of trial, A.W. admitted in her

testimony that she had not been truthful at first and had omitted information on

certain occasions. Just after the incident, she told her mother she was with

friends rather than her boyfriend that day. She at first told no one that she had

sex with her boyfriend that day and she acknowledged that she answered falsely

when the SANE asked her when she had last had sex. And she initially told no

one that she possessed marijuana or that Parker stole it from her. Also, A.W.

initially told people and testified that no one would lend her their phone after the

attack, but during cross-examination she admitted that someone had lent her

their phone and that she called her boyfriend, and her boyfriend testified that she

called him that day.

A.W.’s mother, Nephew, and the SANE also testified. Birka, Parker’s ex-

girlfriend, was unavailable, so the State introduced her testimony from the first

trial.

The jury found Parker guilty of first degree kidnapping and first degree

robbery, both with a deadly weapon. The jury found him not guilty of first degree

rape. The court found Parker indigent yet imposed a $200 filing fee and interest.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Denial of Motion to Dismiss Under CrR 8.3(b)

Parker says that the trial court erred in denying his CrR 8.3(b) motion to

dismiss because the police committed misconduct by omitting the CSS from the

warrant application. The State responds that the police did not commit

misconduct and that, even if misconduct occurred, it did not prejudice Parker.

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We conclude that the trial court acted within its discretion in denying Parker’s

motion because he has not established actual prejudice.

We review a trial court’s decision on a motion to dismiss under CrR 8.3(b)

for abuse of discretion. State v. Koeller, 15 Wn. App. 2d 245, 251, 477 P.3d 61

(2020). “A court abuses its discretion where its decision rests on untenable

grounds or was made for untenable reasons.” Id.

CrR 8.3(b) provides that a “court, in the furtherance of justice, after notice

and hearing, may dismiss any criminal prosecution due to arbitrary action or

governmental misconduct when there has been prejudice to the rights of the

accused which materially affect the accused’s right to a fair trial.” Thus, a

movant must show by a preponderance of the evidence (1) arbitrary action or

misconduct by the government, and (2) prejudice affecting the movant’s right to a

fair trial. Koeller, 15 Wn. App. 2d at 251; State v. Kone, 165 Wn. App. 420, 432–

33, 266 P.3d 916 (2011). Dismissal under CrR 8.3(b) is an “‘extraordinary

remedy’” and should be granted “‘only as a last resort.’” Koeller, 15 Wn. App. 2d

at 251 (quoting State v. Brooks, 149 Wn. App. 373, 384, 203 P.3d 397 (2009);

see also State v. Oppelt, 172 Wn.2d 285, 297–98, 257 P.3d 653 (2011) (“Like the

due process balancing test, even where a defendant shows some actual

prejudice and State misconduct, the judge may in [their] discretion refuse to

dismiss under CrR 8.3(b) if the actual prejudice is slight and the misconduct is

not too egregious.”).

In moving for dismissal under CrR 8.3(b), “[t]he movant . . . bears the

burden of demonstrating prejudice.” State v. Salgado-Mendoza, 189 Wn.2d 420,

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431, 403 P.3d 45 (2017). “[T]he defendant must show actual prejudice, not

merely speculative prejudice, affected [their] right to a fair trial.” Kone, 165 Wn.

App. at 433; see also Salgado-Mendoza, 189 Wn.2d at 431–32 (“Our case law

makes clear that a party cannot meet this burden by generally alleging prejudice

to [their] fair trial rights”). A defendant does not establish prejudice by showing

merely “expense, inconvenience, or additional delay within the speedy trial

period; the misconduct must interfere with the defendant’s ability to present [their]

case.” City of Kent v. Sandhu, 159 Wn. App. 836, 841, 247 P.3d 454 (2011).

And dismissal “should be limited to egregious cases of mismanagement

or misconduct.” State v. Hand, 199 Wn. App. 887, 898, 401 P.3d 367 (2017).

Pierce County Superior Court issued a bench warrant for Parker’s arrest.

Police obtained a cell phone number from Parker’s mother that they suspected to

be his number. To locate Parker, the police applied for a warrant under the

Washington State Criminal Records Privacy Act2 to place a pen register and a

trap and trace device on the cell phone number. A pen register identifies the

numbers dialed by the specified phone number and a trap and trace identifies the

phone numbers of incoming calls to the specified phone number.

RCW 9.73.260(d), (e). In the warrant application, the police also said that they

wanted the court to order the cell service provider, T-Mobile, to share the general

geographic location of Parker’s cell phone by identifying the cell tower connected

to the phone. The police, however, did not say anything about the use of a CSS

2
Chapter 10.97 RCW.

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No. 82049-4-I/7

in the application. The trial court issued an order3 approving the use of a pen

register and trap and trace device and the discovery of Parker’s location through

T-Mobile. The court sealed the warrant application and warrant.

According to the police report, officers identified Birka’s address as a

location where Parker may be hiding. Police surveilled the residence. Police say

they used a CSS to confirm that Parker’s phone, and thus presumably Parker

himself, was in the residence. A CSS makes cell phones in its vicinity connect to

it rather than the nearest cell tower and therefore provides real-time, geographic

locations on all switched-on cell phones in the area, as well as access to data

and identifying information. RCW 9.73.260(f); see also People v. Gordon, 58

Misc. 3d 544, 549–50, 68 N.Y.S.3d 306, 310 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2017) (“Documents

in the public domain suggest that Stingrays can obtain and record a wide array of

data from an individual’s cell phone, including highly precise real-time cell phone

location and the contents of voice and text communications.”). Once Parker and

Birka left the residence, police followed them and arrested Parker in public.

Throughout the first trial, the defense, prosecution, and trial court did not

know that the police had used a CSS to locate Parker. After Parker’s failed direct

appeal, an investigatory news story revealed the use of CSSs in police

investigations. See Kate Martin, Tacoma Police Using Surveillance Device to

Sweep up Cellphone Data, TACOMA NEWS TRIB. (last updated Feb. 25, 2016 9:41

PM) https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article25878184.html

3
“A court order may function as a warrant so long as it meets constitutional
requirements.” State v. Garcia-Salgado, 170 Wn.2d 176, 186, 240 P.3d 153 (2010).
Parker does not dispute the validity of this order.

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No. 82049-4-I/8

[https://perma.cc/HM36-WR56]. Pierce County Superior Court unsealed

warrants for cases in which police used a CSS, including Parker’s case. Parker

did not know about the use of the CSS until after his personal restraint petition

succeeded. In 2015, the legislature amended RCW 9.73.260 to include the use

of a CSS as an action for which law enforcement needs a warrant. RCW

9.73.260(2).

Before the second trial, Parker moved to dismiss the case under

CrR 8.3(b), saying that the police officers’ use of the CSS after failing to disclose

it in the warrant application was government misconduct justifying dismissal. The

trial court held a hearing on the issue and expressed concern about the police

officers’ lack of candor and that the search was wider than the warrant

anticipated and affected more people’s privacy than just Parker’s. But the court

stated that to “have police officers held accountable and exclude evidence or

dismiss a case eight years later because of what we know now and the law

developed at this point does not serve justice at all.”4 The court ultimately denied

the motion.

Because Parker failed to establish prejudice, the trial court acted within its

discretion in denying dismissal. Parker told the trial court that he should not have

to show prejudice, and on appeal, he makes only a conclusory statement that his

4
Parker says that the trial court improperly based its decision on a “good faith”
theory, but as the State correctly notes, that doctrine is an exception to the exclusionary
rule, which is not at issue. See State v. Afana, 169 Wn.2d 169, 184, 233 P.3d 879
(2010) (J.M. Johnson, J., concurring). Here, in addressing the motion to dismiss, the
trial court was apparently noting the officers’ intent and understanding of the law when
they applied for the warrant to assess the alleged misconduct.

8
No. 82049-4-I/9

right to a fundamentally fair proceeding was prejudiced because he was deprived

of knowledge about the use of the CSS during his first trial, appeal, and personal

restraint petition.

Given that dismissal is a “last resort” and the trial court had a chance to

suppress evidence rather than dismiss the case outright, the trial court acted

within its discretion in denying Parker’s CrR 8.3(b) motion to dismiss.5 See State

v. Wilson, 149 Wn.2d 1, 12, 65 P.3d 657 (2003) (noting that the trial court

ignored “intermediate remedial steps,” such as excluding testimony, before

resorting to dismissal (quoting State v. Koerber, 85 Wn. App. 1, 4, 931 P.2d 904

(1996))); Koeller, 15 Wn. App. 2d at 251.

B. Denial of Motion to Suppress

Parker says that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress

evidence in several ways.6 He contends that the use of the CSS was an unlawful

5
The State also says that the trial court properly denied the motion to dismiss the
case for “extreme and outrageous” conduct by the officers. Parker does mention the
words “extreme and outrageous” in an assignment of error but makes no argument that
the trial court should have dismissed the case as such. He makes only a CrR 8.3(b)
dismissal argument. Thus, we do not address this issue. See Cowiche Canyon
Conservancy v. Bosley, 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992) (courts need not
address a claim unsupported by argument).
6
Parker says the trial court applied the good faith exception to the suppression
motion and that the doctrine does not apply under Washington law. But the trial court
merely stated:
In part, it is 2010 and exactly how well developed the law was at that time,
wasn’t very well developed in this particular area, and have police officers
held accountable and exclude evidence or dismiss a case eight years later
because of what we know now and the law developed at this point does
not serve justice at all. I submit to you does not. I will not dismiss the case.
The trial court was clearly addressing the motion to dismiss and not the motion to
suppress.
Parker also says the trial court erred by denying his request for a Franks hearing.
See Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 164, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667 (1978).
But a Franks hearing is required only when the probable cause underlying the warrant is

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search and that the trial court should have suppressed “evidence from Birka” as

fruit of the poisonous tree. The State counters that no unlawful conduct

occurred, and even if it did, the evidence was sufficiently attenuated to support

denial of the suppression motion.7 In light of Mayfield, we remand for a

suppression hearing to address attenuation.

When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we review

whether substantial evidence supports challenged findings of fact and whether

the findings support the conclusions of law. State v. Ward, 182 Wn. App. 574,

587, 330 P.3d 203 (2014). We “review conclusions of law relating to the

suppression of evidence de novo.” State v. Betancourth, 190 Wn.2d 357, 363,

413 P.3d 566 (2018).

in dispute. State v. O’Neal, 126 Wn. App. 395, 410, 109 P.3d 429 (2005), aff’d, 159
Wn.2d 500, 150 P.3d 1121 (2007) (requiring a Franks hearing when the defendant
makes a preliminary showing that an officer made a false statement in applying for a
warrant and the “false statement was necessary to a finding of probable cause”). The
trial court did not err because any false statement by the officers about use of the CSS
was not “necessary to a finding of probable cause.” Id.
7
Parker highlights that the trial court did not enter required written findings of fact
and conclusions of law. Under CrR 3.6(a), if a party moves to suppress evidence, the
trial court must decide whether to hold an evidentiary hearing. If it holds a hearing, it
must enter written findings of fact and conclusions of law. CrR 3.6(b). If it decides not to
hold a hearing, it must “enter a written order setting forth its reasons.” CrR 3.6(a).
Parker did not specifically invoke CrR 3.6 in his motion to suppress. But given that the
basis for his motion was constitutional, the motion sought suppression within the scope
of CrR 3.6. 5 KARL B. TEGLAND, W ASHINGTON PRACTICE: EVIDENCE LAW AND PRACTICE §
103.3 (6th ed. 2016) (“Likewise, a motion in limine should be distinguished from a motion
in a criminal case to suppress evidence on constitutional grounds.”). The trial court did
not hold a CrR 3.6 hearing on the motion and did not explain why in writing. But as we
are remanding for a suppression hearing, we need not address this issue further.

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1. Scope of warrant

We review de novo whether a search violated article I, section 78 of the

Washington State Constitution. State v. Witkowski, 3 Wn. App. 2d 318, 324, 415

P.3d 639 (2018) (Sutton, J., concurring).

Article I, section 7 provides, “No person shall be disturbed in his private

affairs, or his home invaded, without authority of law.” The use of a CSS to

locate someone’s phone inside a residence is a search under article I, section 7,

which requires a warrant. See State v. Muhammad, 194 Wn.2d 577, 584, 451

P.3d 1060 (2019) (“Individuals have a constitutional privacy right to their cell

phone location data”). We note that in 2015, the legislature amended RCW

9.73.260 to include the use of a CSS as an action for which law enforcement

needs a warrant. RCW 9.73.260(2). Police must stay “strictly within the scope”

of a search warrant when executing it. Witkowski, 3 Wn. App. 2d at 325. And we

assess warrants in a “commonsense, practical manner, not in a hypertechnical

sense.” Id.

A CSS differs functionally from a trap and trace device or a pen register.

A CSS provides real-time location information about any switched-on cell phone

in the area. It can also pinpoint more precisely the location of a cell phone

compared to identifying the location of the cell tower connected to a phone.

Through the warrant, the court approved the use of a pen register and a trap and

trace and permitted the discovery of the closest cell tower connected to Parker’s

8
In this section, we address only article I, section 7 because it is “more protective
than the Fourth Amendment in the search and seizure context.” State v. Eserjose, 171
Wn.2d 907, 913, 259 P.3d 172 (2011).

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No. 82049-4-I/12

phone.

The State says that the officers referenced the most functionally similar

technology—the trap and trace device—that the Privacy Act addressed at the

time of the warrant application, and the warrant approved finding Parker’s

location, so the search was proper. But the lack of a statutory definition for a

CSS did not prevent the officers from seeking a search warrant for the use of

one.

The State also says that police officers have discretion in deciding how to

execute a search warrant. But they must still stay within the scope of the

warrant. See Witkowski, 3 Wn. App. 2d at 325.

A commonsense reading of the warrant shows that use of a CSS falls

outside of its scope.9 The warrant authorized use of a pen register and trap and

trace device and permitted the discovery of the general geographic location of

Parker’s cell phone. A CSS is more precise and more invasive than the devices

the warrant allows; its use reveals information about the inside of a home,

namely the presence of the targeted cell phone. The officers exceeded the

scope of the search warrant by using a CSS and this conduct violated article I,

9
In United States v. Lambis, 197 F. Supp. 3d 606 (S.D.N.Y. 2016), the court held
under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution that a warrant for a pen
register device and cell site location information (CSLI) did not authorize officers to use a
CSS to locate the defendant. Id. at 611. The court noted that a CSS provides more
precise location data than CSLI, which shows only an approximate location of the cell
phone’s past use. Id. at 608–09, 611. And Article I, section 7 is more protective of
privacy rights than the Fourth Amendment. See Eserjose, 171 Wn.2d at 913.
In State v. Andrews, 227 Md. App. 350, 376–77, 134 A.3d 324 (2016), the court
noted that a CSS—able to obtain active real-time location information—is “far different”
from a pen register or a trap and trace device and held that a warrant for the latter two
devices did not authorize the use of a CSS.

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section 7.10 We thus next address whether the attenuation doctrine allows for the

admission of Birka’s testimony.

2. Attenuation doctrine

Parker says the trial court erred by admitting the evidence under the

attenuation doctrine. Citing Mayfield, which issued after his second trial and

which rejects the broad federal attenuation doctrine, he says that the trial court

should have suppressed Birka’s testimony.11 He seeks reversal on this ground.

In the alternative, Parker requests that we remand for development of the record

on attenuation given the narrower standard from Mayfield. The State says that

Mayfield does not affect the admissibility of a third party’s voluntary testimony.

We remand as Parker requests.

Preliminarily, Parker does not identify specifically which evidence he

seeks to suppress. In his motion to suppress, he identified Birka’s testimony and

his DNA. In its brief on appeal, the State addressed Birka’s testimony, Parker’s

DNA, and Parker’s jacket, which Birka gave to the police. On appeal, Parker

10
Parker says the trial court erred by determining that he had a diminished
expectation of privacy based on his arrest and Department of Corrections (DOC)
warrants. The trial court correctly concluded that Parker had a reduced expectation of
privacy given his DOC warrant, see State v. Winterstein, 167 Wn.2d 620, 628, 220 P.3d
1226 (2009) (holding that those under community supervision have a lesser expectation
of privacy); Secretary’s Warrants, W ASH. DEP’T OF CORRECTIONS (showing that the DOC
can issue arrest warrants for individuals who violate conditions of community custody),
https://www.doc.wa.gov/information/warrants/default.htm [https://perma.cc/MG8K-
ADYA]. But we have found no law supporting the proposition that an arrest warrant
reduces an individual’s expectation of privacy. In any event, as discussed above, we
conclude that the police exceeded the warrant’s scope.
11
Mayfield applies here because Parker’s case is not yet final. See State v.
Wences, 189 Wn.2d 675, 677, 406 P.3d 267 (2017) (“[a] new rule for the conduct of
criminal prosecutions is to be applied . . . to all cases, state or federal, pending on direct
review or not yet final.” (alteration in original) (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of St. Pierre,
118 Wn.2d 321, 326, 823 P.2d 492 (1992))).

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simply seeks to exclude “evidence from Birka and her testimony.” Because he

did not seek to suppress the jacket below, he waived that argument. See

RAP 2.5 (an “appellate court may refuse to review any claim of error which was

not raised in the trial court”). And because Parker does not mention his DNA on

appeal, we assess only whether the trial court erred in admitting Birka’s

testimony.

The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine requires the suppression of both

physical and verbal evidence resulting from an unconstitutional search.12 State

v. Perez, 5 Wn. App. 2d 867, 881, 428 P.3d 1251, review granted, cause

remanded, 193 Wn.2d 1008, 439 P.3d 1075 (2019). The attenuation doctrine

serves as an exception to that requirement. See Mayfield, 192 Wn.2d at 874.

After Parker’s second trial, our Supreme Court rejected the broad federal

attenuation doctrine and held that “the attenuation doctrine must be narrow and

apply only where intervening circumstances have genuinely severed the causal

connection between official misconduct and the discovery of evidence.” Id. at

874–75. Before Mayfield, the application of the attenuation doctrine as a matter

of state constitutional law was an open question. Id. at 882. Mayfield relies on

the principle that “the primary purpose of Washington’s exclusionary rule is not to

12
Citing State v. Hilton, 164 Wn. App. 81, 261 P.3d 683 (2011), the State says
that the exclusionary rule does not apply to the testimony of third parties even if their
identities are discovered as a result of an illegal search. There, Division Three of this
court said, “Typically, the testimony of a witness whose identity is discovered through a
constitutional violation is not suppressed; the free will of the witness attenuates any taint
that led to the discovery of the witness.” Id. at 89. But it did not announce a categorical
rule and the case predates Mayfield. Also, neither the trial court nor the parties
developed the record regarding Birka’s free will.

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No. 82049-4-I/15

deter official misconduct under threat of suppression” as the federal rule does,

but to “protect the individual right to privacy and to provide a certain remedy

when that right is violated.” Id. The court held that the state’s narrow attenuation

doctrine requires the State to
prove that unforeseen intervening circumstances genuinely severed
the causal connection between official misconduct and the discovery
of evidence. The State cannot meet its burden by merely showing
that there are one or more additional proximate causes of the
discovery of evidence. The question of whether intervening
circumstances constitute a superseding cause is a highly fact-
specific inquiry that must account for the totality of the
circumstances, just as it is in the context of tort law.

Id. at 898. The court noted that “unforeseeable acts of independent free will”

may constitute a sufficient “intervening circumstance.” Id. at 892, 895 (noting

that under the historical version of the federal attenuation doctrine

“unforeseeable acts of independent free will” were sufficient and stating that the

historical version may be compatible with article I, section 7).

An appellate court may remand for a trial court to hold a suppression

hearing based on new case law. For example, in State v. Robinson, our

Supreme Court remanded two cases to the trial court for suppression hearings,

noting that the State had not had the incentive to fully develop the records in light

of new case law. 171 Wn.2d 292, 307, 253 P.3d 84 (2011). The court stated:
At these hearings, both the State and the petitioners will be permitted
to further develop the record. If the trial court finds that the evidence
was admissible, the conviction stands affirmed. If, on the other hand,
the trial court finds the evidence was inadmissible, it must then
determine whether the remaining evidence was sufficient to uphold
the conviction. If so, the conviction is affirmed. If not, the conviction
is reversed.

Id.

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No. 82049-4-I/16

The only information in the record about Birka’s interactions with the police

comes from police reports. After the police used the CSS to locate Parker, they

watched him leave Birka’s residence and drive away with her. The police

stopped the car and arrested Parker. When the police stated they were arresting

him for assault, Birka said, “[Y]ou mean a rape.” This statement was not

introduced at trial. The police then asked Birka if she would speak with them and

she told them to meet her at her home later that day. She invited the police into

her home and spoke with them. During this visit, Birka did not tell the police

about inculpatory statements that Parker had made to her. Sixteen days later,

Birka spoke with officers again. The circumstances are unclear. But Birka

shared Parker’s statements about robbing A.W. She then testified at the first trial

and the State introduced her testimony at the second trial.

In denying Parker’s motion to suppress, the trial court concluded that the

contested evidence was attenuated. The court noted that 16 days had elapsed

between the contested search and the sharing of inculpatory statements. And

the court said that Birka was an “intervening personality” who was not the subject

in this case. As noted above, the court issued no findings of fact or conclusions

of law.

The record does not suffice for us to assess attenuation under Mayfield.

The trial court did not hold a CrR 3.6 hearing on the matter, the parties presented

no testimony or other evidence, and the trial court did not enter any findings of

fact in denying Parker’s motion to suppress. As in Robinson, the parties did not

have the incentive to develop the record on the issue of whether an “unforeseen

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No. 82049-4-I/17

intervening circumstance[] genuinely severed the causal connection between

official misconduct and the discovery of evidence,” because the Supreme Court

had not yet decided Mayfield. Id. at 898. The only source of information in the

record here is the police report. Cf. Mayfield, 192 Wn.2d at 899 (deciding the

attenuation issue because the trial court’s “findings of fact [were] sufficient for us

to decide the issue as a matter of law.”).

As the court in Mayfield noted, “[t]he question of whether intervening

circumstances constitute a superseding cause is a highly fact-specific inquiry that

must account for the totality of the circumstances.” Id. at 898. In light of

Mayfield, we choose a similar approach to the Robinson court and remand for a

suppression hearing on the attenuation issue.

C. Right to Present a Defense & Right to Confrontation

Parker says that the trial court violated his right to present a defense and

right to confrontation when it did not allow him to ask a testifying officer about

Parker’s statements indicating knowledge of A.W.’s name. The State disputes

this and says that the trial court merely limited how Parker could present that

evidence. The State also says that the court did not violate Parker’s right to

confrontation because it permitted him to confront A.W. about her claim that she

did not know Parker. We conclude that the exclusion of Parker’s hearsay

statements violated neither his right to present a defense nor his confrontation

right.

Before trial, the State moved in limine to exclude Detective Graham’s

conversation with Parker shortly after the incident. In that exchange, Parker said:

17
No. 82049-4-I/18

“No. The girl, [A]. She got my number. I know she doesn’t have a cellphone.”

Parker objected, saying that knowing A.W.’s name at that time conflicted with

A.W.’s testimony and undermined her credibility. In granting the State’s motion,

the trial court said that Parker could not introduce his own “self-serving” hearsay

statement through Detective Graham.13 But the court said that Parker could

cross-examine A.W. about the matter and testify himself about knowing A.W.

before the incident. The court noted that allowing Parker to introduce his own

hearsay statement while avoiding being subject to cross-examination would lead

to the jury getting an incomplete picture. At trial, the parties revisited the issue

and the trial court maintained its prior ruling.

1. Right to present a defense

For claims of a violation of the right to present a defense, we “apply [a]

two-step review process to review the trial court’s individual evidentiary rulings

for an abuse of discretion and to consider de novo the constitutional question of

whether these rulings deprived [the defendant] of [their] Sixth Amendment right to

present a defense.” State v. Arndt, 194 Wn.2d 784, 797–98, 453 P.3d 696

(2019).

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees a

13
While Parker correctly notes that “self-serving hearsay” is not an independent
rule barring “admission of statements that would otherwise satisfy a hearsay rule
exception,” he does not explain what hearsay exception would otherwise permit him to
introduce his own hearsay statement though the testimony of Detective Graham. See
State v. Pavlik, 165 Wn. App. 645, 650, 268 P.3d 986 (2011) (“‘self-serving’ seems to be
a shorthand way of saying that it was hearsay and did not fit into any of the recognized
exceptions to the hearsay rule” (quoting State v. King, 71 Wn.2d 573, 577, 429 P.2d 914
(1967))). Parker seems to suggest, but does not clearly argue, that the statement is not
hearsay.

18
No. 82049-4-I/19

criminal defendant the right to present a defense. State v. Jones, 168 Wn.2d

713, 720, 230 P.3d 576 (2010); State v. Ward, 8 Wn. App. 2d 365, 370–71, 438

P.3d 588, review denied, 193 Wn.2d 1031, 447 P.3d 161 (2019). “‘[I]n plain

terms the right to present a defense [is] the right to present the defendant’s

version of the facts as well as the prosecution’s to the jury so it may decide

where the truth lies.’” Ward, 8 Wn. App. 2d at 371 (alteration in original) (quoting

State v. Lizarraga, 191 Wn. App. 530, 552, 364 P.3d 810 (2015)).

a. Review of evidentiary ruling for abuse of discretion

A trial court abuses its discretion in ruling on an evidentiary issue if “it

makes a manifestly unreasonable decision or bases its decision on untenable

grounds or reasons,” including applying the wrong legal standard or relying on

unsupported facts. State v. Cayetano-Jaimes, 190 Wn. App. 286, 295, 359 P.3d

919 (2015).

Under ER 801 and ER 802, out-of-court statements offered to prove the

truth of the matter asserted are inadmissible hearsay unless they fall under an

exception.

The trial court acted within its discretion by excluding as hearsay Parker’s

statement to Detective Graham. Parker’s purpose for introducing the evidence

was to prove that he and A.W. knew each other before the attack to advance the

theory that A.W. met with him voluntarily. Parker offered his out-of-court

statement for the truth of the matter asserted. And no exception to the hearsay

rule applies.

19
No. 82049-4-I/20

2. De novo review of right to present a defense

Next, we conduct a constitutional analysis. State v. Jennings, 14 Wn.

App. 2d 779, 789, 474 P.3d 599 (2020). As long as the evidence is relevant,

courts balance “the State’s interest in excluding the evidence . . . against the

defendant’s need for the information sought to be admitted.” Arndt, 194 Wn.2d at

812. “To show a Sixth Amendment violation, the excluded evidence must be of

extremely high probative value.” State v. Case, 13 Wn. App. 2d 657, 670, 466

P.3d 799 (2020). Evidentiary exclusions violate the Sixth Amendment when the

defendant’s “entire defense” rests on the excluded evidence. Jones, 168 Wn.2d

at 721. “The more the exclusion of defense evidence prejudiced the defendant,

the more likely we will find a constitutional violation.” State v. Burnam, 4 Wn.

App. 2d 368, 375, 421 P.3d 977 (2018).

In Jones, the court held that the trial court violated the defendant’s right to

present a defense in a rape case when it did not allow him to testify or cross-

examine witnesses about his claim that the alleged victim consented as part of a

sex party. 168 Wn.2d at 721. The court noted that this evidence constituted

Jones’s “entire defense” and reversed. Id.

In Cayetano-Jaimes, the court held that the trial court violated the

defendant’s right to present a defense when it excluded telephonic testimony

from the alleged victim’s mother stating that she had never left her children in the

defendant’s care. 190 Wn. App. at 303. Quoting Jones, the court noted that the

evidence would constitute his “entire defense” against the allegations of abuse.

Id. at 300.

20
No. 82049-4-I/21

By contrast, in Jennings, the court held that the trial court did not violate

the defendant’s right to present a defense by excluding a toxicology report

showing that the alleged victim was high on methamphetamines at the time of

the shooting. 14 Wn. App. 2d at 792. Jennings wished to introduce the report to

support his contention that he believed the alleged victim would act violently due

to being on methamphetamines. Id. The court said that “the toxicology report

did not have ‘extremely high’ probative value and it did not constitute Jennings’s

‘entire defense.’” Id. at 791 (quoting Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 721). The court noted

that while the toxicology report corroborated Jennings’s subjective belief that the

alleged victim was on methamphetamines, it did not prevent him from testifying

about his belief that the person was under the influence of drugs and thus

presenting a defense that shooting was justified. Id.

Here, that Parker knew A.W.’s name is not a full defense to any of the

charges. The statement at issue does not necessarily show that Parker and

A.W. knew each other before the attack. And even if it did, that they knew each

other would not constitute an entire defense to the charges. As in Jennings,

while the hearsay statement corroborates that Parker knew A.W.’s name after

the attack, it is not highly probative. And the trial court permitted Parker to cross-

examine A.W. on the issue. The trial court did not violate Parker’s right to

present a defense.

3. Right to confrontation

We review de novo Sixth Amendment confrontation clause challenges.

State v. Scanlan, 193 Wn.2d 753, 761, 445 P.3d 960 (2019), cert. denied, 140 S.

21
No. 82049-4-I/22

Ct. 834, 205 L. Ed. 2d 483 (2020).

The Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal defendant the right to

confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses. Ward, 8 Wn. App. 2d at 370–71.

But the right to confrontation and cross-examination of adverse witness “is not

absolute.” State v. Darden, 145 Wn.2d 612, 620-21, 41 P.3d 1189 (2002).

The trial court did not violate Parker’s right to confront or cross-examine

an adverse witness. Parker seems to contend that the exclusion of his hearsay

statement affected his right to confront A.W. But the right hardly allows a party to

elicit a response from one witness in violation of hearsay rules to show an

inconsistency with another witness’s statements. And again, the trial court

allowed Parker to cross examine A.W. about the matter.

D. Parker’s Claims of Hearsay & Unfairly Prejudicial Evidence

Parker says that the trial court erred by admitting the following evidence:

(1) a redacted version of the 911 call; (2) A.W.’s mother’s testimony about A.W.’s

statements when she arrived home; and (3) the SANE’s testimony in which she

reads A.W.’s narrative account of what happened. Parker says that the evidence

was inadmissible hearsay and that the 911 call and A.W.’s mother’s testimony

were unfairly prejudicial under ER 403. The State responds that the first two

were admissible under the excited utterance exception, and the third was

admissible under the exception for statements made for medical diagnosis. We

conclude that the trial court acted within its discretion in admitting most of the 911

call and Nephew’s testimony. The one statement in the 911 call that the trial

court erred in admitting was harmless. As for the SANE’s testimony, we

22
No. 82049-4-I/23

conclude that while the trial court erred by admitting portions of it, the error was

harmless.

“The admission of evidence is reviewed for abuse of discretion.” City of

Auburn v. Hedlund, 165 Wn.2d 645, 654, 201 P.3d 315 (2009). “A trial court

abuses its discretion if the ‘exercise of its discretion is manifestly unreasonable or

based upon untenable grounds or reasons.’” In re Det. of Post, 170 Wn.2d 302,

309, 241 P.3d 1234 (2010) (quoting State v. Powell, 126 Wn.2d 244, 258, 893

P.2d 615 (1995)). “We ‘can affirm the trial court’s rulings on any grounds the

record and the law support.’” State v. Haviland, 186 Wn. App. 214, 223, 345

P.3d 831 (2015) (quoting State v. Grier, 168 Wn. App. 635, 644, 278 P.3d 225

(2012)).

1. Nephew’s testimony and 911 call

a. Excited utterance

Parker says that because A.W. lied and omitted information when telling

her mother what happened when she arrived home, her statements to her

mother and on the 911 call were no longer excited utterances. Parker says that

the decision to omit information or lie shows that A.W. could deliberate and thus

was no longer under the stress of the event. The State responds that omissions

and even lies do not necessarily render the excited utterance exception

inapplicable. The State says that A.W.’s emotional state shows that her

statements were excited utterances made under the stress of the event. We

conclude that the trial court acted within its discretion in admitting Nephew’s

testimony and most of the 911 call. The one portion of the 911 call that the trial

23
No. 82049-4-I/24

court erred in admitting was harmless.

Hearsay is an out of court statement offered to prove the truth of the

matter asserted. ER 801; ER 802. A trial court may admit hearsay as an excited

utterance if it is a “statement relating to a startling event or condition made while

the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or

condition.” ER 803. A party may establish whether the declarant made the

statement while under the stress of the event by circumstantial evidence “such as

the declarant’s behavior, appearance, and condition, appraisals of the declarant

by others, and the circumstances under which the statement is made.” State v.

Young, 160 Wn.2d 799, 809–10, 161 P.3d 967 (2007).

Generally, if a declarant fabricated a portion of a hearsay statement, a trial

court may not admit the statement as an excited utterance. State v. Magers, 164

Wn.2d 174, 188, 189 P.3d 126 (2008). But in Magers, our Supreme Court

determined that the fact that the complaining witness “told the police a falsehood

. . . does not mean that the remainder of her statements were not spontaneous

and truthful” and held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

her statements. Id. Thus, the rule on fabrication does not impose a categorical

bar.

i. Nephew’s testimony

Nephew testified at trial about what A.W. said to her when she arrived

home. She said that A.W. explained that she was waiting for a bus when Parker

drove up and offered her a ride. Nephew testified that A.W. told her that Parker

“creeped her out” and when she tried to get away he “put a knife to her and told

24
No. 82049-4-I/25

her to get in the car.” She said that A.W. told her that Parker drove her out of

town to a place she did not recognize. Nephew said that A.W. said that she

wrote Parker’s license plate number on her arm as he drove away. Finally, she

testified that A.W. said that she had not known Parker and that once he dropped

her off “nobody at the Chevron would let [A.W.] use the phone.” Parker objected

to these statements as hearsay. The trial court overruled the objections,

determining that the testimony was admissible as excited utterances. During

trial, A.W. revealed that someone lent her their phone and she called her

boyfriend before she got home. She also initially did not tell her mother that she

was with her boyfriend that day and that she had possessed marijuana.

As the State says, omissions do not necessarily mean that a statement is

not an excited utterance. In State v. Woods, our Supreme Court concluded that

the complaining witness’s statements were excited utterances even though she

did not tell her father that she had been drinking and wanted to buy drugs. 143

Wn.2d 561, 600, 23 P.3d 1046 (2001). Similarly, A.W. did not tell her mother that

she had been with her boyfriend that day and that she had used and possessed

marijuana. These omissions do not necessarily show that A.W. deliberated after

the attack about what she would say to her mother and that she was no longer

under the stress of the attack.

That A.W. seemingly lied about not being able to borrow a phone may

present a closer question. Nephew testified that before she called 911, A.W. told

her that “nobody at the Chevron would let her use the phone.” A.W. testified at

trial that someone lent her their phone and she called her boyfriend. But where

25
No. 82049-4-I/26

A.W. obtained the phone is unclear. The record does not necessarily show that

she lied in saying that no one at the Chevron gas station would lend her a phone.

And even if A.W. did lie, the trial court still acted within its discretion.

A.W.’s boyfriend testified that she was highly emotional when she called him

before she arrived home and Nephew testified that A.W. was crying and

behaving erratically when she arrived. See Woods, 143 Wn.2d at 599 (finding

that the declarant was still under the stress of the event because she was “very

emotional, very distraught, clearly upset”). And a lie or a fabrication does not

automatically render a statement inadmissible. See id. at 600 (holding that the

fact that the declarant told her father that she had gone to bed early when she

was still awake and “ready to party” did not mean that her declarations were not

an excited utterance). A.W.’s possible lie here does not mean that her

statements were no longer excited utterances. Compare State v. Brown, 127

Wn.2d 749, 758, 903 P.2d 459 (1995) (holding that the trial court’s admission of

a 911 call recording as an excited utterance was erroneous given that the

declarant fabricated a story about being abducted on the call), with Magers, 164

Wn.2d at 188 (holding that the fact that the declarant lied to police did not render

her other statements inadmissible given the totality of the circumstances and the

fact that her lie was motivated by fear of the defendant).

Given the foregoing, we cannot say that the trial court abused its

discretion in admitting the statements at issue as excited utterances.

ii. 911 call

The State sought to introduce a redacted version of the 911 call that

26
No. 82049-4-I/27

Nephew made shortly after A.W. returned home. The State said they wanted to

show A.W.’s audible distress after being told that she could not change out of her

clothing. Parker objected, saying that the recording was inadmissible double

hearsay and violated ER 403.

In the recording, Nephew says that her daughter was taken at knifepoint

and raped. Dispatch tells her not to let A.W. change her clothes, and when

Nephew relays the information, A.W. sobs. Dispatch then questions A.W.

through Nephew about the description and license plate number of the car. A.W.

cries as she answers the questions and says in a distressed tone “they want me

to keep my clothes on.” The rest of the call is redacted.

The trial court ruled that A.W.’s statements on the 911 call were hearsay

and admissible as excited utterances. The court expressed some concern about

the fact that Nephew was the one to relay the messages back and forth but

decided that her statements were res gestae and admissible to provide context,

noting that Nephew was subject to cross-examination.

During trial, A.W. revealed that she called her boyfriend after the attack

despite initially claiming to law enforcement and in her initial testimony that no

one had let her use their phone.14 Parker objected again to the 911 call,

contending that this lie indicated that her later statements on the 911 call were

not excited utterances. The court overruled the objection, noting that she was

emotional on the phone call with her boyfriend and still emotional when she

14
Because A.W. made these statements well after she made the comments
admitted as excited utterances, we do not consider them in our analysis.

27
No. 82049-4-I/28

arrived home. The trial court gave a limiting instruction when the 911 call was

introduced, telling the jury that they could consider the 911 call “only with regard

to statements made by [A.W.]. You may not consider for any other purpose

statements made by other people other than [A.W.]. Such statements must not

be considered for any purpose other than to put the statements made by [A.W.]

into context.”

Most of the 911 call is not hearsay because it did not contain out-of-court

statements offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Parker did not

dispute that A.W. was in his car. So presumably, the State did not offer the

discussion about Parker’s car to prove the truth of the matter asserted.

Dispatch’s directive not to remove clothing, as transmitted by Nephew, could not

conceivably have been offered for the truth of any matter asserted. A.W.’s cries

are not statements. And even if anything A.W. said was hearsay, the trial court

properly admitted as an excited utterance based on the analysis in the

subsection above. In light of the foregoing, we cannot say that the trial court

abused its discretion in admitting most of the 911 call.

The only inadmissible hearsay statement appears to be Nephew’s

assertion at the beginning of the 911 call that her daughter had been taken at

knifepoint and raped. No hearsay exception appears to apply to this statement.15

15 The trial court ruled that Nephew’s statements on the 911 call were admissible
under the res gestae doctrine. But as Parker correctly notes, Nephew’s statements on
the 911 call do not fall under this category because she did not observe or participate in
the attack. See State v. Pugh, 167 Wn.2d 825, 837–38, 839–40, 225 P.3d 892 (2009)
(noting that the res gestae doctrine evolved into several common law hearsay
exceptions and requires the declarant to have observed or participated in the event).

28
No. 82049-4-I/29

But any error in admitting Nephew’s statement on the 911 call was harmless.

Error is prejudicial if it “presumptively affects the outcome of the trial.” Barriga

Figueroa v. Prieto Mariscal, 193 Wn.2d 404, 415, 441 P.3d 818 (2019).

“Improper admission of evidence constitutes harmless error if the evidence is

cumulative.” Id. The outcome of the trial would not have been materially

affected because Nephew’s statement is cumulative of her testimony and A.W.’s

testimony. Also, the trial court instructed the jury to disregard statements made

by people other than A.W. See In re Pers. Restraint of Phelps, 190 Wn.2d 155,

172, 410 P.3d 1142 (2018) (“Jurors are presumed to follow the court's

instructions.”). Finally, that the jury acquitted Parker suggests that Nephew’s

statement in the 911 call was not unfairly prejudicial as to the rape charge.

b. ER 403

Parker says that the trial court should have excluded the 911 call and

Nephew’s testimony as unfairly prejudicial under ER 403. Relevant evidence

“may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger

of unfair prejudice . . . or needless presentation of cumulative evidence” would

result. ER 403.

Parker did not object on ER 403 grounds to Nephew’s testimony so he

waived that argument. See State v. Scherf, 192 Wn.2d 350, 386, 429 P.3d 776

(2018) (“a party may assign error on appeal only on the specific ground of the

evidentiary objection made at trial.”).

As for the 911 call, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting

the call over Parker’s ER 403 objection. The 911 call was highly probative to

29
No. 82049-4-I/30

show A.W.’s emotional state shortly after the attack; it showed, rather than

described, her emotional state to the jury. Granted, demonstrating A.W.’s

emotional state may be somewhat prejudicial. But Parker cites no cases

supporting his ER 403 claim of unfair prejudice. And we cannot say the trial

court abused its discretion by determining that any risk of unfair prejudice does

not substantially outweigh the probative value of the redacted 911 call.

2. SANE’s testimony

A court may admit hearsay if it is a statement “made for purposes of

medical diagnosis or treatment and describing medical history, or past or present

symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inception or general character of the cause

or external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or

treatment.”16 ER 803(a)(4). “The exception applies only to statements

‘reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment.’” State v. Butler, 53 Wn. App.

214, 217, 766 P.2d 505 (1989) (quoting 5A KARL B. TEGLAND, W ASHINGTON

PRACTICE: EVIDENCE LAW AND PRACTICE § 367, at 224 (2d ed. 1982)). And in

some cases it may be “necessary to delete the inadmissible portion and admit

the rest.” Id. The medical diagnosis and treatment exception includes

psychological treatment. Woods, 143 Wn.2d at 602.

16
In State v. Urbina, the court held that statements about being thrown down,
raped, threatened, and using mace were all admissible as reasonably pertinent for
diagnosis and treatment of physical and psychological injuries. No. 76890-5-I, slip op. at
12-13 (Wash. Ct. App. Nov. 13, 2018) (unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/
pdf/768905.pdf; see GR 14.1 (“Washington appellate courts should not, unless
necessary for a reasoned decision, cite or discuss unpublished opinions in their
opinions”). The court held, however, that statements about the alleged victim not
trusting the police, the defendant stopping at a store to buy beer, and the alleged victim
feeling uncomfortable at the defendant’s home were not similarly admissible. Id.

30
No. 82049-4-I/31

The State sought to have the SANE testify and read A.W.’s narrative of

the attack from her notes. Parker objected on hearsay grounds. The trial court

noted that it was a “borderline” situation but admitted the testimony under the

exception for statements made for medical treatment or diagnosis. The SANE

testified that the sexual assault examination has both medical and forensic

components, and that the nurse collects the narrative story of “what happened”

before the physical examination begins. The SANE then read A.W.’s narrative

verbatim from her notes:
I crossed the street to catch the bus to the Tacoma Mall so I
could go home. And then a car went through the Shell parking lot,
came around to where he was in front of me and parked at the light.
Then he tried to ask me where I was heading—headed, excuse me—
and if I needed a ride.
I told him no and he drove off. And I start walking down 38th
so I would be at another bus stop. But he followed me down 38th
Street. And he kept honking at me, continuously asking me if I
needed a ride. But every time I told him no.
He turned around twice and came back, and when I thought
he was gone I turned right on 37th Street. I saw him pass me again.
He didn’t say anything. He just went past.
But I ran into the nearest alley so I could take a shortcut to my
friend’s house. And he had gone around the street, come around the
other side of the alley. And his headlights were off, and I didn’t know
that he was coming.
I was going right towards him until I saw him, but he was
quicker than me and he got out of the car and grabbed me.
He held the knife to my neck and then told me not to yell or do
anything stupid, to cooperate or he would stab me. And then he put
me in the back of the car and tied my hands behind my back. Then
he got in the front, was driving for a while, and then we stopped. He
had turned in to one of those turnaround spots where cars turn.
I couldn’t see much with the snow. There was a store right
across the road with a gravel road thing.
Then he made me get into the front passenger seat. He said,

31
No. 82049-4-I/32

don’t do anything stupid. I already told you I will stab you. Then he
searched through my purse and took the ten dollars that I had and
asked me if I had anything else on me, and he said if I was lying he
would stab me; that I was not cooperating if I was lying.
He made me take my shoes off and give to him so he could
see if I was hiding anything. Then he took my jacket off and searched
every pocket to see if there was anything in it.
He had already cut off—he untied, like, plastic ties so I could
get the jacket off. Then he took off my second jacket to see if there
was anything there. Then he did my—then he did—excuse me—
then he undid my bra and checked up in there to see if I was hiding
anything up there.
Then he checked my pants pockets. Then he made me take
my pants off. Then he checked my underwear to check I wasn’t
hiding anything in there. He took off—then he took his—then he took
off his jacket, then told me to cooperate and not do anything stupid.
He made me take my underwear off. He climbed over on his
knees on the floor of the car. He pushed the little lever thing and
made the seat go back, and he pulled his shirt over his head. Then
he then pulled my shirt off and stuff.
Then he pulled me to the edge of the seat and made me put
my feet on the dashboard. Then he entered me, I guess. Then he
was sucking on me, and he kept his head on my neck the whole time.
Then he, with his left hand grabbed my hip and pulled me closer. He
was just doing what he was doing for about half an hour.
Then when he was done he got off me, told me to put my
clothes on. And then he said, I should just leave you out here, but I
have some sympathy for you.
Then he asked me where I lived. I think he wanted me to tell
him. I'm not sure why, if he wanted to know or to let me off so
because I was cooperative he would take me home.
Then on the ride there about 40 minutes and he was talking
the whole time telling me where he was from, what he usually was
doing. Then he tried to tell me this wasn’t something he did every
day. Then he dropped me off on 54th, right the street before
Chevron. Then he tried to tell me to be safe and he was sure that
taught me a lesson and all that.
Then I got a license number before he drove off. Then I
walked home. I tried to get 50 cents or use a cell phone. No one
seemed to want to help. So I walked to there.

32
No. 82049-4-I/33

That’s pretty much what happened.

(Emphasis added.)

Some of the narrative—highlighted in italics—appears admissible. The

purpose of the SANE’s exam is partially medical; the SANE conducts an exam to

ensure that the patient does not need further medical treatment. See State v.

Williams, 137 Wn. App. 736, 747, 154 P.3d 322 (2007) (holding that ER

803(a)(4) applies when an exam has the dual purpose of gathering evidence and

identifying treatable injuries). Descriptions of being bound, raped, and

threatened were reasonably pertinent to the diagnosis or treatment of A.W.’s

physical or psychological injuries. And Parker concedes that statements about

being bound and raped are admissible. But the remaining portions appear

inadmissible. Yet even if the trial court erred by admitting those portions, any

error was harmless.

We review a trial court’s evidentiary ruling for harmless error. Barriga

Figueroa, 193 Wn.2d at 415. Error is prejudicial if it “presumptively affects the

outcome of the trial.” Id. “Improper admission of evidence constitutes harmless

error if the evidence is cumulative.” Id.

The content of the testimony was duplicative of A.W.’s testimony at trial.

See Williams, 137 Wn. App. at 747 (“Jacobsen’s testimony was consistent with

JAD’s statements and any error in admitting Jacobsen’s statements was

harmless.”). And that A.W. testified at trial and was subject to cross-examination

diminished the risk of prejudice arising from these hearsay statements. See

State v. Ramirez-Estevez, 164 Wn. App. 284, 293, 263 P.3d 1257 (2011) (finding

33
No. 82049-4-I/34

that being subject to “cross-examination itself diminished, if not extinguished, the

type of prejudice that sometimes results from admission of hearsay where the

declarant is not subject to cross-examination at trial.”). And the portions that

appear inadmissible are not the most probative portions as to the charged

crimes. Cf. Urbina, No. 76890-5-I, slip op. at 13 (Wash. Ct. App. Nov. 13, 2018)

(unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/768905 (“the inadmissible

statements reinforced A.R.’s testimony only as to a few peripheral points”).

Finally, that the jury acquitted Parker of the rape charge suggests that the

evidence was not unfairly prejudicial as to that charge.

E. Prosecutorial Misconduct

Parker says that prosecutorial misconduct requires reversal. He contends

that in closing argument the two prosecutors inflamed the passions and

prejudices of the jury and denigrated defense counsel. He also says that the

prosecutors committed misconduct by successfully moving to exclude evidence

that Parker knew A.W. and then emphasizing that lack of evidence during

closing. We do not see a basis for reversal on this issue.

We review allegations of prosecutorial misconduct under an abuse of

discretion standard. State v. Lindsay, 180 Wn.2d 423, 430, 326 P.3d 125 (2014).

“The trial judge is generally in the best position to determine whether the

prosecutor’s actions were improper and whether, under the circumstances, they

were prejudicial.” State v. Ish, 170 Wn.2d 189, 195–96, 241 P.3d 389 (2010).

A prosecutor must ensure that they do not violate a defendant’s rights to a

constitutionally fair trial. State v. Monday, 171 Wn.2d 667, 676, 257 P.3d 551

34
No. 82049-4-I/35

(2011). “A prosecutor’s closing argument should be free of appeals to passion

and prejudice, and be confined to the evidence.” State v. Prado, 144 Wn. App.

227, 253, 181 P.3d 901 (2008).

To establish misconduct, the defendant bears the burden of first showing

that the prosecutor’s comments were improper. State v. Boyd, 1 Wn. App. 2d

501, 517–18, 408 P.3d 362 (2017); State v. Emery, 174 Wn.2d 741, 759, 278

P.3d 653 (2012).
Once a defendant establishes that a prosecutor’s statements
are improper, we determine whether the defendant was prejudiced
under one of two standards of review. If the defendant objected at
trial, the defendant must show that the prosecutor’s misconduct
resulted in prejudice that had a substantial likelihood of affecting the
jury’s verdict. If the defendant did not object at trial, the defendant is
deemed to have waived any error, unless the prosecutor’s
misconduct was so flagrant and ill intentioned [sic] that an instruction
could not have cured the resulting prejudice.

Emery, 174 Wn.2d at 760–61 (citation omitted). If defense counsel fails to object

to allegedly improper comments made by a prosecutor, it “strongly suggests” that

the comments “did not appear critically prejudicial to [the defendant] in the

context of the trial.” State v. McKenzie, 157 Wn.2d 44, 53 n.2, 134 P.3d 221

(2006) (emphasis omitted) (quoting State v. Swan, 114 Wn.2d 613, 661, 790

P.2d 610 (1990)). We do not examine improper conduct in isolation but

determine its effect by looking at “the full trial context, including the evidence

presented, ‘the context of the total argument, the issues in the case, the evidence

addressed in the argument, and the instructions given to the jury.’” Monday, 171

Wn.2d at 675 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting McKenzie, 157 Wn.2d

at 52).

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No. 82049-4-I/36

1. Inflaming passions and prejudices

Parker says that the following statements by the prosecutors during

closing argument improperly inflamed the passions and prejudices of the jurors to

make them more sympathetic to A.W. and to improperly bolster A.W.’s credibility.

We address each statement in turn.

First, while the State explained the burden of proof, Parker objected,

saying that the prosecutor was trying to gain the sympathy of the jury by

“practically crying to this jury” and referring to A.W.’s “distress and hysteria”

during the 911 call. The trial court overruled, noting that it saw no indication that

the prosecutor was crying. An accusation that the prosecutor was “practically

crying” without more, is not enough to support a finding of misconduct. And

pointing out A.W.’s distress and hysteria was not improper. See State v. Borboa,

157 Wn.2d 108, 122–23, 135 P.3d 469 (2006) (holding that a prosecutor’s

references “to the ‘horrible’ nature of the crime and the [emotional] effect on its

victims was not misconduct.”).

Second, the State referenced A.W.’s “truth about what happened” and “the

truth that [A.W.] testified to” compared to Parker’s version of events. Parker did

not object. See State v. Gauthier, 189 Wn. App. 30, 38–39, 354 P.3d 900 (2015)

(noting that if defense counsel does not object or request a curative instruction it

“strongly suggests to a court that the argument or event in question did not

appear critically prejudicial to an appellant in the context of the trial.” (quoting

Swan, 114 Wn.2d at 661)). That the State twice reminded the jurors that they

were “the sole judges of the credibility of [the] evidence” ameliorates any

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No. 82049-4-I/37

prejudice of such statements. And a curative instruction would have sufficed to

address any impropriety in referring to the complaining witness’s version of

events as the “truth.” See Emery, 174 Wn.2d at 760–61 (stating that the

standard of review when the defendant failed to object to a comment a trial is

whether the prosecutor’s misconduct was so flagrant and ill-intentioned that a

curative instruction could not address the prejudice).

Third, the State pointed out that testifying “was not an easy experience for

[A.W.]. She tried to be careful. She didn’t overstate her recollection. She was

honest when there were things that she couldn’t recall. She was resilient.” The

State then said that A.W. was being “asked to relive the thing that she’s tried to

block out of her memory.” The trial court overruled Parker’s objection. While

discussions about an alleged victim’s difficulty with testifying about a crime may

invoke some sympathy on the part of the jury, this does not rise to the level of

inflaming the passions and prejudices of the jury. See Prado, 144 Wn. App. at

253.

Finally, the State discussed A.W.’s emotional response when she arrived

home, saying: “There is emotional truth to what she describes and to what her

mother describes and to what ultimately you can hear.” The State also

referenced the “emotional truth” of a moment where she discovered her old

journal, pointing to the fact that she did not destroy it despite its inconsistencies

with her testimony. Parker did not object. These references to the “emotional

truth” of A.W.’s reactions were not misconduct, particularly given Parker’s

challenges to A.W.’s credibility throughout trial. See State v. Warren, 165 Wn.2d

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No. 82049-4-I/38

17, 30, 195 P.3d 940 (2008) (finding that the prosecutor’s comments that details

in the complaining witness’s testimony gave it a “badge of truth” and a “ring of

truth” were not improper given defense counsel’s attacks on the alleged victim’s

credibility); see also In re Det. of Stout, 159 Wn.2d 357, 383, 150 P.3d 86 (2007)

(“Witness demeanor is a crucial part of determining credibility.”). The

prosecution’s inferences stemmed from testimony and the 911 call. See State v.

Lewis, 156 Wn. App. 230, 240, 233 P.3d 891 (2010), as amended (June 2, 2010)

(“a prosecutor has wide latitude in closing argument to draw reasonable

inferences from the evidence and may freely comment on witness credibility

based on the evidence”). And a jury instruction could have cured any prejudicial

effect. See Emery, 174 Wn.2d at 760–61 (stating that the standard when the

defendant failed to object to a comment a trial is whether the prosecutor’s

misconduct was so flagrant and ill-intentioned that a curative instruction could not

address the prejudice).

To the extent Parker made objections to the above statements, the trial

court acted within its discretion in overruling them.

2. Denigrating counsel

“It is improper for the prosecutor to disparagingly comment on defense

counsel’s role or impugn the defense lawyer’s integrity.” State v. Thorgerson,

172 Wn.2d 438, 451, 258 P.3d 43 (2011). We consider comments made during

rebuttal closing more prejudicial. Lindsay, 180 Wn.2d at 443. Prosecutors may

make a “fair response” to arguments by defense counsel. Gauthier, 189 Wn.

App. at 37–38. “Even where the comments are improper, the remarks by the

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No. 82049-4-I/39

prosecutor are not grounds for reversal ‘if they were invited or provoked by

defense counsel and are in reply to [their] acts and statements.’” Id. at 38

(quoting State v. Russell, 125 Wn.2d 24, 86, 882 P.2d 747 (1994)).

In Gauthier, defense counsel argued that the jury should doubt the

complaining witness’s credibility and suggested that she was a prostitute, drug

user, and thief. 189 Wn. App. at 35. During rebuttal closing the prosecutor said,

“[T]here is not one iota, one piece, one shred of evidence, besides the testimony

of this man, that [TA] worked as a prostitute.” Id. at 36 (second alteration in

original). The prosecutor then said the defense was like a cliché and why people

do not report sexual crimes. Id. The prosecution then asked why the alleged

victim would go through the entire experience if she was lying. Id. The defense

did not object to any of these remarks. Id. at 37. The court held that the

prosecutor’s comments were a fair response to defense counsel’s closing

argument. Id. at 38.

Parker says that the following statements the prosecution made during

rebuttal closing improperly denigrated defense counsel by making it seem that

defense counsel was trying to distract the jury from the evidence.

First, the State said that “apparently” victims of rape and kidnapping “have

to behave in a certain way” to avoid criticism and seem credible. Parker

objected, and the trial court overruled the objection. During closing argument,

defense counsel implied that A.W. was, and still is, a liar and a thief. He also

highlighted how A.W. was untruthful or not immediately forthcoming, including

about who she was with on the day of the incident, her possession and use of

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No. 82049-4-I/40

marijuana, and whether she could borrow a cell phone. He suggested that a

rape victim would have called 911 or their mother and not their boyfriend. He

also said that A.W. “bald face lied.” Under Gauthier, the prosecutor’s comment

was a fair response to the defense’s challenges to A.W.’s credibility. 189 Wn.

App. at 38.

Second, the State said that there was “no evidence” to support Parker’s

version of the story and that “all of the evidence” was “to the contrary.” Parker

objected that this denigrated counsel. The trial court overruled his objection. It

may be a reach to say “no evidence” supports Parker’s defense theory. But this

does not rise to the level of impugning Parker’s defense counsel’s integrity. See

Lindsay, 180 Wn.2d at 431–32 (“A prosecutor can certainly argue that the

evidence does not support the defense theory.”).

Third, the State said that defense counsel wanted the jury to focus on

what the police failed to do in a vacuum and to “[t]ake it out of context and ignore

everything else.” Parker objected to this as denigrating counsel and the trial

court overruled the objection. This appears to present a closer question because

it may suggest that the defense is trying to mislead the jury by focusing on the

wrong things. But this was a fair response to defense counsel’s argument that

the police did not do their jobs. Cf. State v. Teters,17 (holding that prosecutor’s

comment that defense was trying to “distract” the jury from “the real issue” was

proper because the main point was that the defense was relying on evidence

17
No. 49357-8-II, slip op. at 6 (Wash. Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2019) (unpublished),
http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/D2%2049357-8-II%20Unpublished%
20Opinion.pdf, review denied, 193 Wn.2d 1020, 448 P.3d 65 (2019).

40
No. 82049-4-I/41

irrelevant to the case); see GR 14.1 (“Washington appellate courts should not,

unless necessary for a reasoned decision, cite or discuss unpublished opinions

in their opinions”).

Fourth, the State said, “Defense wants you to focus on anything but the

evidence.” The State made this comment in the context of explaining that

defense counsel’s theories—such as the theory that Parker could not have put

A.W. in his backseat because there were belongings in the way—were not

evidence. Parker objected saying that the comment degraded the defense. The

court overruled. This comment does not amount to prosecutorial misconduct.

Cf. State v. Guizzotti, 60 Wn. App. 289, 297, 298, 803 P.2d 808, 813 (1991)

(concluding that prosecutor’s description of the defense as “a little bit of

smoke . . . attempted [sic] to confuse the evidence” was not misconduct).

Fifth, the State said, “All of [A.W.’s] testimony is evidence, and nothing

that defense counsel can argue changes the fact that her testimony is evidence.”

Parker did not object. This is not misconduct; it is a fair response to defense’s

challenges to A.W.’s credibility. See Gauthier, 189 Wn. App. at 38. And a jury

instruction could have cured any prejudicial effect. See Emery, 174 Wn.2d at

760–61 (stating that the standard when the defendant failed to object to a

comment a trial is whether the prosecutor’s misconduct was so flagrant and ill-

intentioned that a curative instruction could not address the prejudice).

Sixth, the State said that defense counsel called A.W. a liar “multiple

times.” Parker objected but did not have a chance to specify a reason. The

court overruled the objection. Defense counsel implied more than once that A.W.

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No. 82049-4-I/42

was a liar. So this was not a mischaracterization by the State; it was a fair

response to the defense. See Gauthier, 189 Wn. App. at 38.

Finally, the State said that A.W.’s
life and her actions both now as an adult and then when she was 17
are criticized and judged.
She’s criticized for not behaving appropriately, for not taking
a route that makes sense, for not telling people I smoked marijuana,
I spent the day with my boyfriend while she is on the stand telling you
about this awful thing that happened to her ten years ago.

Parker objected and the trial court overruled the objection. This is not

misconduct; it does not suggest that defense counsel was acting without integrity

and it is a fair response to challenges to A.W.’s credibility. See Gauthier, 189

Wn. App. at 38.

To the extent Parker made objections to the above statements, the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in overruling them. And even if the comments

were misconduct, they did not have a substantial likelihood of affecting the

outcome of the trial. Parker says that the acquittal of the rape charge shows that

the jury did not fully believe A.W., suggesting that they would have believed even

less of her testimony without the improper remarks by the prosecutors. But the

acquittal may cut in the other direction as well. That the jury acquitted Parker on

the rape charge may show that the jury was weighing the evidence carefully and

did not allow their emotions to cloud their assessment. The prosecutors’

improper comments were unlikely to change the outcome of the case. Compare

Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d at 452 (concluding that characterizing the defense as

“sleight of hand” was unlikely to have altered the outcome of the case), and State

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No. 82049-4-I/43

v. Negrete, 72 Wn. App. 62, 66–68, 863 P.2d 137 (1993) (concluding that

reversal was not required based on comment that the defense was “paid to twist

the words of the witnesses”), with Lindsay, 180 Wn.2d at 442–43 (determining

that multiple comments about the defense counsel’s truthfulness, including

calling the defense “a crock,” were likely to influence the jury’s verdict).

3. Emphasizing the lack of evidence that Parker knew A.W.

Parker says that the prosecutors committed misconduct by successfully

moving to exclude evidence that he knew A.W. and then arguing during closing

that there was no evidence to show that he knew A.W. The State says that it did

not seek to exclude the evidence entirely, just the hearsay form of it; and it

emphasizes that the evidence showed that Parker knew A.W.’s name after, and

not necessarily before, the attack. We conclude that the prosecutors did not

commit misconduct.

Parker relies on State v. Kassahun, 78 Wn. App. 938, 946, 900 P.2d 1109

(1995). There, the defendant sought to obtain evidence from the police of the

alleged victim’s gang membership to support his self-defense theory. Id. The

trial court barred the defendant from conducting discovery and introducing

objective evidence but permitted him to testify as to his own subjective belief that

the alleged victim was a gang member. Id. The defendant testified about his

experiences with gang activity working as a store clerk. Id. During closing, the

prosecutor said that the defendant “tried to paint a picture of lawless gangs

taking over and running the show in the parking lot, everywhere, but where was

the evidence of that?” Id. The defendant objected. Id. at 947. We held that:

43
No. 82049-4-I/44

Having prevailed . . . in its effort to preclude Kassahun from
discovering objective evidence of Walker’s gang membership . . . it
was misconduct for the prosecutor to imply in argument to the jury
that Kassahun was being untruthful because he failed to offer
objective evidence to support his belief that his business was being
overrun by gangs.

Id. at 952. But we reversed on other grounds and did not decide on the

prejudicial effect of the misconduct. Id.

During the State’s closing argument, a prosecutor called Parker “the man

[A.W.] did not know when he abducted her in an alley.” The prosecutor noted

that A.W. could not “recall whether or not she gave the defendant her name.

Certainly he forced her to give him her body and her property to survive. The

notion that she would let her name, first name go to him is not surprising. She

can’t recall either way.” And during rebuttal, the other prosecutor said:
His entire argument about what happened that night are just
his assertions. And I submit to you that his assertions, his theories
that he just stood up here and postulated to you are just that, they’re
theories. They are not supported by any of the evidence in this case,
and in fact, they’re contradicted by the actual evidence that you have
in this case.
...
This is what his story is in a nutshell. And I submit to you there
is no evidence to support this theory, and all of the evidence that you
do have is to the contrary.

The prosecutor also said, “There is no evidence that [A.W.] and the defendant

knew each other at all or communicated in any way prior to this happening.”

Parker did not object to these comments on the ground that the State improperly

emphasized the lack of evidence.

Kassahun is distinguishable because the hearsay statement Parker

sought to elicit from Detective Graham does not necessarily show that Parker

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No. 82049-4-I/45

and A.W. knew each other before the attack. It shows that Parker knew A.W.’s

first name after the attack. Even if the court had admitted the hearsay statement,

the prosecutor still could have fairly said that there was no evidence that Parker

and A.W. knew each other before the attack. See State v. Kasbaum, noted at

168 Wn. App. 1042, 2012 WL 2105859 at *7 (distinguishing Kassahun and noting

that “the prosecutor could have made the same argument that the evidence did

not support the defense theory even if the trial court admitted the hospital

admission forms as evidence”); see GR 14.1.

Also, in Kassahun, the court prevented the defendant from conducting

discovery to obtain objective evidence of gang membership; without the

discovery, his subjective testimony was weak. 78 Wn. App. at 946. Here, the

trial court did not similarly prevent Parker from conducting discovery. It

prohibited him from eliciting his own hearsay statement.

Also, the State’s comments were not so flagrant and ill-intentioned that a

curative instruction could not have addressed any prejudice. See Emery, 174

Wn.2d at 760–61 (applying this standard of review when the defendant failed to

object to a comment a trial).

F. LFOs

Parker says that if we do not reverse his convictions, we should remand

the case for the trial court to strike the filing fee and interest accrual provision.

The State agrees. We accept the State’s concession and remand for

proceedings consistent with our decision.

We review the decision to impose LFOs for abuse of discretion. State v.

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No. 82049-4-I/46

Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d 732, 741–42, 426 P.3d 714 (2018). But if the question is

legal, we review de novo. State v. Glover, 4 Wn. App. 2d 690, 694, 423 P.3d 290

(2018).

The trial court recognized Parker’s indigence but imposed a $200 filing fee

and included an interest accrual provision. The trial court must strike the filing

fee and the interest accrual provision. See Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d at 739 (“House

Bill 1783 . . . amends the criminal filing fee statute, former RCW 36.18.020(2)(h)

(2015), to prohibit courts from imposing the $200 filing fee on indigent

defendants. LAWS OF 2018, ch. 269, § 17(2)(h).”); RCW 10.82.090 (“[a]s of

June 7, 2018, no interest shall accrue on nonrestitution legal financial

obligations.”).

We remand for a suppression hearing and other proceedings consistent

with this opinion. We otherwise affirm.

WE CONCUR:

46